by Tim McGrath
14 NDAR, 6:1047–1050, Jones to Marine Committee, 9/30/76.
15 Ibid.
16 JCC, 8/26/76; LOC, JPJP, Minutes of the Continental Marine Committee, 9/5/76; Uniforms recommended by a Group of Continental Navy Captains, 2/27/77.
17 JCC, 10/10/76; Morison, 118–119.
18 NDAR, 6:1166-68, Vice Admiral Clark Gayton to Philip Stephens, 10/8/76; Charles Biddle, Autobiography, 98.
19 NDAR, 6:1362, Hopkins to Jones, 10/22/76; ibid., 7:11–12, William Hooper to Joseph Hewes, 11/1/76; HSP, Gratz Collection, Hooper to Hewes, 11/16/76.
20 LOC, JPJP, Jones to Morris, 10/17 and 10/30/76; NDAR, 6:1457, Jones to Marine Committee, 10/30/76.
21 Miller, 183; NDAR 6:41–42, Caesar Rodney to Thomas Rodney, 8/3/76; King, Harbors and High Seas, 144.
22 NDAR, 6:1400–1403; Committee of Secret Correspondence to Captain Lambert Wickes, 10/24/76; ibid., 6:1403–1405, Committee of Secret Correspondence to Silas Deane, 10/24/76; ibid., 6:1405–1407, Committee of Secret Correspondence to the American Commissioners in France, 10/24/76; Stacy Schiff, A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 8–12; Fleming, Liberty!, 229–232.
23 NDAR, 6:622–624, Silas Deane to the Secret Committee of Correspondence of the Continental Congress, 10/1/76.
24 Ibid., 6:1400–1403; Committee of Secret Correspondence to Captain Lambert Wickes, 10/24/76.
25 Ibid., 6:1086–1087, Committee of Secret Correspondence Memorandum, 10/10/76; ibid., 7:7, Journal of Ambrose Serle, 11/1/76; William Temple Franklin, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin (Philadelphia, 1818), 1:309; William Bell Clark, Lambert Wickes: Sea Raider and Diplomat (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1932), 95.
26 HSP, Christopher Marshall Diaries, 11/1–12/31/76; HSP, Customs House Records, 12/19/74; HSP, Joshua Humphreys Collection, “Dimensions of the Randolph Frigate”; Van Powell, 44–45.
27 NDAR, 7:8, Howe to Stephens, 11/1/76; ibid., 7:78–79, Ambrose Serle to Lord Dartmouth, 11/7/76; ibid., 7:552–557, Howe to Parker, 12/22/76; UVL, Hamond Papers, Vice Admiral Richard Lord Howe to Vice Admiral Molyneux Shuldham; 11/25/76; Connecticut Courant, 12/20/76; PA Archives, 1st Series 5:100–101, Henry Fisher to Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, 12/11/76; McCullough, 1776, 258.
28 JCC, 11/30/76; NDAR, 7:475–476, Morris to Hancock, 12/13/76; ibid., 7:476–477, Morris to Biddle, 12/13/76; ibid., 7:404–405, George Washington to John Cadwalader, 12/7/76; ibid., 7:534, Morris to the Committee of Safety, 12/20/76; ibid., 7:543, Cadwalader to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, 12/21/76.
29 NDAR, 7:450–451, Samuel Chase to James Nicholson, 12/11/76; ibid., 7:477, Nicholson to Lieutenant Henry Auchenleck, 12/13/76.
30 HSP, Christopher Marshall Diaries, 12/11/76; Tinkcom, “The Revolutionary City,” 129; NDAR, 7:528–533, Morris to Deane, 12/20/76.
31 JCC, 12/12/76; NDAR, 7:475–76, Morris to Hancock, 12/13/76.
32 Ibid, 12/7, 12/12, and 12/13/76.
33 HSP, Biddle Family Papers and Bank of North America Papers, Morris to Biddle, 12/13/76; NDAR, 7:482–483, Marine Committee (Robert Morris) to William Bingham, 12/14/76; ibid., 7:1040, Morris to Hancock, 1/26/77.
34 NDAR, 7:504–505, Morris to Hancock, 12/17/76; HSP, BFP, Christianna McMullen to Biddle, 12/19/76.
35 NDA, 7:534–535, Journal of the H.M.S. Pearl, Captain Thomas Wilkinson, 12/20/76; UVL, Hamond Letter Book, Hamond to Vice Admiral Richard Lord Howe, 1/1/77.
