by Tim McGrath
49 McCullough, 186.
50 NDAR, 11:1079–1080, Tucker to Lieutenant Hezekiah Welch, 3/11/78.
51 Ibid., 11:1085 and 1120, Boston Journal, 3/14 and 3/26/78; MHS, AFP, Adams Diary, 22–26, 3/14–27/78.
52 Ibid., 11:1141, 3/31/78; Adams Diary; Morgan, 133.
53 NDAR, 10:865–866, Conyngham to Deane, 10/3/77; ibid., 10:878–879, Lord Grantham to Lord Weymouth, 10/6/77; ibid., 10:890, 10/8/77, Herman Katencamp to Weymouth, 10/8/77.
54 Ibid., 10:903–904, Conde de Floridablanca to Lord Grantham, 10/12/77.
55 Neeser, 106–107, Lagoanere & Co. to Pierre Lapierre and to Alexorde Caterelo, 9/19/77; Hayes, 36.
56 APS, BFP, Conyngham to American Commissioners, 1/4/78.
57 NDAR, 11:904-05, James Gardoqui to Arthur Lee, 1/10/78; ibid., 11:918, Lee to Conyngham, 1/16/78; ibid., 11:926, Deane to Conyngham, 926–28, 1/21/78; Hayes, 36.
58 NDAR, 11:1013, de Floridablanca to Francisco de Escarano, 2/16/78; ibid., 11:1019–1023, Agreements Concerning Wages and Prize Money of Continental Navy Cutter Revenge’s Crew, 2/14–18/78.
59 Ibid., 11:956–957, Conyngham to Lee, 1/31/78; ibid., 11:967, Conyngham to Deane, 2/5/78.
60 Ibid., 11:1038, Conyngham to Beach, 2/23/78; APS, BFP, Hodge to Deane, 3/31/78.
61 Ibid., 1091–92, Charles Murray to Robert Walpole, 3/16/78; HSP, Papers of Benjamin Franklin, “Ships from America Enter’d in the Bay of Cadiz since the 9th July 1777”; “Prises Made by the Sloop Privateer [sic] Capt. Gust. Cunningham from the 6th to the 20th March 1778.”
62 NDAR, 11:1125, Joseph Hardy to Lord Weymouth, 3/27/78; London Chronicle, 5/5–7/78.
63 Neeser, 5–6; Hayes, 38.
64 Ibid.; PMHB, 482–483.
65 Ibid., 133, 138–139.
66 Neeser, 152; Franklin to Ferdinand Grand, 10/14/78, from Augur, 301; Fowler, 129; Miller, 301.
67 NDAR, 10:253–254, and 425, Marine Committee to Nicholson, 10/23/77 and 11/6/77; ibid., 10:714–715, Marine Committee to the Continental Navy Board of the Middle department, 12/12/77; Miller, 316.
68 NDAR, 10:379–380, Captain Hyde Parker, Jr., to Vice Admiral Viscount Howe, 11/2/77.
69 Ibid., 11:652, 757, and 764, Marine Committee to Nicholson, 12/2, 12/19, and 12/20/77.
70 Ibid., 11:119, Samuel and Robert Purviance to Governor Thomas Johnson, Jr., 1/14/78; ibid., 11:189, Samuel and Robert Purviance to President of Congress, 1/22/78; ibid., 11:222–224, Marine Committee to Nicholson, 1/28/78.
71 Ibid., 11: 509–510, Marine Committee to Nicholson, 3/4/78.
72 Ibid., 848, Captain Benjamin Caldwell, R.N., to Captain Richard Onslow, R.N., 3/31/78; ibid., 11:848–849, Journal of H.M.S. Emerald, Captain Benjamin Caldwell, 3/31/78; ibid., 11:849, Journal of H.M.S. Richmond, Captain John Lewis Gidoin, 3/31/78; Journal of H.M. Sloop Senegal, Commander Anthony J. P. Mollow, 3/31/78.
73 Ibid., Miller, 317–318.
74 The South Carolina and American General Gazette, 12/25/77; NDAR, 11:1169, Journal of Marine Captain John Trevett November–December 1777.
75 U.S. Naval Proceedings, November 1970, 40–43, Frank H. Rathbun, “Rathbun’s Raid on Nassau.”
76 NDAR, 11:1169–1170, Trevett’s Journal.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid., 245–252, Trevett’s Journal, 1/1–31/78; ibid., 11:395–396, 2/18–21/78; 472.
