by Tim McGrath
108 Ibid., Jones to Franklin, 12/13/79; Jones to Morris, 10/13/79; Kilby, 35; Morison, 314.
109 Quoted from Thomas, 208.
110 Neeser, 191, Jones to Franklin, 11/29/79.
CHAPTER ELEVEN “FRESH GALES AND DIRTY WEATHER”
1 Quoted from Tim McGrath, John Barry: An American Hero in the Age of Sail (Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2010), 213.
2 APS, BFP, Digges to Conyngham, 11/10/79; Neeser, 190; Conyngham to Franklin, 11/18/79; London Chronicle, 11/21–23/80; PMHB, vol. 77, William Bell Clark, “In Defense of Thomas Digges,” 405.
3 David F. Winkler, “Conyngham’s Great Escape,” Sea Power Magazine, October 2003, 48.
4 Ibid.; Clark, 405–406.
5 Ship’s Log, Alliance, 12/16–27/79; King, 369; Fanning, 66–67; Gawalt, 44.
6 LDC, MCLB, Marine Committee to Barry, 11/6/79.
7 Ibid.; Marine Committee to Eastern Navy Board, 11/6/79; Board of Admiralty to John Langdon, 12/20 and 28/79; Samuel Adams Papers, 11:2194–2197, John Warner to Adams, 7/15/78; NYHS, Barry Papers, “Received of Captain John Barry one Continental horse Pack saddle,” 9/19/80; ISM, BHP, Barry Memorial to Congress, 1785.
8 McCullough, 230–231.
9 JCC, Jay to President of Congress, 12/22/79; Harding to the President of Congress, 12/30/79; King, 394; Morgan, 182–183.
10 Ibid.; Boston Gazette, 2/21/80; Morgan, 184–185.
11 LDC, Henry Marchand to Horatio Gates, 8/24/79; Morgan. 179–181; Fowler, 48–51, 54–57; Allen, 631.
12 HSP, Joshua Humphreys Papers, Correspondence 1775–1831, Navy Board of the Middle District to Humphreys, 7/1/79; JCC, 12/3, 12/8/79 and 3/21/80; Chappelle, 86; Millar, 257–258; Clark, The First Saratoga, 4, 24.
13 MCLB, Francis Lewis to Samuel Huntington, 12/18/79 and 3/21/80.
14 James Wilson to Robert Morris, quoted in Gurn, 127; Doerflinger, 255–258; Tinkcom, 147.
15 Fleming, 298; Lancaster, 281–282; Syrett, American Waters, 131.
16 Quoted from Chernow, George Washington: A Life, 366; Fleming, 299.
17 Quoted from Fleming, 290; Syrett, American Waters, 128–129; Allen, 488.
18 Syrett, 133–134; Lancaster, 283.
19 LDC, MCLB, Marine Committee to Eastern Navy Board, 11/10/79.
20 Quoted from Morgan, 190.
21 Ibid.; C. Smith, 245.
22 Miller, 421.
23 LOC, Jennison Journal, 1/17/80; RIHS, Abraham Whipple Papers (AWP), Benjamin Lincoln to Abraham Whipple, 1/17/80; Smith, 354.
24 Boston Independent Chronicle, 4/6/80; Pennsylvania Gazette, 3/15/80; Morgan, 193.
25 Pennsylvania Gazette, 3/15/80; William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Orderly Book Collection, George Philip Hooke, “Orderly Book, 17th Grs.” (George Philip Hooke Journal), 1/6–16/80; Pennsylvania Gazette, 3/22/80; Syrett, 134–137.
26 South Carolina Gazette, 2/4/80; Morgan, 193–194.
27 RIHS, AWP, Continental captains to Whipple, 2/1/80; Ibid.; Ibid.
28 RIHS, AWP, Whipple to Tucker and Simpson, 2/13/80; Smith, 354–355. LOC, Jennison’s Journal, 3/5/80.
29 Ibid., Whipple to Lincoln, 2/13 and 22/80; Morgan, 195–196.
30 LDC, MCLB, Board of Admiralty to Lincoln, 2/22/80; Whipple, 2/22/80; Rathburne [sic], 2/22/80.
31 Quoted in Allen, 495; Pennsylvania Gazette, 5/24/80.
32 South Carolina Historical Society (SCHS), Peter Timothy’s Journal of Observations, 26 March–8 April 1780 (SCHS 37–22–01), 3/26/80; Clements Library, Hoyle’s Journal, 2/11–14/80; Smith, 354; Morgan, 197.
