69.Rexford Tugwell, The Democratic Roosevelt (New York: Doubleday, 1957), p. 331.
70.Robert Fechner, “CCC Has Conserved Youths of Nation as Well as Land,” Macon (Missouri) Chronicle-Herald, July 25, 1939, p. 1.
71.Department of the Interior, National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form: “Federal Relief Construction in North Dakota, 1931–1943,” http://history.nd.gov/hp/PDFinfo/MPDF%20Complete%20Rev%2010_2010.pdf.
72.Meine, Aldo Leopold, p. 317.
73.“History and Culture: Mark Twain National Forest,” U.S. Forest Service, accessed January 4, 2015, http://www.fs.usda.gov/main/mtnf/learning/history-culture.
74.Franklin and Eleanor, however, maintained lifetime occupancy rights. And Sara Delano Roosevelt was still living at Springwood; she would die in 1941, at the age of eighty-six.
75.FDR, “Address at the Cornerstone Laying of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York,” November 19, 1939, FDRL. Online at http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/php1139.html.
76.Kenneth T. Walsh, From Mount Vernon to Crawford: A History of Presidents and Their Retreats (New York: Hyperion, 2005), p. 93.
77.John G. Waite, The President as Architect: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Top Cottage (Albany, NY: Mount Ida, 2001), p. 17.
78.Tonya Bolden, FDR’s Alphabet Soup, p. 108.
79.Leuchtenberg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, p. 133.
80.Jeanne Nienaber Clarke, Roosevelt’s Warrior: Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 113.
81.Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, p. 373.
82.Harold Ickes, Back to Work: The Story of the PWA (New York: Macmillan, 1935), p. 216.
83.Sarah T. Phillips, This Land, This Nation: Conservation, Rural America, and the New Deal (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 183.
84.Fox, The American Conservation Movement, pp. 206–10.
85.James M. and Regina B. Glover, “Robert Marshall: Portrait of a Liberal Forester,” Journal of Forest History (July 1986), pp. 112–19.
86.“Robert Marshall, Federal Aide, Dies,” New York Times, November 12, 1939.
87.“CCC Director Fechner Dies Here at 63: Roosevelt Laments Loss; to Be Buried in Arlington Tomorrow,” and “Fechner, Chief of CCC, Dies; Roosevelt Laments U.S. Loss; Boys of Corps Will Bear Leader’s Body to Arlington Tomorrow,” Washington Post, January 1, 1940, p. 1.
88.“J. McEntee Named to Administer CCC,” New York Times, February 16, 1940, p. 42.
CHAPTER 18: “AN ABUNDANCE OF WILD THINGS”
1.Paul Appleby, “Roosevelt’s Third-Term Decision,” American Political Science Review (September 1952), pp. 754–65.
2.Ibid.
3.Harold L. Ickes, “Why I Want Roosevelt to Run Again,” Look, July 4, 1939.
4.John H. Bankhead to Colonel “Pa” Watson, January 19, 1940, FDRL.
5.Gifford Pinchot to FDR, January 13, 1940, FDRL.
6.Franklin D. Roosevelt to Gifford Pinchot, January 15, 1940, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 2, pp. 413–14.
7.Ibid.
8.Gifford Pinchot to FDR, January 17 1940, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 2, p. 414.
9.George W. Norris to FDR, ibid., p. 417.
10.George W. Norris to FDR, January 24, 1940, FDRL.
11.Harold Ickes to FDR, February 7, 1940.
12.George McJimsey, Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), pp. 83–84.
13.Clare Boothe Luce, Time, quoted in the appendix of Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 83rd Congress, Vol. 99, part 9 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1953), p. A-1249.
14.Harold Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The Lowering Clouds, 1939–1941 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955), pp. 127–28.
15.FDR to Harold Ickes, February 7, 1940.
16.Ickes, The Lowering Clouds, p. 131.
17.John James Little, “Island Wilderness: A History of Isle Royale National Park,” PhD dissertation, University of Toledo, p. 48.
18.“Michigan: Isle Royale Plans for the Season,” New York Times, July 13, 1941.
19.Paul Brooks, Roadless Area (New York: Knopf, 1964), p. 81.
20.Detroit Free Press, July 2, 1935.