79 Ibid., 472, Trevett’s Journal, 3/78; 655, Bradford to Rathbun, 3/16/78.
80 NDAR, 11:113–114, Journal of the South Carolina Navy Board, 1/13/78; A Letter to Mr. John Stevenson, 1/13/78; A Letter to Captn. Nicholas Biddle, Esq., 1/13/78; ibid., 11:136–137, Brigadier General Moultrie’s Account of the Burning of Charleston, 1/15/78.
81 Ibid.
82 Will of Nicholas Biddle, quoted in Clark, Captain Dauntless, 224–225.
83 NDAR, 11:136–137, Moultrie’s Account, etc.; Charles Biddle, Autobiography, 105.
84 Ibid., 360–361, John Lewis Gervais to President of Congress, 2/16/78; ibid., 837–838, President Rawlins Lowndes to President of Congress, 3/30/78; Biddle, Autobiography, 105; Clark, 232.
85 Ibid., 337–42, Captain Robert Fanshawe, R.N., to Vice Admiral Viscount Howe, 2/13/78.
86 Ibid., 850, Moultrie on the Fitting Out of the Randolph’s Squadron and her Loss, January–March 1778; Portfolio Biography; Clark, 236.
87 NDAR, 11:543–544, Journal of the H.M.S. Yarmouth, Captain Nicholas Vincent, 3/7/78.
88 Ibid.
89 Biddle, Autobiography, 108–109; NDAR, 11, 1175, Eyewitness Account of Engagement Between Continental Navy Frigate Randolph and H.M.S. Yarmouth, 8/21/1801.
90 Ibid.; King, Sea of Words, 14–15; Clark, 240; Miller, 311.
91 NDAR, 11:543–544, Yarmouth Journal, Biddle, 107; Miller, 311–312; Clark, 240–241.
92 Ibid.; also 11:850, Moultrie, 1–3/78.
93 Ibid., 11:1176, Engagement Between Continental Navy Frigate Randolph and H.M.S. Yarmouth.
94 Biddle, Autobiography, 108–109; Pennsylvania Packet, 3/29/78.
95 Ibid.
96 NDAR, 11:683–684, Vincent to Vice Admiral James Young, 3/17/78.
97 Biddle, Autobiography, 107–109; NDAR, 11:1175, Eyewitness Account of Engagement Between Continental Navy Frigate Randolph and H.M.S. Yarmouth, 8/21/1801.
98 NDAR, 11:623, Yarmouth Journal, 3/12/78; ibid., 11:683–684, Vincent to Vice Admiral James Young, 3/17/78.
99 Ibid., New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, 4/20/78; Clark, 245.
100 Ibid., 666–667, Deposition of Alexander Robinson, Hans Workman, and John Carew, 3/17/78; ibid., 11:1175, Eyewitness Account of Engagement Between Continental Navy Frigate Randolph and H.M.S. Yarmouth, 8/21/1801. The late Nathan Miller pointed out in his excellent Sea of Glory (313) that the rescued sailors, ironically, added to the bonuses paid to their rescuers. The Admiralty paid a five-pound bounty for any sailor on a captured or destroyed American ship. The deposition of the sailors, attesting that there were 305 men aboard, increased the Yarmouth’s bonus by £1,525.
101 Ibid., 11:837–838, Lowndes to President of Congress, 3/30/78; Biddle, Autobiography, 108–110; LDC, Marine Committee Letter Book, Marine Committee to John Bradford, 4/28/78; Pennsylvania Packet, 7/25/78.
102 AP, BFP, Thompson to American Commissioners, 12/29/77.
103 NDAR, 11:575, Journal of H.M.S. Ariadne, Captain Thomas Pringle, 3/9/78; Journal of H.M. Sloop Ceres, James Dacres, 3/9/78.
104 Ibid., Captain Thomas Pringle, R.N., to Vice Admiral James Young, 3/18/78; Fowler, 134.
105 LDC, Marine Committee Letter Book (MCLB), Marine Committee to Eastern Navy Board, 5/8/78; ISM, BHP, John Brown to Barry, 5/21/78.
106 NDAR, 11:355–356, Memoir of Elias Ware, 2/16/78.
107 Ibid., 11:614–615, Continental Navy Board of the Eastern Department to Captain Hoysteed [sic] Hacker, 3/12/78; ibid., 11:786–787, William Vernon of the Continental Navy Board to the Eastern Department, 3/25/78; ibid., 11:813–817, Journals of H.M.S. Maidstone, Captain Alan Gardiner, H.M.S. Sphinx, Captain Alexander Graeme, H.M.S. Nonsuch, Captain Walter Griffith, 3/28/78.
108 Ibid., 11:1046–1047, Jones to Deane, 2/26/78; ibid., 11:1188–1190, Ranger Journal, 2/20–25/78; Clark, The First Saratoga, 16.