33 SCHS, Timothy Journal, 3/29/80; LOC, Jennison Journal, 3/25/80; RIHS, Whipple Letter Book, Lincoln to Whipple, 3/10/80; Pennsylvania Gazette, 4/5/80; Syrett, 137; Smith, 248.
34 Ibid.; 4/8–9/80; Ibid., 4/8–10/80; Pennsylvania Gazette, 4/27/80; Ralfe, vol. 1, “Admiral Arbuthnot,” 132; Smith, 248.
35 Pennsylvania Gazette, 5/16/80; LOC, Jennison’s Journal, 4/10/80.
36 Ibid., 5/3/80; Hooke’s Journal, 4/13/80; Lancaster, 283; Fleming, 300.
37 Ibid., 5/17/80; Miller, 423; Syrett, 138–139.
38 LOC, Jennison’s Journal, 4/15–5/12/80; Allen, 497; Ralfe, 132–133.
39 RHIS, Whipple Letter Book, Petition of Captains to Admiral Arbuthnot, 5/15/80; Pennsylvania Gazette, 6/28/80; Smith, 249–250.
40 Pennsylvania Gazette, 5/3/80; Fleming, 300–304.
41 Ibid.; 7/19/80; Fleming, 305.
42 Ibid., 6/28/80; Mazet, 353–354; Miller, 423.
43 LDC, MCLB, Marine Committee to James Nicholson, 5/12 and 10/6/79; Board of Admiralty to Nicholson, 4/7, 4/17, and 5/21/80.
44 Ibid., Board of Admiralty to Nicholson 4/17/80; to Eastern Navy Board, 5/12 and 1/8/80.
45 HSP, Court of Admiralty Papers, Libel of James Nicholson against the Schooner Queen Charlotte, 5/27/80; Chappelle, 74; Millar, 284; Van Powell, 114.
46 Account of James Nicholson regarding Trumbull vs. Watt, from Allmon, The Remembrancer, 225–227, quoted from Allen, 499.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.; King, 139.
49 Massachusetts Spy, 8/17/80; Boston Gazette, 6/5, 19 and 7/24, 28/80; Boston Independent Chronicle, 7/6, 9/7/80; Allen, 505–506.
50 Ibid.; Boston Gazette, 6/5, 19 and 7/24, 28/80.
51 Boston Independent Chronicle, 7/6/80.
52 Quoted from Allen, 500–502.
53 Quoted from Allen, 505–506.
54 Allen, 504.
55 Quoted from Smith, 251.
56 Boston Gazette, 7/5/80; Allen, 501–502.
57 Pennsylvania Gazette, 8/23/80.
58 Gilbert Saltonstall to Gurdon Saltonstall, 6/19/80, Records and Papers of the New London County Historical Society, 1:4, 53–56.
59 Fanning’s Narrative, 67; Kilby’s Narrative, 34.
60 Ibid.; Kilby, 34; Ship’s log, Alliance, 12/27–29/80.
61 Ship’s Log, Alliance, 12/29/79–1/16/80; Morison, 322.
62 Ship’s Log, Alliance, 1/19/80; Fanning, 71; Kilby, 35.
63 Ibid., 1/19–28/80; Neeser, 197, George Hooper to Conyngham, 7/13/80; 198, Jonathan Nesbitt to Conyngham, 7/26/80.
64 Ibid., 1/28–2/11/80; Fanning, 72.
65 Kilby, 35; LOC, JPJP, Jones to Gourlande and Moylan, 2/10/80.
66 LOC, JPJP, Lee to Jones, 2/20/80; Jones to Lee, 2/28/80; Thomas, 213.
67 Thomas, 224–225.
68 LOC, JPJP, Jones to Bancroft, 4/10/80; Jones to Sartine, 9/13/78; Morison, 327.
69 Ibid., Michelle de Bonneuil to Jones, 5/10/80; Jones to Sartine, 5/25/and 30/80; Sartine to Jones, 6/16/80; Jones to Dumas, 9/8/80; Gawalt, 47–50; Fanning, 78; Thomas, 220.
70 Ibid., Mme. de St. Julien to Jones, 5/17/and 18/80; Countess de Lowendahl to Jones, 6/7/80; Jones to Countess de Lowendahl, 7/7/80.
71 Ibid., Countess de Lowendahl to Jones, 6/7/80; APS, BFP, Franklin to Jones, 6/1/80.
72 Ibid., Officers of the Alliance to Franklin, 5/31/80; Franklin to Officer of the Alliance, 6/7/80; Franklin to Jones, 6/12/80.