21.Adolph Murie, “Report on the Qualifications and Development of Isle Royale National Park,” June 13, 1935, (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1935), File 201, Box 1249, RG 79, National Archives, Washington, DC.
22.Harold L. Ickes, quoted in Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, pp. 469–70.
23.“Address by Hon. Harold Ickes, Secretary of the Interior, November 20, 1934,” Box 2, File Historical, Yellowstone National Park Archives, quoted in Mary Shivers Culpin, “For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People”: A History of the Concession Development in Yellowstone National Park, 1872–1966 (Yellowstone National Park, WY: National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, YCR-CR-2003-01, 2003), p. 81.
24.Horace Albright, “The National Park Movement,” in Harlean James, ed., American Planning and Civic Annual (1941), p. 63.
25.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” December 6, 1940.
26.National Park Service, “Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site,” file 2014, Hyde Park, NY.
27.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” August 14, 1940.
28.National Park Service, “Roosevelt-Vanderbilt National Historic Sites,” http://www.nps.gov/hofr/roosevelt-vanderbilt-national-historic-sites.htm (accessed April 11, 2015).
29.“Pinchot to Aid Roosevelt,” New York Times, October 10, 1940, p. 18.
30.See “Digest of Federal Resource Laws of Interest to the Fish and Wildlife Service: Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/fwact.html (accessed June 22, 2013); and “029 FW 4, Division of Law Enforcement,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, http://www.fws.gov/policy/029fw4.html (accessed June 22, 2013).
The units and responsibilities of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service include the National Wildlife Refuge System, the Division of Migratory Bird Management, the Federal Duck Stamp, the National Fish Hatchery System, the Endangered Species program, and the USFWS Office of Law Enforcement. By the twenty-first century, the units divisions of USFWS included an annual budget of around $2.3 billion.
31.The bureaucratic transfers of divisions and agencies dedicated to the protection of fish and wildlife is confusing. In 1939, the Biological Survey (Department of Agriculture) and the Bureau of Fisheries (Department of Commerce) were transferred to the Department of the Interior. In 1940, these two entities merged and were renamed the Fish and Wildlife Service. The 1956 Fish and Wildlife Act officially created the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and established the Bureau of Sport Fish and Wildlife and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. In 1970, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries was transferred to the Department of Commerce and renamed the National Marine Fisheries Service. The Department of the Interior still oversees U.S. Fish and Wildlife today.
32.Rosenman, quoted in Susan Dunn, 1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler—the Election Amid the Storm (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), p. 40.
33.Dunn, 1940, p. 3.
34.James J. McEntee, “The CCC and National Defense,” American Forestry (July 1940), pp. 1–2.
35.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” June 25, 1940.
36.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” July 19, 1940.
37.James Farley, Jim Farley’s Story: The Roosevelt Years (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948), p. 293.
38.Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 219.
39.Herbert Eaton, Presidential Timber: A History of Nominating Conventions, 1868–1960 (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), p. 392.
40.Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, pp. 227–28.
41.Richard Moe, Roosevelt’s Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 202–4.
42.Franklin
D. Roosevelt, Presidential Proclamation 2416, 5 FR 2677, 54 Stat. 2717, July 25, 1940.
43.When FDR assumed the presidency in 1933, the United States had five different wildlife sanctuary designations: Reservation (e.g., Bering Sea in Alaska and Caloosahatchee in Florida); Bird Refuge (e.g., Anaho Island in Nevada and Montezuma in New York); Migratory Waterfowl Refuge (e.g., Sand Lake in South Dakota and Lake Isom in Tennessee); Migratory Bird Refuge (e.g., West Sister Island in Ohio and Lenore Lake in Washington State); and Game Refuge (e.g., Elk Refuge in Wyoming). Roosevelt’s executive action in July 1940 gathered the wild places under one rubric—NWRs—whose mandate was the protection of living things in each designated ecosystem. Before the 1940 streamlining, responsibility for overseeing federal sanctuaries was scattered among several entities from the Department of the Interior to the Light House Service to the Marine Corps to the USDA. FDR therefore considered the appellation “National Wildlife Refuge” to be more appropriate for his wide-ranging wildlife-management plan than merely “Migratory Waterfowl Refuge,” which, after all, also protected the domain of the eagles, hawks, and falcons. Under Proclamation 2416, 193 reservations underwent the name change. At all of these newly dubbed refuges, it was “unlawful to hunt, trap, capture, willfully disturb, or kill any bird or wild animal . . . or to enter thereon for any purpose, except as permitted by law or by the rules and regulations of the Secretary of the Interior.”