109 APS, BFP, John Bondfield to American Commissioners, 7/4/78; LOC, JPJP, Thomas Bell to Jones, 11/2/78; Miller, 322.
CHAPTER EIGHT “HER TEETH WERE TOO MANY”
1 APS, BFP, Jones to Deane, 3/25/78.
2 United States Naval Academy Museum (USNAM), John Paul Jones Letter Book, Jones to Gourlade and Moylan, 3/5 and 3/9/78.
3 NDAR, 11:1084, Minute of Cabinet, 3/14/78; ibid., 11:1120–1123, Louis XVI to Comte d’Estaing, 3/27/78; ibid., 11:1129–1130, Louis XVI to the Continental Congress, 3/28/78; USNAM, Jones Letter Book, Jones to Ross, 3/25/78.
4 Ibid., 11:1065–1066, Earl of Sandwich to Lord North, 3/6
/78; 11:1069–1073, Lord George Germain to Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton, 3/8/78.
5 Ibid., 11:1117–1118, Jones to Deane, 3/25/78; ibid., 11:1119, Jones to John Ross, 3/25/78; LOC, JPJP, Jones to Ross, 4/8/78.
6 MHS, Ezra Green Diary, 4/10–15/78; LOC, JPJP, Ranger log, 4/15/78.
7 LOC, JPJP, Statement of Lieutenant Jean Meijer, 4/14/80; Morison, 140; Thomas, 114–115.
8 MHS, Green Diary, 4/15-17/78; LOC, JPJP, Jones to American Commissioners, 5/27/78.
9 Ibid.; LOC, JPJP, Jones to American Commissioners, 5/27/78.
10 Ibid., 4/19/78.
11 Ibid., 4/21/78; LOC, JPJP, Meijer’s Statement, 4/14/80; Jones to American Commissioners, 5/27/78.
12 Ibid.; Morison, 172.
13 LOC, JPJP, Jones to the American Commissioners, circa 6/78; Jones to the President of Congress, 12/7/79.
14 MHS, Green Diary, 4/23–24/78; Thomas, 121–123; Wilbur, 70 and 75.
15 LOC, JPJP, Jones to American Commissioners, 5/27/78. Meijer’s Statement, 4/14/80.
16 Ibid.; Morison, 174–175; Thomas 121–123.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 MHS, Green Diary, 4/24/78.
20 LOC, JPJP, Jones to American Commissioners, 5/27/78; Ranger log, 4/24/78.
21 Ibid.
22 Morison, 178–179; Thomas, 124–125; Dennis M. Conrad, “John Paul Jones,” from Sea Raiders of the American Revolution, 63.
23 Ibid.; Thomas, 124–125.
24 LOC, JPJP, Jones to Lady Selkirk, 5/8/78; Selkirk to Jones, 6/9/78; Jones to American Commissioners, 5/27/78.
25 LOC, JPJP, Jones to Lady Selkirk, 5/8/78; Gawalt, 19; Thomas, 126.
26 Ibid., Lady Selkirk to Lord Selkirk, 4/24/78; De Koven, 309–311; Gawalt, 19.
27 Ibid, Earl of Selkirk to Jones, 6/9/78; MHS, Green Diary, 4/24/78 (and footnote).
28 LOC, JPJP, Jones to American Commissioners, 5/27/78; MHS, Green Diary, 4/24/78 (and footnote).
29 Ibid.; MHS, Green Diary, 4/24/78; Pennsylvania Packet, 7/14/78; Gawalt, 20; Thomas, 129.
30 Morison, 200.
31 LOC, JPJP, Jones to American Commissioners, 5/9/78 and 5/27/78; Jones to John Black & Co., 5/28/78; Pennsylvania Packet, 7/14/78; MHS, Green Diary, 4/24/78; Gawalt, 20; Morison, 197; Thomas, 131–132.
32 LOC, JPJP, Jones to Simpson, 4/27/78; Jones to American Commissioners, 5/27/78; MHS, Green Diary, 5/7/78.
33 LOC, JPJP, Jones to American Commissioners, 5/9/78.
34 Ibid., Lee to Jones, 5/17/78.
35 LOC, JPJP, Jones to Lady Selkirk, 5/8/78.
36 Ibid., Earl of Selkirk to Jones, 6/9/78.
37 London Public Advertiser, 5/2/78; London Morning Chronicle, 5/9/78; Fowler, 141–142; Thomas, 134.
38 De Koven, 1:324; Thomas, 140.
39 NDAR, 11:31–35, Howe to Stephens, 1/5/78; ibid., 11:36–40, “Disposition of His Majesty’s Ships and Vessels employed in North America under Command of the Vice Admiral the Viscount Howe,” 1/5/78; Syrett, American Waters, 93; Miller, 331.