36 NDAR, 7:544–545, Morris to Hancock, 12/21/76.
37 NDAR, 7:601–602, Greathead to de Graaf, 12/26/76.
38 Ibid., 7:374–376, Morris to Hancock, 12/23/76; ibid., 7:614–615, Lieutenant William Jones, RN, to Vice Admiral Richard Lord Howe, 12/27/76.
39 APS, BFP, Franklin to Silas Deane, 12/4/76; Franklin to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, 12/8/76; Wickes to Committee, 12/13/76; Clark, Lambert Wickes, 98–99; Schiff, 16.
40 NDAR, 7:595–596, Washington to Morris, 12/25/76.
41 Ibid., 7:905–906, John Bradford to the Secret Committee of the Continental Congress, 1/9/77; McCullough, 274; David Hackett Fischer, Washington’s Crossing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 216.
42 NDAR, 7:854, Journal of Ambrose Searle, 1/3/77; ibid., 7:932, Master’s Log of H.M.S. Roebuck, 1/11/77; UVL, Hamond Papers, Narrative of Andrew Snape Hamond, 11/25–12/31/76.
43 NDAR, 7:600–601, Morris to Hancock, 12/26/76.
44 PA Archives, Second Series, 1:20; Flexner, George Washington, 97; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 327–334; Miller, 219; Fleming, Liberty, 224.
45 UVL, Hamond Papers, Hamond’s Narrative, 11/25/76–1/10/77.
46 NDAR, 7:614, Captain James Nicholson to Samuel Purviance, Jr., 12/27/76; Continental Journal, 1/16/77.
47 Ibid., Hancock to Morris, 1/2/77; NDAR, 7:862–863, Congressional Committee in Philadelphia to George Washington, 1/5/77.
48 NDAR, 7:629, Hamond to Morris, 12/30/76; ibid., 7:933, Morris to Pennsylvania Council of Safety, PA Archives, 1st Series 5:152–153, Henry Fisher to Pennsylvania Council of Safety, 1/1/77.
49 HSP, Biddle Papers, Margaret Tarras to Nicholas Biddle, 8/7/76.
50 Pennsylvania Evening Post, 1/9/77.
51 NDAR, 7:852–853, “A State of the Mutual Exchange of Prisoners, Etc.,” 12/22/76; ibid., 7:876–877, Morris to Washington, 1/7/77.
52 NDAR, 6:1079, Commodore Hopkins to Reverend Samuel Hopkins, 10/1/76.
53 NDAR, 7:828, Master’s Log, HMS Diamond, 1/1/77; ibid., 7:845–846, Brigadier General William West to Governor Nicholas Cooke, 1/2/77; ibid., 7:923–996, Commodore Sir Peter Parker to Vice Admiral Richard, Lord Howe, 1/11/77; ibid., 8:98–99, Hopkins to William Ellery, 3/13/77.
54 NDAR, 6:1362 Hopkins to Jones, 10/22/76; LOC, JPJP, Jones to Captain Hoysted Hacker, 11/1/76; Provisions Aboard the Continental Ship Alfred.
55 NDAR, 7:16–17, Jones to Hopkins (and notes), 11/2/76.
56 LOC JPJP, Jones to the Marine Committee, 11/12/76; Jones to Robert Smith, 11/12/76.
57 Ibid.
58 NDAR, 7:183–184, Jones to Marine Committee, 11/16/76; ibid., 7:935–937, Jones to Marine Committee, 1/12/77; LOC, JPJP, Jones to Robert Morris, 1/12/77; Jones to Joseph Hewes, 1/12/77; New York Gazette, 10/26/76; Morison, 108.
59 LOC, JPJP, Jones’s Orders to Prize Masters, 11/25/76.
60 NDAR, 7:416–417, Master’s Log of the H.M.S. Milford, 12/8–9/76; ibid., 7:935–937, 923–927, Commodore Sir Peter Parker to Vice Admiral Richard Lord Howe, 1/11/77; LOC, JPJP, Jones’ Notes on the Alfred’s Cruise, 12/7–8/76; Jones to Marine Committee, 1/12/77.
61 NDAR, 7:416–417, Master’s Log of H.M.S. Milford, 12/9/76; ibid., 8:56, Hopkins to Marine Committee, 3/8/77.
62 NDAR, 7:935–937, Jones to Marine Committee, 1/12/77.
63 Ibid., 6:357, Owners of the Privateer Eagle to William Ellery; ibid., 7:983, Daniel Tillinghast to Jones, 1/17/77.
64 LOC, JPJP, Jones to Morris, 10/27/76 and 2/10/77; Jones to Hewes, 1/12/77; Millar, 152–154.
65 NDAR, 7: 510, Hopkins to Jones, 12/18/76; 1153–54, Jones to Robert Morris, 2/10/77.
66 NDAR, 7: 972–973, Congressional Committee in Philadelphia to John Hancock, 1/16/77; 7:1318–1319, Hopkins to Robert Morris, 2/28/77; 7:1319–1320, Hopkins to the Marine Committee, 2/28/77; Thomas, 78.