44.Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife, p. 238.
45.Conserving the Future: Wildlife Refuges and the Next Generation (Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011), pp. 19–20.
46.Brant, Adventures in Conservation with Franklin D. Roosevelt, p. 52.
47.“Ira Gabrielson, Wildlife Expert and Leading Conservationist,” National Parks and Conservation, Vol. 51 (December 1977), pp. 18–19.
48.“Inter-American Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation: Message from the President of the United States . . . Signed on the Part of the United States of America, on October 12, 1940” (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1941).
49.Julia Craw, “U.S. Wildlife Refuges,” Travel (December 1971), p. 50.
50.Ralph H. Imler and E. H. Kalmback, The Bald Eagle and Its Economic Status (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955), pp. 18–19.
51.Ibid., pp. 2–5.
52.Dunn, 1940, pp. 1–2.
53.Maxine Newell, The Story of the Hole N” the Rock (privately printed, 2005).
54.FDR, “Campaign Address at Cleveland, Ohio,” November 2, 1940. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15893.
55.Philip G. Platt, “Memorandum on Water Pollution Control,” in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 2, p. 453.
56.Ibid.
57.Ira N. Gabrielson, “Wildlife and the American Way of Living,” in Report of the Secretary of the Interior (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1942).
58.Harold Ickes to Mining World (Seattle), August 7, 1940.
59.Miller Freeman to Harold Ickes, August 20, 1940.
60.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” September 4, 1940.
61.FDR, speech at the dedication of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Newfound Gap, Tennessee, September 2, 1940, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 2, p. 471.
62.Richard White, “It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own”: A New History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), pp. 472–502.
63.Tamarack Times, February, June, and July 1940.
64.Cornebise, The CCC Chronicles, p. 119.
65.FDR, “Campaign Address at Boston, Massachusetts,” October 30, 1940. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15887.
66.Irving Brant quoted in Fox, The American Conservation Movement, p. 217.
67.Dunn, 1940, p. 1.
68.James H. Madison, Wendell Willkie: Hoosier Internationalist (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), pp. xiv–xvi.
69.Moe, Roosevelt’s Second Act, p. 316.
70.FDR to John H. Baker, August 12, 1939.
71.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” November 23, 1940.
72.“21,550,783 Acres in National Parks,” New York Times, December 16, 1940, p. 28.
73.“Inaugural Crowds Demonstrate Affection for President’s Mother,” Washington Star, January 21, 1941.
74.“Burnham Hoyt, 73, Dies,” New York Times, April 8, 1960.
75.City of Phoenix Department of Parks and Recreation, “Roosevelt’s Soil Soldiers, 1933–1942,” http://phoenix.gov/parks/trails/locations/south/ccc/index.html.
76.Peter MacMillan Booth, “The Civilian Conservation Corps in Arizona, 1933–1942,” PhD dissertation, University of Arizona, 1991.
77.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” January 24, 1941.
78.George C. Marshall to Pa Watson, January 9, 1942, CCC Files, FDRL.
79.FDR, “Fireside Chat 16: On the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’ (December 29, 1940),” http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3319.
80.Delbert Clark, “Mammoth Cave: New National Park,” New York Times, July 27, 1941.
81.Ward, Closest Companion, p. 140.
82.Nigel Hamilton, The Mantle of Command: FDR at War, 1941–1942 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), p. 38.
83.Mares, Fishing with the Presidents, pp. 89–93.
84.Hamilton, The Mantle of Command, p. 38.
85.Pottker, Sara and Eleanor, p. 332.
CHAPTER 19: “THE ARMY MUST FIND A DIFFERENT NESTING PLACE!”
1.“Trumpeter Swan Poster,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Shepherdstown, WV.
2.Ferdinand Augustus Silcox, U.S. Biological Survey, Wildlife Restoration and Conservation; Proceedings of the North American Wildlife Conference Called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt; Connecting Wing Auditorium and the Mayflower Hotel, Washington, DC, February 3–7, 1936 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1936), p. 560.