40 Syrett, 93–96.
41 Miller, 327–331.
42 Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York: Penguin, 2010), 348; Miller, 331–337; Syrett, 99–103.
43 Chernow, 348–349; Miller, 348–350; Syrett, 105–107.
44 NDAR, 9:131, Marine Committee to John Deshon, 6/17/77; ibid., 10:441–447, Accounts of the Naval Brigantine Resistance, 11/9/77; ibid., 10:754–755, Josiah Waters to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr., 12/19/77; Morgan, 118–119.
45 HSP, Gratz, Samuel Chew to William Bingham, 1/15/78; NDAR, 11:319, Lieutenant William Leeds to William Bingham, 2/10/78; ibid., 11:623–624, Governor Thomas Shirley to Lord Germain, 3/12/78; Boston Independent Chronicle, 4/23/78; LDC, Marine Committee to John Bradford, 4/28/78.
46 LDC, Marine Committee to John Bradford, 4/28/78; JCC, 7/5/78; Morgan, 119.
47 JCC, 7/5/78; Naval Records, 310, Letters–of–Marque, General Greene, 3/12/80; Morgan, 120.
48 LDC, Marine Committee to Eastern Navy Board, 4/6/78; ibid., 5/9/78 (footnote); Samuel Adams to James Warren. 7/27/78; Morgan, 147–149.
49 Ibid.; Marine Committee to the Eastern Navy Board, 11/22/77; Miller, 81, 83; Morgan, 140–141.
50 Ibid., Marine Committee to John Bradford, 8/12/78; Ibid.
51 LOC, Bradford Letter Book, Bradford to Marine Committee, 9/2/78; JCC, 9/23/78; Smith, 175.
52 Ibid; JCC, 9/23/78.
53 FDR Library, Barry to Morris, 9/3/78; Fowler, The Baron of Beacon Hill, 235–237.
54 ISM, BHP, John Brown to Barry, 5/21/78; LDC, Marine Committee to the Eastern Navy Board, 5/30/78; Samuel Adams to James Warren, 6/1/78.
55 LDC, Marine Committee to Eastern Navy Board, 6/19/78; MHS, Samuel Adams Papers, Warren to Samuel Adams, 7/5/78; Samuel Adams to James Warren, 7/26/78.
56 Chappelle, 69 and 71; Millar, 228–229, 253; Van Powell, 94.
57 London Public Advertiser, 11/27/78; PRO, 32/441, Deposition of David Phipps; Smith, 174.
58 ISM, BHP, Barry to Eastern Navy Board, 9/17/78; Barry’s Defense of the Raleigh, 10/78; LDC, Marine Committee to Barry, 8/24 and 8/28/78; Marine Committee to Eastern Navy Board, 9/17/78; FDR Library, Barry to Morris, 9/21/78.
59 ISM, Barry’s Defense of the Raleigh; New Hampshire Gazette, 5/2/76.
60 Ibid.; PRO, Admiralty, 51/107, Captain’s Journal, Unicorn, 9/25/78.
61 Ibid.
62 Ibid., Chappelle, 76; King, Sea of Words, 355.
63 Ibid.; PRO, Unicorn Journal, 9/27/78.
64 Ibid.; PRO, HCA 22/436/10, Deposition of David Phipps, 10/16/78. PRO, Admiralty, 331/1017, Captain’s Journal, Experiment, 9/27/78; King, 396.
65 Ibid.; Experiment Journal, 9/27/78; Pennsylvania Evening Post, 10/19/78.
66 Ibid.
67 Pennsylvania Evening Post, 10/19/78.
68 Ibid.; ISM, BHP, Defense of the Raleigh.
69 PRO, HCA 22/436/10, Deposition of David Phipps, 10/16/78; Unicorn Journal, 9/28/78; ISM, BHP, Barry’s Defense of the Raleigh.
70 ISM, Barry’s Defense of the Raleigh. A look at accounts from both sides would place American dead at about fifteen.
71 Ibid.; Pennsylvania Packet, 10/22/78 and 11/10/78. Naval historian Craig Symonds finds that Barry’s believing that Wallace gave up the chase was a monumental error in judgment, as was giving a young midshipman the responsibility of torching a valuable frigate.
