ears, 75–76, 120
earth, 25, 36, 172, 188, 191
earwigs, 1, 118, 124
ecdysal suture, 34
echinoderms, 27
ecological species concept, 6–7
ecosystems: coral reef, 38–40, 54; marine, 59, 95; modern, 2, 95; terrestrial, xiv, 35, 51, 56, 80, 135, 191; tropical forest, 15, 173
ectoparasitism, 140–41, 161
Ecuador, 66, 101, 185, pl. 2–3, pl. 5–12
eggs, 61; amphibian, 87; bee, 162; beetle, 74; dobsonfly, 125; dragonfly, 86; insect, 106, 179; mayfly, 73; parasitic, 142; sawfly, 117; scorpion, 43–45; snakefly, 127; wasp, 128, 137–42, 160, 164, 179–80
elytron, 109
Embiodea, 122, 124
emergences, synchronized, 71, 73, 121
emergence sites, 78
endoparasitism, 140–45, 144, 145
environment, 37; predator-free, 87
Ephedra antisyphilitica, 156–57
Ephemeroptera, 72, 98, 122
epidemics, 167
epiphytes, 175, 181, 183, 186
era: Cenozoic, xiv, 18, 96; Mesozoic, xii, 18, 96, 169; Paleozoic, 17–18, 27, 54–55, 96; Precambrian, 55
Erwin, Douglas, 92, 97, 112
Erwin, Terry, xiv, 182
eurypterids, 34, 39, 43, 54
evolution: animal, 70; aquatic insect, 107; bird, 149–51; of crypsis, 122; flower, 155–57; of humans, 38, 154, 166, 169, 171–72; insect, 14–15, 50, 59, 89, 150–51; of insect flight, 77–80; of life, 40, 59, 189; planetary, 188; plant, 63, 151, 181; rapid, 25, 112; of shells, 26; social wasp, 165; stellar, 189; wasp, 145–46
evolutionary species concept, 6–7
excretion, 84, 145, 166; byproducts of, 84, 190; delayed, 143; organs of, 60, 106; rapid, 102
external skeletons, x, 11, 16, 20, 27–29, 31, 37, 87, 93, 181, 190–91
extinction, xiii, 2, 5, 15, 17, 56, 95, 111–12, 122, 150, 154, 173, 182; Cretaceous, 101, 168–69; crisis, 182–85; dinosaur, 166–69; mass, 23, 59, 69, 91–92, 94; Permian, 96–99, 101, 104–5, 108, 111–14, 117, 166, 206n3; of trilobites, 32
extinct orders, xii, 80–87, 83, 86, 86, 98, 98–100, 105, 110–11, 122, 205n5, 205n11, 205n13, 206n2
extraterrestrial life, 188–93
eyes, 59
eye spots, pl. 12
fairyfly, 12, 13, 103
families: insect, 10; vertebrate, 94
fear, 43
feathers, 28, 116, 122, 149–51, 176
feces, 67, 148
feeding sites, 78, 80
ferns, ix, 48, 73, 90, 95, 108, 117, 124, 129, 134, 151, 175–76, 206n15
fertilization, 128, 164–65
filter chamber, 102
fire, 63, 81, 182
firebrats, 68, 205n5
fishes, 3, 18, 28, 32, 34–35, 37–38, 41, 43, 73, 76, 87, 90, 120, 125, 173; age of, 17, 55; armor-plated, 38; Devonian, 54–56; families of, 33; first, 32–33; freshwater, 38, 73, 87, 120, 204n2; Hyneria, 55; jawed, 38; jawless, 33, 38, 73, 87; predatory, 55; Silurian, 43
flavonoids, 50, 102, 159
fleas, 5, 100, 136, 181, 207n10
flies, 1, 11, 89, 151, 156–57, 169, 183, 191; alkali, 4; bat, 13, 13, 181; bee, 157; biting, 3; blood-sucking, 13, 167; brine, 3, 59; chironomid midge, 4; crane, 10; deer, 3; flightless, 3; flower, 152; flower-loving, 157; fruit, ix; fungus gnat, 179; house, 5; hyperdiversity of, xiv; midge, 1, 3; nematoceran, 108; parasitic, 13, 136, 181; seaweed, 3; shore, 3; tangle-winged, 157; tipulid, 4, 10; true, xiv, 108, 122
flight, 14, 69–73, 76–90; beetle, 109; bird, 149–50; gliding, 77, 79–80, 149, 204n3 (ch. 5), 205n9; insect, 157