73 Ship’s Log, Alliance, 6/12/80; Kilby, 36; Fanning, 74–75.
74 LOC, JPJP, “Steps taken to Prevent the Alliance from Leaving Port,” 6/6/80; Ship’s Log, Alliance, 6/20/80; Fanning, 76; Kilby, 36.
75 Ship’s Log, Alliance, 1/28/80; Neeser, l. Some accounts of the Experiment call her a “tartan”—a small lateen-rigged, single-sail Mediterranean vessel—she was likely similar to a bark, with her first two masts square rigged and her third fore-and-aft rigged (King, 90, 364).
76 PMHB, Conyngham’s Narrative, 487.
77 Ibid.; Ralfe, vol. 2, Sampson Edwards, 362; Ferguson, 193–194.
78 Ibid.
79 Neeser, 198–199, Nesbitt to Conyngham, 7/26/80; 200–201, Nesbitt to Conyngham, 1/24/81.
80 Woody Hilton, Abigail Adams (New York: F
ree Press, 2009), 193.
81 Holton, 194–195; Neeser, 200–203, Nesbitt to Conyngham, 1/24/81; Nesbitt to Conyngham, 5/2/81.
82 Quoted from Sheldon S. Cohen, Yankee Sailors in British Gaols (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1995), 160–161.
83 Neeser, 204–205, Franklin to Agent Coffin, 3/23/81; JCC, 6/11/81.
84 Neeser, 200–201, Nesbitt to Conyngham, 1/24/81.
85 LDC, MCLB, Harding to Board of Admiralty, 12/30/79, 2/4 and 18/80; HSP, Gratz Collection, Joseph Hardy to William Bingham, 1/29/80.
86 LDC, MCLB, Board of Admiralty to Curson and Gouverneur, 3/4/80; Morgan, 203–205; Smith, 253; Tuchman, 173–176.
87 Ibid., Board of Admiralty to Harding, 5/2/80; Morgan, 203; Smith, 252.
88 LOC, JPJP, Jones to Morris, 6/27/80; Jones to Bancroft, 6/27/80; Jones to Ship’s Company of Alliance, 7/3/80.
89 Ibid., “Delia” to Jones letters, June–July 1780 (dates estimated); John Paul Jones Poems.
90 Ibid., Franklin to Jones, 7/5/80.
91 Ibid., Jones to Dale, 9/9/80; Ship’s Log, Ariel, 7/10–9/16/80; Fanning, 101.
92 Ibid.; Fanning, 88–89.
93 LOC, JPJP, Declaration of the Officers of the Ariel, 10/13/80; Ship’s Log, Ariel, 10/8/80.
94 Ibid.; Gawalt, 53–54; Ship’s Log, Ariel, 10/9/80; King, Harbors and High Seas, 206, and Sea of Words, 103.
95 Fanning, 79–81; LOC, JPJP, Declaration of the Officers of the Ariel; 10/13/80; Gawalt, 54.
96 Ship’s Log, Ariel, 10/11–13/80; Gawalt, 54.
97 APS, BFP, Samuel Wharton to Franklin, 10/14/80; Gawalt, 54; Fanning, 105.
98 HSP, Etting Papers, Jones to Morris, 11/5/80.
99 LDC, MCLB, Board of Admiralty to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr., 5/22/80; Clark, 30.
100 HCL, Charles Roberts Autograph Collection, Barry to Matthew Irwin, 7/16/79; JCC, 5/27/80; Barney, 82–85; Chappelle, 86; Millar, 257–258; Smith, 253; Clark, 37.
101 JCC, 7/7 and 19/80; MCLB, Board of Admiralty to Young, 8/11 and 14/80; to Henry Laurens, 8/11/80; to William Pickles, 8/11/80.
102 LDC, MCLB, Board of Admiralty to Henry Fisher, 8/19/80; to John Young, 8/19/80; to M. de Carabasse, 8/19/80; Tuchman, 190; Clark, 55–56.
103 Ibid., Board of Admiralty to Captain William Pickles, 8/11/80; to John Young, 9/14/80; Clark, 59–60.
104 Ibid., Board of Admiralty to Eastern Navy Board, 9/12/80; to James Nicholson, 9/14/80; Nicholson to President of Congress, 10/21/80.
105 LOC, GWP, Washington to Jefferson, 9/11/80; De Koven, 141–143; National Archives, MSS, Barry’s Report on the Landais Court-Martial; MCLB, Board of Admiralty to Barry, 9/5/80; to Eastern Navy Board, 9/5/80.
