psychological strategy, 28; Alexander and,
85n41, 95–96, 105, 108–12, 114n5, 116n21,
119–20, 123, 129–30, 133; battle of Leuctra
138–47, 151–53, 157; pacification and, 6; per-
and, 103–4; counterinsurgency and, 167–68;
sonal power vs. power of state and, 174–75;
Cyrus and, 14–16
Popular Assembly and, 211; preemption
Ptolemy I, 126, 128
and, 5–6 ( see also preemption); religion
Ptolemy II, 131
and, 131–32; republican system and, 207–8;
Ptolemy IV, 131
Roman Senate and, 175, 206–13, 223; satrap
Publius Rupilius, 197
system and, 41, 69, 119–21, 124–29, 133–34;
Punic Wars, 67–68, 109, 177, 189
self-promotion and, 18–19; slave wars and,
Pylos, 188
196; soft power and, 70, 88n53; Thucydides
Pyrrhus of Epiros, 151
and, 45–47; tribalism and, 7, 93, 156, 169,
Pythagoreans, 112, 117n28
178, 214–15; unilateralism and, 5–6; use of
Pythia, 60
force abroad and, 8; voting and, 32–33,
85n41, 87n47, 209, 211, 213, 220, 223; war
quality of life, 38–39
and, 209–11
Quintilius Varus, 165
Politics (Aristotle), 74
Quintus, 219
Polybius, 3, 167
quisligs, 23
260 Index
Radagaisus, 239, 246n33
defense and, 4, 8–9, 227–42; genocide and,
rape, 148
167; governors and, 209; Herod Agrippa
Realpolitik, 36
II and, 173, 176; Herod the Great and, 173,
Red Army, 202
175–76; imperial collapse and, 241–42; Jew-
religion, 46; Ahura Mazda and, 17–18; Alexan-
ish revolt of 66 CE and, 168; Julius Caesar
der and, 120, 124, 131–32; Athenians and,
and, 163–64, 206–24; Late Roman Republic
32–33, 85n41, 87n47, 209, 211, 213, 220, 223;
and, 185, 189–90, 198–201; magistrates
Christians and, 166, 191, 238; cosmic order
and, 209; mass deportation and, 167;
and, 17–19; cultural practices and, 131–32;
multiculturalism of, 7; mutilation and, 167;
desecrations and, 60–61; divine sanction
occupational tactics and, 171–72, 214–15;
and, 18–19; empire building and, 36; fire
perceived ability to punish and, 167–68;
concept and, 17; fourth philosophy and,
personal power vs. power of state and,
168; fusion, 131–32; Great Panathenaic
174–75; political networking of, 164; Popu-
Festival and, 41; Hellenization and, 130–31;
lar Assembly and, 211, 223; private armies
Marduk and, 12, 14; Oracle of Zeus-
and, 217–20; provincial governors and,
Ammon and, 120, 131; politics and, 131–32;
209; public labor force and, 163; republican
priests and, 15–17, 59, 168, 175; propaganda
system of, 207–8; reputation of Epami-
and, 17–19; proskynesis and, 129; revolts
nondas and, 93; resource issues and, 163;
and, 7–8; slavery and, 191–95; temple burn-
ruling hierarchy of, 163–64; Senate and,
ings and, 27–28, 44; Temple of Jerusalem
175, 206–13, 223; Severan era and, 227; size
and, 12, 15; Yahweh and, 15
of military, 163; slave wars and, 185–202;
republican system, 207–8
Spartacus and, 8, 185, 189–90, 198–201;
revolts, 82n22, 142; Alexander and, 119, 122–26,
status of citizenship in, 172–75; superiority
134; counterinsurgency and, 165–73, 182n31
of, 7; taxes and, 163–65, 176–77; Tetrarchic
( see also counterinsurgency); ethnic, 7–8;
emperors and, 229–30, 234; Third Punic
Greco-Persian Wars and, 12, 23–24; Greek
War and, 109; voter approval and, 209
empire building and, 33–35; Ionian, 23–28;
Roxane, 121, 123, 128–29
religious, 7–8; slave wars and, 8, 185–88,
RPGs, 155
200–202
Rubicon, 206, 208, 220
Rhine: counterinsurgency strategy and, 167;
Russia, 123
frontier defense and, 227–35, 238–39, 244n5;
Julius Caesar and, 207, 212, 227
Sacred Band, 119
Roman army: bandits and, 168–71; citizenship
Sacrovir, 166
and, 172; counterinsurgency and, 163–79;
Salamis, 27–28, 60
legionaries, 165, 172–73, 185, 218, 222; multi-
Sallust, 210
cultural composition of, 172–73, 183n33;
Salvius, 194, 201
occupational challenges of, 171–77, 182n31
Samarkand, 122
Rome, 3; absorption of Mediterranean by,
Sambre, 218
4; Augustus and, 163, 165, 170, 200, 207, 223–
Samos, 19, 33
24; banditry and, 168–71; Bar-Kokhba and,
Sardis, 16, 23
165–67, 169, 172; brutality of, 167, 213–14,
Sarmatians, 172, 231–32, 237
216, 222; centurions and, 219–20, 222,
Satibarzanes, 121, 124
226n20, 226n22; Christians and, 238; civil
satrap system: Alexander and, 124–29, 134;
war and, 206; colonies of, 163–64; corona
autonomy and, 125–26; founding cities
civica and, 209; counterinsurgency and,
and, 127–28; logic of, 125; Persia and, 41,