flowering plants, 2, 15, 103, 117, 121, 155–57, 169, 173, 180–81
flowers, xiii, 5, 57, 115–16, 153–58, 165, 168–69, 176; evolution of, 154; first, 152
food: acquisition, xii; liquid, 102; webs, 149
footprints: arthropod, 40; historic, 36
forests: Carboniferous, 73–75, 77, 81, 90, 176; cloud, 66; Cretaceous, 154–55; Devonian, 57–58, 69; Ecuadorian, 22; first, 51, 54, 57; Gilboa, 57, 67; Jurassic, 132; rain, ix, 82, 84, 90; Triassic, 117–18, 129; tropical, 1, 3, 15; wet, ix, 73, 81
fossil: burrows, 25–26; butterfly, 159; dragonfly, 119; evidence, 37; footprints, 29; largest wing, 86; oldest insect, 68; record, 22, 108, 157, 182; tracks, 40
fossilization, 22, 59, 75, 108, 117, 176
fossils, 20, 22, 48, 95; amber, 139, 161; Cambrian, 25; compression, 82; early shelly, 26; hard-shell, 26; insect, 82, 83, 131; living, 42; plant, 48, 82, 156; small shelly, 26; spore, 82, 205n11; state, 22, 38–40, 54, 57; trace, 25, 29; trilobite, 20–22, 54
freshwater, 38, 73, 87, 97, 99, 106, 204n2, 206n16
froghoppers, 102
frogs, ix–x, 79, 118, 122, 154, 181
fullerenes, 113
fungi, ix, 5–6, 47, 49, 58, 67, 74–75, 104, 109–10, 138, 148, 154, 163, 176, 192, 203n2 (ch. 3)
fungus gnats, 179
Galileo spacecraft, 215n1
galls, 82, 138
genes, 165, 183
genetic drift, 24
genitalia: of insects, 60; scorpionfly, 105
geological ages, 17, 171
Gilboa Forest, 57, 67
gills, 33, 40, 79–80, 87, 98; book, 42; tracheal, 71, 107
gingkoes, 95, 117, 129, 151
gizzard-stones, 133
glaciers, 23, 52, 69, 78, 96, 101, 108; global, 24
gladiator insects, 11
glands: of parasitic wasps, 138; reproductive, 138; silk, 106, 124; venom, 46, 138
global: climate change, 97, 103, 112–13, 168–9, 190; warming, 24, 97; winter, xiii
glycol, 65
Gnetales, 156–57, 211n2
Gondwana, 108, 112, 151, 154
Gould, Stephen Jay, 23
gradual metamorphosis, 110–11
grasshoppers, 1, 11, 61, 84, 89, 99; short-horned, pl. 5
grasslands, 115, 130–31, 172
greenhouse effect, 23
griffenflies, xii, 85–87, 173, 206n16
grubs, 74, 109, 121, 164, 172
Grylloblattodea, 100–101, 207n6
gut symbionts, 147–8
habitat destruction, 5, 182–85
habitats: brackish, 39; extreme, 3–4; freshwater, 39, 59, 99; marine, 99; terrestrial, 3, 94; wet forest, ix, 22, 74, 156
hadrosaurs, 154, 167, 169
Haldane, J. B. S., 192–93, 215n2
Hallucigenia, 27, 32
Halobates, 3
hamuli, 127
haplodiploidy, 164–65
head, xi, 11, 45, 59, 76, 103, 145
heat transfer, 77–78, 80, 100
heavy metals, 5
helium, 4
hellgrammites, 126
Hemiptera, 122, 126–27, pl. 6
hemoglobin, 4
herbivory, 50, 75, 82, 120, 123, 129, 133, 154, 157–60, 166–67, 192, 205n13
Hexagonaria, 53
hexapods, 60, 62–63, 65–68, 146, 204n3 (ch. 4)
hibernation, 105
Himalayas, 3, 155
Holland, William Jacob, 132, 209n2
Holometabola, 105, 113
homonids, 8, 183, 213n1
Homoptera, 102–3, 111, 121–22, 161, 166, 207n7, pl. 7
honeydew, 102–3, 163, 166, pl. 7
hornets, 162, 164, 167
horseshoe crabs, 39, 42
horsetails, 75, 90, 95
hosts, 96, 136, 140, 145–46, 151, 179–80
hot springs, 4, 18, 24, 63
human: body lice, 2, 5; civilization, 2, 172; evolution, 38
humans, 2–3, 18, 22, 32, 43, 120, 154, 162, 166, 171, 175, 182–85, 187, 191