CHAPTER TWELVE “SEND THAT SHIP TO SEA”
1 RMP, 4:257, Morris to the Navy Board of the Eastern Department, 2/16/82.
2 Gawalt, 54–55; Barnes, Logs, Appendix F, 134, “The Continuation and End of the Voyage of the Ariel to the United States.”
3 LDC, MCLB, Board of Admiralty to Barry, 9/5/80.
4 PA Archives, Series II, 154, and Colonial Records, 12:80; Pennsylvania Packet, 6/3 and 10/8/78; Pennsylvania Gazette, 4/10/79.
5 National Archives, MSS, Barry’s Report on the Landais Court Martial; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 192.
6 JCC, 11/13/80.
7 LOC, Barry Collection, Muster Roll, Alliance, 1781; PA Archives, “Life of John Kessler,” 4.
8 National Archives, MSS, Papers of the Continental Congress, 2:193; Landais’ Memorial; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 194.
9 Ibid., “Barry’s Summing Up of the Landais Court Martial.”
10 Ibid.; Fowler, 237; Miller, 439.
11 Chernow, 389–391.
12 Ibid.; LDC, Madison to Jones, 12/12/80; Brands, 589; Keane, 203–204.
13 RDC, Laurens to President of Congress, 2/4/81; NDAR, 11:559, John Laurens to Henry Laurens, 3/11/78.
14 RDC, Laurens to the president of Congress, 2/4/81; Clark, 197.
15 Ibid.; also Laurens to President of Congress, 2/6/81.
16 HCL, Charles Roberts Autograph Collection, Account of Expenses for Alliance, 2/9/81; APS, BFP, Barry to Franklin, 3/13/81; Clark, 200.
17 Ibid.; Miller, 458.
18 LOC, JPJP, Board of Admiralty to Jones, 2/20/81; Jones to John Brown, 3/13/81.
19 LDC, Report of the Board of Admiralty, 3/28/81; Gawalt, 56–57.
20 Ibid.; Pennsylvania Evening Post, 3/5/81; Morison, 375; Thomas, 248.
21 NYHS, Thomas Paine to James Hutchinson, 3/11/81; John Keane: Tom Paine: A Political Life (New York: Grove Press, 1995), 208.
22 Ibid.; King, 229. My thanks to author and mariner James Nelson for his expertise.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.; RDC, Laurens to President of Congress, 3/10/81; e-mail from Jim Nelson, 2/25/08; Keane, 208; Clark, 201.
25 Kessler, “Rough Sketch,” 5; Keane, 209; Clark, 201.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.; Miller, 458.
28 RDC, Laurens to President of Congress, 3/11/81; NYHS, Barnes Collection, Alliance Letter Book, 3/4/81; ISM, BHP, Barry to Franklin, 3/10/81; Ship’s log, Alliance, 3/6–9/81.
29 APS, BFP, Barry to Franklin, 3/10/81 and 3/13/81.
30 NYHS, Barnes Collection, Alliance Letter Book, 8/1/82.
31 APS, BFP, Parke to Franklin, 3/13/81.
32 ISM, BHP, Alliance log, 3/13/81; NDAR, 2: appendix: “Rules and Regulations of the Navy of the United Colonies”; PA Archives, Kessler, “Rough Sketch,” 5.
33 APS, BFP, Franklin to Barry, 3/19/81.
34 Ibid., Barry to Franklin, 3/23/81; JCC 7/15/82.
35 Ibid., Barry to Franklin, 3/27/81.
36 JCC, 7/15/82; ISM, BFP, Alliance log, 3/29/81; Captain William Robeson Letter, from Griffin, 170–171.
37 ISM, BFP, Alliance log, 3/29/81.
38 PA Archives, Kessler, 5.
39 Ibid.; LOC, JBC, Muster Roll, Alliance, 3/29/81.
40 Ibid.; ISM, BHP, Alliance log, 3/31/81.
41 Ibid.; ISM, BHP, Alliance log, 3/31/81; Miller, 474.
42 PA Archives, Kessler, 5–6; ISM, BHP, Alliance log, 3/31/81; Boston Newspapers, vol. 4, 6/14/81.
43 ISM, BHP, Alliance log, 4/2–3/81; PA Archives, Kessler, 6–7
44 Ibid., 4/25–29/81; LDC, Barry to Congress, 6/6/81 and 7/15/82.
45 Ibid., 5/2/81; PA Archives, Kessler, 7; Boston Newspapers, vol. 4, 6/14/81.
46 Griffin, 142, 174; Clark, 217–218.
47 LDC, Barry to Congress, 6/6/81; PA Archives, Kessler, 7.
48 Ibid.; Kessler, 10.
49 Ibid.; Kessler.
50 Ralfe, Naval Biography, 2:362; London Daily Intelligencer, 8/6/81.
51 London Daily Intelligencer, 8/6/81.
52 Charles Henry Lincoln, Naval Records of the American Revolution (“NRAR”), Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906), 175, Memorial of James Nicholson and others, 4/28/81; 176, Congress to Board of Admiralty, 5/5/81.