3.Furmansky, Rosalie Edge, Hawk of Mercy, p. 236.
4.Harold L. Ickes to FDR, November 27, 1941, FDRL.
5.Ibid.
6.Irving Brant to Henry L. Stimson, November 25, 1941, FDRL.
7.FDR to Henry L. Stimson, November 28, 1941, FDRL.
8.Thomas L. Howell, “U.S. Army Winter Training Camp: West, Yellowstone, Montana,” 2004, http://www.snakeriver4x4.com/armybase.php (accessed on May 17, 2013).
9.Adams quoted in Furmansky, Rosalie Edge, Hawk of Mercy, p. 236.
10.Dawn Merritt, “From the Jazz Age to World War II,” Outdoor America (Spring 2012), p. 15.
11.FDR to Kenneth A. Reid, December 3, 1941, FDRL.
12.FDR quoted in Hamilton, The Mantle of Command, pp. 74–75.
13.FDR, “Address to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War with Japan,” December 8, 1941. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16053.
14.Hanson W. Baldwin, “Army and Navy Share Responsibility for Defense of the Island Fortress,” New York Times, December 19, 1941.
15.Executive Order No. 8979, 6 Fed. Reg. 6471, December 16, 1941; Franklin Delano Roosevelt Executive Orders Disposition Tables, 1941, http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1941.html.
16.Ibid.
17.Elaine Rhode, National Wildlife Refuges of Alaska (Anchorage: Alaska National History Association, 2003), p. 24; Eric Jay Dolin, National Wildlife Refuges (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003), p. 110. Building on FDR’s action, in 1980 President Jimmy Carter, as part of his Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, would change the name of the moose sanctuary to Kenai National Wildlife Refuge to reflect the diversity of wildlife in the area.
18.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Assault Cases Against Agents and Deputy Wardens (Shepherdstown, WV: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013), pp. 1–10.
19.FDR, “Appointment of Harold L. Ickes as Petroleum Coordinator for National Defense,” May 28, 194
1. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16122.
20.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” January 3, 1942.
21.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” December 13, 1941.
22.Tim Smigielski, “Pioneers: Dr. John Van Oosten,” Eddies: Reflections on Fisheries Conservation (Winter 2010–2011), pp. 8–9.
23.Harold L. Ickes to FDR, January 17, 1942, FDRL.
24.Irving Brant to Harold Ickes, January 15, 1942, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
25.Irving Brant to Harold Ickes, January 14, 1942, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
26.“Porcupine Mountains,” Michigan Department of Natural Resources, http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-31154_31260-54024—,00.html (accessed May 13, 2013).
27.Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 141.
28.Robert De Vore, “McKellar Holds Scant Hopes for His Bills to Kill CCC, NYA; Death of CCC, NYA Declared Unlikely,” Washington Post, March 25, 1942, p. 1.
29.Report of the Secretary of War to the President, 1933 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), p. 8.
30.Tony Melessa interview by Janet Seegmiller, March 8, 2006, Markaguant Plateau Oral History Project, Sherratt Library, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT.
31.“Fechner of CCC,” Time, February 6, 1933, p. 10.
32.Humphrey Bogart, letter published in Happy Days, March 7, 1942.
33.“Fechner of CCC,” p. 12.
34.Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 225–26.
35.“CCC Discontinues All Nondefense Work,” Washington Post, March 26, 1942, p. 1.
36.“Let CCC Fit Boys for Army, Chief Urges,” Washington Post, March 31, 1942, p. 3.
37.“Ickes and Hill Recommend CCC Be Maintained to Do Spade Work for Army,” Washington Post, April 12, 1942, p. 9.
38.FDR to Senator Elbert Thomas, March 16, 1942.
39.“Phillips’ Statement on CCC Called Libel: ‘Dastardly Insult’ to Oklahoma Youth, McEntee Declares,” Washington Post, April 17, 1942, p. 5.
40.John Elliott, “Roosevelt Acts to Halt Attack on CCC, NYA,” Washington Post, March 22, 1942, p. 14.
41.“3 DC Banks Must Pay Bill for Ghost CCC,” Washington Post, March 17, 1942, p. X23.
Rightful Heritage: The Renewal of America Page 77