72 Miller, 271–275; Morgan, 136–140; NDAR, 5:437–441, John Adams to James Warren, “To Build a Fireship,” 6/9/76.
73 Allen, chapter 9, 32–33.
74 Ibid., 35; King, 219.
75 JCC, 11/18/78; LDC, Henry Laurens to Silas Talbot, 11/17/78; LOC, GWP, Washington to Sullivan, 11/3/78; Miller, 272–273; Morgan, 140.
76 Miller, 195; NDAR, 7:1091.
77 NDAR, 5:360–361, Committee of Secret Correspondence to William Bingham, 6/3/76; ibid., 5:361–362, Willing, Morris & Co. to Bingham, 6/3/76 and 1205–06, 7/24/76; HSP, Gratz, Robert Morris to Bingham, 12/4/76.
78 Neeser, 150–151, Bingham to Conyngham, 11/29/78; ibid., 152–153, Account of Prizes Taken in the Surprize [sic] by Capt. Gust. Conyngham.
79 Ibid.; Neeser, 151, Bingham to Conyngham, 11/29/78; Boston Gazette, 2/15/79; Hayes, 38.
80 HSP, Gratz, Account of Sale of the Brig Countess of Alaron, taken by the Ship Revenge October 15, 1778; Hayes, 39; Syrett, 115.
81 Boston Gazette, 2/15/79; PMHB, “Narrative,” 485.
82 JCC, 12/26/78; 1/4/79.
83 LDC, Committee of Foreign Affairs to William Bingham, 1/29/79; Neeser, 155–156, Marine Committee to Messrs. Jackson, Tracey & Tracey, 3/10/79; 216–223, “Observations on the Report of Benjamin Walker Esq., etc.” (no date).
84 LDC, Marine Committee to Joseph Reed, 3/12/79.
85 Neeser, 158–159, Attestation of Gustavus Conyngham
(no date).
86 LDC, Marine Committee to the American Commissioners, 4/27/79.
87 Neeser, xlvii–xlix, Introduction; 158–160, “Attestation.”
88 Ibid.; PMHB, “Narrative,” 487.
89 Ibid.; PMHB, “Narrative,” 487; Fowler, 131; King, 48.
CHAPTER NINE “IN HARM’S WAY”
1 Neeser, 162, “Minutes from Gustavus Conyngham of his Treatment and Remarks,” 4/27/79.
2 Ibid., 176, Conyngham to Anne Conyngham, no date (approx. 6/79).
3 Ibid., 174, Notice in The Rembrancer; King, Harbors, etc., 210.
4 Ibid., 163.
5 Ibid., 164–167.
6 LDC, Marine Committee to John Beatty, 6/2/79; 7/5/79.
7 Neeser, 179–180, Anne Conyngham to the President of Congress, 7/17/79.
8 Ibid., 176–178, “Petition of a Number of Inhabitants of Philadelphia,” 7/14/79.
9 JCC, 7/17/79.
10 Pennsylvania Gazette, 8/4/79; Neeser, 182–183, Sir George Collier to the Secretary of Congress, 7/24/79.
11 LDC, John Jay to Christopher Hele, 2/16/79; John Fell’s Diary, 3/8/79; Marine Committee to John Beatty, 8/27/79.
12 APS, BFP, Franklin to David Hartley, 8/20/79.
13 Allen, 2:377; Brands, 528; PA Archives, 5:401, Washington to Collier.
14 Neeser, 168–169.
15 Ibid., also 174; APS, BFP, Hartley to Franklin, 9/1/79; LDC, Marine Committee to Thomas Bradford, 9/28/79; JCC, Memorial of Christopher Hele (read in Congress), 12/13/79.
16 Pennsylvania Gazette, 3/17/79, 8/11/79; LDC, Marine Committee to Eastern Navy Board, 10/25/78; NYHS, JBP 5–141; Clark Estate, “Shipping Order, Brigantine Delaware,” 1779; HCL, Charles Roberts Autograph Collection, Barry to Matthew Irwin, 7/16/79; ISM, BHP, Barry Memorial to Congress, 1785.
17 LDC, Marine Committee to John Trumbull, 4/20/78; 9/25/78; Marine Committee to Seth Harding, 2/19/79; Trumbull to Marine Committee, 4/3/78, quoted from Morgan, 142–143; JCC, 9/25/78; James L. Howard, Seth Harding, Mariner (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1930), 66.
18 Memorial to Justify Peter Landais’ Conduct During the Late War (Boston: Peter Eades, 1784); LDC, Sam Adams to James Warren, 6/1/78 and 9/12/78; Marine Committee to Eastern Navy Board, 6/18/78.
19 NYPL, Letter Book, Eastern Navy Board, 1778–1779, Eastern Navy Board to Marine Committee, 12/9/78 and 1/16/79; Morgan, 151.