53 Ibid., Board of Admiralty to Congress, 12/9/80; Clark, The First Saratoga, 114–115.
54 Howard, Appendix, Hardy Journal, 260–261, 12/19/80; Clark, 119.
55 Ibid., 261, 12/20/80.
56 Dunlap’s Pennsylvania Packet, or the General Advertiser, 2/14 and 2/27/81. LDC, John Gibson to President of Congress, 4/17/81; Clark, 125–129.
57 Howard, 156, 266–267, Hardy’s Journal, 1/8/81; Tuchman, 231.
58 Ibid.; Tuchman, 231; Clark, 134.
59 Pennsylvania Gazette, 3/28/81; Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser, 3/28/81; New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, 4/23/81; Clark, 137, and 154–157, appendix B, “Muster Roll of the Saratoga”; RMP, 3:204, Diary, 11/19/81.
60 Pennsylvania Gazette, 5/2/81; New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, 4/23 and 4/30/81; Clark, 142; Van Powell, 104.
61 New York Gazette and Weekly
Mercury, 5/5/81; Clark, 144.
62 LDC, Francis Lewis to President of Congress, 7/12/81; Joanna Young to Congress, 2/23/85; Clark, 143.
63 London Chronicle, 8/6/81; LDC, Barry to Eastern Naval Board, 6/6/81.
64 Ibid.; PA Archives, Kessler, 8; Allen, 551.
65 Ibid.; Kessler.
66 ISM, BHP, Alliance Muster Roll, 3/29/81; Kessler, 8.
67 Kessler, 8; Brown and Kessler, The Portfolio Magazine, “The Life of Commodore Barry,” 7–8; Miller, 95.
68 Ibid.; ISM, BHP, Alliance Muster Roll, 3/29/81; Clark, 223.
69 Freidenburg, 18; Wilbur, 49.
70 Barry to Congress, 6/6/81, from Griffin, 145; Kessler, “Rough Sketch,” 8; Clark, 224.
71 Kessler, 8; Wilbur, 34; King, 54; NDAR, 6:1488.
72 Dr. Paul Kopperman, e-mail, 10/18/2005; Laurence Todd, Detached Hospital, BB BAR, e-mail, 10/18/2005. One military surgeon of the era insisted on using his finger, hating “to thrust a pair of long forceps the Lord knows where, with scarce probability of any success.” From John Ranby, The Method of Treating Gunshot Wounds, 2nd ed. (London: Robert Horsfield, 1760).
73 Ibid.; Wilbur, 34.
74 Kessler, 8; LOC, JBC, Alliance Muster Roll, 3/29/81.
75 Ibid., 8–9; Brown and Kessler, 9–10.
76 Ibid.; Brown and Kessler, 9–10; Clark, 224.
77 Kessler, “Rough Sketch,” 8–10.
78 Ibid.; Brown and Kessler, 9–10.
79 Ibid.; Allen, 552.
80 Brown and Kessler, 9–10.
81 London Chronicle, 8/6/81.
82 Brown and Kessler, 9–10.
83 Ibid.
84 Ibid.
85 Ibid.; LDC, Barry to Congress, 6/6/81; Barry to Eastern Navy Board, 6/6/81.
86 Pennsylvania Gazette, 6/27/81; LOC, Bradford Letter Book, Bradford to Board of Admiralty, 6/14/81; Clark, 227; Allen, 555; see Marine Captain Mathew Parke’s painting of the Alliance entering Boston harbor.
87 Pennsylvania Packet, 5/26/81; Kessler, 11; LOC, JBC, from the pages of the Pension Office; Wilbur, 34; Laurence Todd e-mail, 10/18/2005; Boston Newspapers, vol. 4, Continental Journal, 6/14/81.
88 Continental Journal, 6/14/81; Pennsylvania Gazette, 6/27/81; HCL, Roberts Collection, Francis Lewis to Barry, 7/3/81; APS, BFP, Congressional resolution, 6/26/81; LDC, Franklin to Thomas McKean, 11/5/81; ISM, BHP, Brown to Barry, 6/26/81; RMP, 1:308; Brown and Kessler, 9; LDC, Richard Potts to Thomas Sim Lee, 7/3/81.