67 LOC, JPJP, Morris to Jones, 2/5/77; Hopkins to Jones, 2/11/77; Jones to President of Congress, 12/7/79; NDAR, 7:1315–1316, Hopkins to Jones, 2/28/77; 7:1318–1319, Hopkins to Morris, 2/28/77; 7:1319–1320, Hopkins to Marine Committee, 2/28/77; Thomas, 81.
68 NDAR, 7:1166–1167, Officers of the Continental Frigate Warren to Robert Treat Paine, 2/11/77.
69 Ibid., 8:189–192, Examination of Marine Lieutenant John Grannis by a Subcommittee of the Continental Marine Committee, 3/26/77.
70 JCC, Hancock to Hopkins, 3/29/77.
&n
bsp; CHAPTER FIVE “HEAVEN HAS SUCCEEDED OUR ADVENTURES”
1 NDAR, 8:838–839, Silas Deane to Conrad Alexandre Gérard, 5/11/77.
2 Neeser, xxix; D. H. Conyngham, “Reminiscences,” Proceedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical Society 8 (1904); Helen Augur, The Secret War of Independence (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1955), 81–84.
3 Brian Dyde, A History of Antigua (London and Oxford: Macmillan Education, 2000), 140; Carleton Mitchell, Isles of the Caribees (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1986), 124; Fowler, Rebels, 124.
4 HSP, Logbook: “Society for the Relief etc.,” 1765–1773; Cadwalader Collection, Tonnage records, 1765–1775; PMHB, Clark, “The Sea Captains Club,” 44–48.
5 Neeser, 159, “Attestation of Gustavus Conyngham.”
6 Miller, 180, 285–286.
7 NDAR, 3:471, Lord Stormont to Count de Vergennes, 1/12/76; ibid., 3:507, M. de Anglemont to Gabriel de Sartine, 1/14/76.
8 NDAR, 6:1070, Willing, Morris & Co. to the Maryland Committee of Safety, 9/30/76; Hayes, “Gustavus Conyngham,” 17–18; Neeser, 206–207, “Memorial of Gustavus Conyngham to Congress,” 207–208, “Certificate Issued by Benjamin Franklin,” 8/7/82.
9 NDAR, 6:1070, Willing & Morris to the Maryland Committee of Safety, 9/30/76.
10 HSP, PMHB, 22, “Narrative of Gustavus Conyngham,” 486; NDAR, 4:1054, Philip Stephens to William Eden, 4/19/76; Neeser, 9–10; Miller, 291; Fowler, 124.
11 Freeman’s Journal, 3/22/77.
12 NYHS, Barnes Collection, Papers of Gustavus Conyngham, Continental Navy Commission of Gustavus Conyngham, 3/1/77.
13 NDAR, 8:502–503, Lord Stormont to Lord Weymouth, 1/1/77; American Commissioners in France to the Secret Committee of the Continental Congress, 2/6/77.
14 JCC, 12/10/76; NDAR, 7:790–791, Wickes to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, 12/13/76; ibid., 8:525, Wickes to the American Commissioners in France, 1/14/77; ibid., 8:842, George Lupton (aka James Van Zandt) to William Eden, 5/13/77.
15 JCC, 12/10/76; King, 144, 239.
16 NDAR, 8:827–28, Deposition of John Beach, Prize Master of the Prince of Orange, 5/6/77; King, 123; Hayes, 20.
17 Ibid.; Fowler, 125; Miller, 291; Hayes, 20.
18 NDAR, 7:877–878, Congressional Committee in Philadelphia to John Hancock, 1/7/77.
19 Ibid.; JCC, 8/7/76 and 10/10/76; NDAR, 6:219, Washington to Richard Howe, 8/17/76; ibid., 6:235, Richard Howe to Washington, 8/19/76; Clark, Captain Dauntless, 168–169.
20 Pennsylvania Evening Post, 1/21/77.
21 NDAR, 6:602, Deane to Morris, 9/17/76; ibid., 7:1052, Morris to the Committee of Secret Correspondence and Morris to Biddle, 1/28/77.