Hymenoptera, 11, 117, 122, 127–29, 135, 139; social, 164
hyperdiversity, xiv, 11, 151, 174, 209n5
hypermetamorphosis, 144–45, 210n8
hypothesis: arboreal, 149; asteroid-impact, 92, 168; buggy universe, 191–92; cursorial, 149–50; gill, 79–80; global climate change, 97, 103; kin selectio
n, 165; Murder on the Orient Express, 97; paranotal lobe, 77, 79–80; solar panel, 78, 175; surface-skimming, 79–80; symbiont, 210n11
icebugs, 3, 11, 100–101, 207n6
Ichneumonidae, 10, 128
idiobiosis, 145–46, 179–80
imaginal discs, 104
imagobiosis, 177, 179–80, 214n6
immune system, 141–44
insect, 29; abundance, 3, 149; classification, 10–11; communities, 22; conservation, 184–85; defined, 29; diversity, 2, 94, 121, 149; eggs, 106; evolution, 15, 50; flight, 69–73, 76–90; heaviest, 86; pests, 2; societies, 3; species, 1, 4; zoos, 70
Insecta, 11
insecticides, 5
insectivory, 90, 94, 120–22, 133, 150, 172, 183, 186, 208n3
insects, 20; age of, 19; aquatic, x, 3, 79–80, 87, 97–99, 106–9, 117, 124–25, 129, 143, 192, 204n2; blood feeding, 106, 121, 151, 167, 206n2; blood of, 141–43; chewing, 99, 123, 158, 160; crawling, 81; diversity of, 2–3, 5, 94, 121; edible, 2, 120–21; families of, 10; first arboreal, 82; first true, xi, 58, 68–69; flightless, 82; flying, 68–73, 76–90, 121; gigantic, 82, 85–87, 90, 92–93, 99, 131; holometabolous, 113; homopteran, 102–3, 111, 121, 166; kinds of, 1; largest, 85, 93; leaf, 122; neopteran, 88–89, 88, 110, 113; old net-winged, 81–84; orders of, 11; orthopteroid, 99–100, 122, 129; paleopteran, 71, 81–88, 98; parasitic, 121, 151, 181; plant-feeding, 2, 80, 96, 123, 129, 133, 157, 205n13; pollinating, 89, 129, 153, 156–57, 181, 183; primitively wingless, 67–69, 175, 205n5; social, 3, 15, 117, 121, 128, 146–47, 160, 162–66; soil-dwelling, 59, 67–69, 78, 120; smallest, 12, 63; species of modern, 10; stinging, 167–8; titan, 122; winged, 70–91, 181, 205n12; wingless, 175, 205n9
internal skeletons, 28
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 8, 131–32
interstellar travel, 191–93
intertidal zones, 40, 43, 46
invertebrates, 17–18
iridium, 113, 168
iron, 23–24, 188, 190
isopterans, 146–49, 210
jaws: defensive, 125, 144; disarticulating, 134; mandibulate, 99; sickle-like, 106, 125, 144; tusk-like, pl. 9; two-hinged, 76
jointed legs, 11, 20, 27, 29–30, 31, 37, 93
jumping bristletails, xi, 67–68, 68, 175, 205n8
junior synonym, 9
Jurassic: dinosaurs, 132–35; Early, 135–36; forests, 132, 146; Late, 140, 146, 160; period, xiii, 108, 116, 129–52, 154, 156, 167, 179; wood wasps, 135–37
katydids, ix, 1, 95, 99–100, 101, 122, 157, pl. 2, pl. 4
keyhole amphibians, 75–76
keystone: organisms, 2; predators, 2, 128; species, 183
kingdom, 11
kings, 147, 153, 169
kin selection, 165, 212n8
koinobiosis, 145–46, 179–80
K-T boundary, 168
lacewings, 15, 89, 95, 106, 118, 122, 129, 176, 179
lamp shells, 39–40, 95; defined, 39; species richness, 39
land, 37; animals, 37; colonization, 37–38, 40, 55; masses, 154–55; plants, 37, 56
landmark aggregation, 78
larvae, 14, 104–5, 126; aquatic fly, 108; beetle, 138–39, 151; caddisfly, 106–7; chironomid midge, 4; grublike, 74, 109, 121, 164; heaviest, 131; holometabolan, 104; lacewing, 106; lepidopteran, 157–58; snakefly, 127; wasp, 138, 140–41, 143–45, 162, 164; wood-boring, 74–75, 109, 120, 135, 138; xyelid, 117
Laurasia, 112, 151
leaf: beetles, xiii, pl. 10; insects, 122; litter, 58, 63, 65–66, 69, 77, 80, 89–90, 110, 120, 124, 129, 172; melastome, viii, x; miners, 108, 137, 157
leafhoppers, 102, 157
legs: abdominal, 61, 158; chelate, 161; as fly swatters, 150; of insects, 60–62; jointed, 11, 20, 27, 29–30, 31, 37; king crab, 30; number of, 60–61; silk-producing, 124; spiny, 39, 85, 122; thoracic, 59, 76
lemurs, 120, 172
Lepidoptera, 11, 108, 111, 157–58, 159
lice, 11, 100, 136, 151, 167, 211n15; bark, 74–75, 110–11, 179; bird, 13, 151, 181; blood-sucking, 151; body, 2, 5; book, 110; crab, 2; head, 1; mammal, 13, 181
lichens, ix, 124, 175–76, 186
life: ages of, 22; ancient microbial, 24, 181; bacterial, 5–6, 18–19, 23–24, 26, 47, 64, 148, 176; communities of, 22–23; extraterrestrial, 187–93; history of, 91–92, 187–88; multicellular, 24, 181, 189–90; photosynthetic, 189–90; single-celled, 23
lignin, 49–50, 75, 102, 109, 138
limestone, 23, 38
liverworts, 48, 51
lobsters, 20, 31, 54
locomotion: animal, 26, 28, 37, 81, 190; bipedal, 61; insect, 59–61; rapid, 26, 144; six-legged, 61; worm, 30
locusts, 3
long-horned beetles, x–xiv
lungfish, 37, 51, 55–56
lycopods, 82; tree-like, 95
macroherbivores, 117–18, 132–33
macropredators, 118, 133–35
Macrotermes, 149
maggots, 60, 144, 179
magnolias, xiii, 156–57
malaria mosquito, 5
Malpighian tubules, 106
mammal lice, 151, 181
mammals, xii, 5, 18, 28, 75, 118, 120–21, 127, 129, 154, 167–68, 171–73, 180–81, 191; age of, 18, 172–73; Arctic, 3; insectivorous, 120, 165; radiation of, 166, 180–81; shrew-like, 169, 172, 208n3
mandibles, 59, 67–68, 99, 103, 106, 108, 124, 145, 161, 163, 205n8, pl. 9; double-hinged, 68, 76; milling, 67
manna, 103
mantises, 1, 60, 92, 136, pl. 3
Mantophasmatodea, 11
marine: communities, 22, 69, 95; worms, 25
marshes, 37, 51, 57, 63, 71, 73–74, 87, 89, 98
mass extinction, xiii, 15, 23, 59, 91–92, 97, 184; catastrophic, 23, 91, 168–69; cyclical nature of, 212n12; end-Permian, xii, 92, 94, 97, 104, 117, 173
maternal care, 43, 44, 45
mating, xii, 78, 81, 104; displays, 78, 80; swarms, 71, 73
maxillary palpus, 117
mayflies, xii, 11, 70–73, 72, 79–81, 85–87, 98–99, 106–7, 109, 117, 121–22, 147, 204n2; Heptagenia, 70
meadows, 3, 94, 115, 151, 169
mealybugs, 163, 166
Mecoptera, 105–6, 111, 122
medicines, 182, 183
Megaloptera, 122, 125, pl. 9
Meganeuridae, 85, 86, 131, 136
melastome, viii, x
Mesozoic: Early, 111; era, xii, 15, 94, 96, 99, 103, 111, 116, 118, 126, 169, 173; forests, 74, 95, 115, 151; insects, 141; sawflies, 176; wasps, 136
metamorphosis, 93; complex, 14, 91, 95, 104–5, 111–12, 181, 205n6, 207n8; gradual, 110–11; holometabolous, 104, 113
meteors, 168, 186, 189
methane, 215n1
Mexico, 7, 168, pl. 1
Michigan, 52–53, 70
microbes, 51, 138, 184, 192; fossil, 189
microbial soils, 47–48, 50, 54, 57–58, 63, 192