22 Ibid., Morris to Biddle, 1/30/77; Morris to Elisha Hinman, 2/15/77.
23 Clark, 170–172.
24 HSP, Wodehouse Collection, Ship’s papers 1776–1783, Account of the Frigate Randolph, 1/2/77; Clark, 172–173.
25 NDAR, 7:1064, Morris to Biddle, 1/30/77; Clark, Captain Dauntless, 173; Miller, 218–220.
26 PMHB, 29, “Journal of Captain John Ferdinand Dalziel Smyth, of the Queen’s Rangers,” 166–167; Clark, 177–178.
27 NDAR, 8:702–703, John Lloyd to Ralph Izard, 3/22/77; New York Gazette, 2/24/77; Clark, 176.
28 HSP, Biddle Family Papers, Nicholas Biddle to James Biddle, 3/11/77.
29 NDAR, 7:1210–1212, Morris to Biddle, 2/15/77; ibid., 7:1212, Morris to Warner, 2/15/77; ibid., 8:224, Morris to William Bingham, 3/12/77.
30 NDAR, 9:864–865, Officers of the Continental Navy Frigate Randolph to Captain Nicholas Biddle, 9/1/77.
31 HSP, Nicholas Biddle to James Biddle, 3/11/77; NDAR, 7:1318–1319, Hopkins to Morris, 2/28/77; Hopkins to Continental Marine Committee, 2/28/77; Clark, 177.
32 Miller, 105.
33 Clark, Appendix B, 259–261, Partial Muster Roll of the Frigate Randolph, October, 1776–March 7, 1778; HSP, Biddle to Biddle, 3/11/77; Miller, 103–105.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid., Miller, 224.
36 NDAR, 8:439–442, Marine Committee to Biddle, 4/26/77.
37 Ibid., 8:89, footnote; HSP Biddle Papers, Nicholas Biddle to James Biddle, 3/10/77.
38 ISM, Joshua Humphreys Collection, Designs and Drafts of various ships, 1776–1794; Fowler, 222–223; Miller, 204–210.
39 Miller, 205–209; Millar, 12–27.
40 Ibid.
41 NYHS, John Barry Papers, Barry to James McHenry, 8/10/96.
42 NDAR, 8:482, Major General Benedict Arnold to Governor Jonathan Trumbull, 4/30/77; Connecticut Journal, 4/30/77.
43 NDAR, 7:1032–1033, Hancock to Morris, 1/24/77; ibid., 8:296–298, Continental Marine Committee to Captain James Nicholson, 4/8/77; ibid., 8:336, Col. Mordecai Gist to Colonel John Stone, 4/13/77.
44 Ibid., 8:421, Governor Thomas Johnson to Captain James Nicholson, 4/24/77.
45 Ibid., 8:430–431, Maryland Council to John Hancock, 4/25/77; JCC, 4/29/77, 5/1/77.
46 Ibid., 1050, Order of the Maryland Council, 5/31/77.
47 Ibid., 183, “Journal kept by the Officers of the Continental Navy Brig Cabot, Captain Joseph Olney, 3/23–24/77; 302–303, John Bradford to the Continental Marine Committee, 4/9/77; 357, Olney to Manley, 4/17/77; Providence Gazette, 4/26/77.
48 London Chronicle, 5/6/77.
49 PMHB, “Narrative etc.,” 480–481; NDAR, 8:827–828, Deposition of John Beach, Prize Master of Prince of Orange; London Public Advertiser, 5/9/77; London Chronicle, 5/8/77; King, 324.
50 NDAR, 8:828–829, Lords Commissioners, Admiralty, to Captain Samuel Warren, R.N., 5/7/77; ibid., 8:838–839, Silas Deane to Conrad Alexandre Gérard, 5/11/77; ibid., 8:846–847, Lord Stormont to Lord Weymouth, 5/14/77 (two letters); London Public Advertiser, 5/14/77.
51 London Public Advertiser, 5/15/77.
52 Ibid.; Pennsylvania Evening Packet, 8/5/77; NDAR, 8:842, George Lupton (James Van Zandt) to William Eden, 5/13/77.
53 NDAR, 8:844, George III to Lord North, 5/14/77.
54 Miller, 289–290; Schiff, 73; Augur, 169.
55 APS, BFP, Wickes to Franklin, 1/14/77; NDAR, 8:546–547, American Commissioners in France to Samuel Nicholson, 1/26/77.
56 Auckland Manuscripts, King’s College, Cambridge, England, Samuel Nicholson to Joseph Hynson, 2/2/77, from Clark, Lambert Wickes, 162.
57 Ibid.
58 Beck, Letterbook of Esek Hopkins, 44–45, “Copy of Manifesto Sent Onshore at New Providence,” 3/3/76; Clark, Wickes, 163; NDAR, 8:631, Plan to Capture Joseph Hynson’s Sloop, 3/3/77.
59 Clark, Lambert Wickes, 163; Miller, 289; Augur, 171.
60 Ibid.
61 NDAR, 8:728–730, “Statement Concerning the Employment of Lieut. Col. Edward Smith with Regard to Captain Hynson and a Sketch of the Information Obtained,” 3/31/77; Isabella Cleghorn to Joseph Hynson, 2/13/77, from Clark, Lambert Wickes, 168–169.
62 Ibid.
63 NDAR, 10:981, Silas Deane to Jonathan Williams, Jr., 11/8/77; Memorandum by King George III, 4/6/77, from Clark, Lambert Wickes, 175.
64 LOC, JPJP, Jones to Morris, 4/7/77; “A Plan for the Regulation, and Equipment of the Navy, Drawn up at the Request of the Honorable the President of Congress,” 4/7/77; Thomas, 82–83.
65 Woody Holton, Abigail Adams (New York: Free Press, 2009), 108–110; Thomas, 82; Fowler, The Baron of Beacon Hill, 206–208.
66 Samuel Cooper to Elbridge Gerry, 3/24/77, from Morgan, 75–76.
67 NDAR, 3:840–841, Brigadier General Benedict Arnold to Captain Hector McNeill, 1/18/76; ibid., 5:231, Major Philip Schuyler to George Washington, 5/24/76; Gardner W. Allen, Captain Hector McNeill of the Continental Navy (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1922), 6–7.
68 MHS, Hector McNeill Letter Book, 5/21/77, McNeill to Marine Committee, 5/21/77; Journal of Captain McNeill, 5/21/77.
69 King, 62
–67; From the Coast Guard Manual, quoted from Miller, 221–222.
70 MHS, Benjamin Crowninshield, “A Journal of Our Intended Cruse in the Good Ship Boston Bound out a Cruse by God’s Parmission, Hector McNeill Esq’r Commander,” 5/29/77; LOC, John Bradford Letter Book, Bradford to Marine Committee, 6/19/77.
71 NDAR, 8:1040, Manley to McNeill, 5/29/77; ibid., 9:39–40, McNeill Journal, 6/6/77.
72 MHS, McNeill Journal, 5/30/77; McNeill Letter Book, McNeill to Captain Thomas Thompson, 7/21/77.
73 NDAR, 9:8–9, McNeill Journal, 6/3/77.
74 Ibid., 47, McNeill Journal, 6/7/77, 85–87, Deposition of Nathaniel Oakes, Quartermaster, H.M.S. Fox, 6/11/77; 87–88, Deposition of Captain Thomas Hardy, 6/11/77; LOC, William Jennison’s Journal, 6/7/77.
75 Ibid., 51 and 76, McNeill Journal, 6/8–9/77.
76 HSP, Gratz Collection, Manley to McNeill, 6/27/77; NDAR, 9:224, Patrick Conner’s Journal, Navy Frigate Boston, 7/6/77.
77 Ibid., LOC, Jennison’s Journal, 7/7/77; MHS, Crowninshield’s Journal, 7/6–7/77; NDAR, 9:227, Journal of the H.M.S. Rainbow, Captain Sir George Collier, 7/6–7/77; ibid., 9:227–228, Journal of M.M. Brig Victor, Lieutenant Michael Hyndman, 7/6–7/77; ibid., 9:228–229, Journal of H.M.S. Flora, Captain John Brisbane, 7/7/77.
78 NDAR, 9:239, Rainbow and Victor Journals, 7/8/77.
79 Ibid., 9:273–274, “Extract of a Letter from Sir George Collier to the Viscount Howe, dated the 12th of July 1777.”
80 MHS, Crowninshield’s Journal, 7/8/77; NDAR, 10:485–487, Muster Roll of the Continental Navy Frigate Boston, 11/14/77; Zachary B. Freidenberg, Medicine Under Sail (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 17–18; C. Keith Wilbur, MD, Revolutionary Medicine (Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 1973), 62–63; NDAR, 6: Appendix, 1483–1489, Maurice B. Gordon, “Naval and Maritime Medicine during the Revolution.”
81 MHS, Crowninshield’s Journal, 7/8/77; with thanks to Laurence Todd and Dr. Paul Koppermann for sharing their knowledge of medical procedures of this era.