microorganisms: gut, 75, 90, 147–48; symbiotic, 75, 90, 147–48
migratory locusts, 3
Milky Way, 186–88
millipedes, 11, 20, 30, 31, 41, 45–47, 47, 50–51, 56, 58, 61–62, 76, 175, 192, 203nn1–2 (ch. 3), 205n5
mimicry, 151
minerals, 23–24
Miocene epoch, 172
Mississippian subperiod, 80
mites, 11, 82, 205n5
molecules: food, 102; indigestible, 102; organic, 90, 190; self-replicating, 191
mollusks, 26–27, 39
molting process, 34–35, 60, 62, 67, 72, 80, 93, 143–45; bristletail, 67–68; griffenfly, 87; mayfly, 72
moon, 25, 36, 40
morphological species concept, 6–8
morphospecies, 7, 9
mosses, ix, 48, 51, 56, 62, 64–67, 69, 73, 174–75, 186
moths: Atlas, 131, 158; Automeris, pl. 12; first, 108; great owlet, 131; hawk, 86; hyperdiversity of, xiv, 11, 174; mandibulate, 108; noctuid, 10; pollinating, 156–57; primitive, 108, 129; saturniid, 192, pl. 11–12; underwing, 1
mouthparts: asymm
etrical, 103; chelicerate, 43; chewing, 99, 106, 110, 122, 158; extendable, 93; fluid-feeding, 113; mandibulate, 59, 66–67; piercing, 82, 102, 106, 121, 126, pl. 6; scorpionfly, 105; siphoning, 95; slender, 206n2; sucking, 82, 102–3
muscles, 26, 28, 77, 85, 141, 190; direct flight, 81; dorsoventral flight, 81; thoracic, 60, 81, 105
mutualism, 156
mycorrhizal fungi, 58, 63
Mydidae, 157
Mymaridae, 12
myriapods, 16, 35, 41, 41–42, 45–48, 59, 62
mythology: Greek, 127; human-centrist, 18, 32
naiads, 71, 204n2
Napo townsendi, 178
natural gas, 73
natural selection, 24, 62, 84, 123, 165, 181
nematodes, 64
Nemestrinidae, 157
Neoptera, 88–89, 110, 114
nervous system, 60
nests: ant, 163; bee, 74, 162; bird, 74, 151; complex, 164; paper, 162; termite, 147–48; wasp, 160–63, 167
nets, 107, 177, 193, 195–96
Neuroptera, 106, 108, 111, 122, 176
new species, 8, 130, 176–80, 184
niches, 141; defined, 7; ecological, 7, 54, 63, 111, 135–36; empty, 23, 180–81; feeding, 137; freshwater, 204n2; marine, 59; soil, 63; small, 12–13, 136, 183, 190; terrestrial, 59
nitrogenous wastes, 84, 106
Noctuidae, 10
nocturnal behavior, 42, 89, 123–24, 150
notochord, 18
nutrient: flow, 25, 64; recyclers, 2, 64, 89, 110, 129, 149, 192
nutrients, 109, 120, 164
Nymphalidae, 159, pl. 1, pl. 8
nymphs, 104; air dragon, 87, 94; aquatic, 71, 73, 98; dragonfly, 87; freshwater, 71, 73, 87; griffenfly, 87; homopteran, 161; katydid, pl. 2; mantis, pl. 3; mayfly, 71, 87; paleodictyopteran, 82, 85, 98, 100, 205n11; spittlebug, pl. 7; terrestrial, 80, 98; zygentoman, 77
oceans, 30, 36–40, 45, 56, 59, 67, 95–97, 99, 114, 126, 181, 188–89
Odonata, 98, 122
omnivory, 89, 99, 172
orchids, 157, 175, 181
orders, 11, 94–95, 117, 206n3
Ordovician: Early, 27, 33; fishes, 33; Late, 40; period, 32–34, 39, 55, 96, 173; trilobites, 33
organic debris, 50, 58, 67
organisms: keystone, 2; largest, 130–31; marine, xiii, 59, 169; multicellular, 20, 189; photosynthetic, 189–90; single-cellular, 20, 189; soft-bodied, 20
Ornitholestes, 150
Orthoptera, 99, 101, 122, pl. 2, pl. 5
ovipositor, 89, 117, 127–28, 137–42, 139, 160, 179–80, 206n17; shafts, 137–38, 209n6
Planet of the Bugs: Evolution and the Rise of Insects Page 28