163–69; cursus honorum and, 209; dangers
69, 119–21, 124–29, 133–34; power structure
of public life in, 208; demographics of, 163;
of, 125; taxes and, 125–26
economy of, 163; empire building and, 2,
Saudi Arabia, 77
8, 118, 163–69, 174–79; fall of, 8–9; frontier
Saudi Wall, 77
Index 261
Saxons, 227, 229
increased cost of, 200; Julius Caesar and,
Schlieffen, 10
212, 218; manumission and, 185, 200–201;
Scione, 55
Marxism and, 189, 191; mass exploitation
Scyros, 33
of, 190; messianic idealism and, 6, 193,
Scythians, 131
204n15; modern concept of, 186; offers
Sea of Marmora, 32
of freedom to, 188–89, 192; Pericles and,
Second Athenian League, 72–73
49; pirates and, 190, 200; precautions of
Second Punic War, 189
masters and, 186; religion and, 191–95;
Second Sicilian Slave War, 189, 191–92, 194, 198
serfs and, 21, 93, 98, 105, 186–88; as shock
sectarianism, 156
troops, 177; skills of, 191; urban fight-
security zones, 76–77
ing and, 138–39, 152–53; utopia and, 192;
Segesta, 177
weapons for, 191
segregation, 131
slave wars: Bulla Felix and, 200; crucifixion
Selecuid rulers, 128, 194
and, 200; Damophilus and, 191–92; Diony-
Sellasia, 67
sus and, 195; divine direction and, 193–95;
Selouros, 200
Drimacus and, 193, 197, 201; economic
Senate: governor appointments and, 209;
issues and, 196; Eunus and, 194–95, 201;
Julius Caesar and, 206, 210–11, 213, 223;
Hollywood version of, 185; importance of,
Lepidus and, 210; Pompey and, 210;
189–90; location of, 190; maroons and, 197,
rivalries in, 208
200; Metallis and, 191–92; military experi-
Sequani, 211, 214
ence and, 196; modern, 202; offers of
serfs, 21, 93, 98, 105, 186–88
freedom and, 192; phalanx and, 185–86; pi-
Seriphos, 33
rates and, 198–99; pitched battles and, 196,
Sertorius, 166
199; repression of, 200–201; resettlement
Severn era, 227
and, 197; revenge and, 195, 201; Salvius
Sextus Pompey, 200
and, 194, 201; Second Punic War and, 189;
shields, 149–50
Selouros and, 200; Sicily and, 189–90, 192,
Shiva, 131
195–200; sieges and, 197; skills of, 196; soft
sicarii (assassins), 168–70
targets and, 195; Spartacus and, 8, 185,
Sicilian Expedition, 97, 100, 111, 117n27
189–90, 198–201; tactics of, 196, 196–200;
Sicily, 175; empire building and, 53–54; Helleni-
timing of, 190; treatment of masters and,
zation and, 177; preemption and, 97, 100,
195; un worthy nature of, 196–97; weapons
110; slave wars and, 189–90, 192, 195–200;
and, 195–96
urban fighting and, 147–48; Verres and, 177
Slavs, 242
Silarus River, 199
sling bullets, 141, 148
Siwah, 120, 131–32
Socrates, 94
Six-Day War, 101–2
soft power, 70, 88n53
Skyros, 70, 72
Sogdiana, 121–26, 134
slavery: abolitionism and, 191; agriculture and,
Solon, 64
190; ancient documentation of, 185, 187;
Sophocles, 94
banditry and, 191; central role of, 185; chat-
Sosistratus, 189
tel, 186–89; communal servitude and, 186;
Soviet Union, 101
concentration of nationalities of, 190–91;
Spain, 166, 171–72, 198, 210, 221
cruel treatment of, 191–92; demographics
Spartacus, 2; al ies of, 198; Crassus and, 199;
of, 190; Dionysus and, 194–95; double stan-
death of, 199–200; imposing figure of, 194–
dard for, 36–37; Epaminondas’s freeing of
95; Julius Caesar and, 209; lessons from, 201;
helots and, 6, 93–94, 98, 104–8, 112, 114n9,
pirates and, 198–99; religion and, 194–95; as
115n11, 116n19, 188; fortification building
Roman auxiliary, 191; slave wars and, 8, 185,
and, 58; Greece and, 36–37; ideology and,
189–90, 198–201; strategies of, 198–200; tacti-
191–93; inadequate policing of, 190–91;
cal skil of, 196; weapons and, 195–96
262 Index
Spartans, 6, 20, 42; Agesilaus and, 90n64, 95–97,
27–28; counterinsurgency, 163–69; Cyrus
100, 105, 142; Argives and, 66; Athenians
and, 13–16; Darius and, 18–19; Delian
and, 21, 35, 48, 63, 67–69, 72–73; attempted
League and, 31–34, 43, 45; democracy and,
annihilation of, 104; Attica and, 68; battle
5–6, 21–23; diplomacy and, 215; divine
of Leuctra and, 97, 103, 109; battle of
sanction and, 18–19; empire building and,
Thermopylae and, 27–28; bipolar state
13–14 ( see also empire building); Epami-
system and, 63, 69, 86n43; blockade of
nondas and, 93–112; espionage and, 17,
Piraeus and, 65, 67; Boeotia and, 94–99,
24, 28; famine and, 96; fortifications and,
103–12; Boeotian League and, 71; circuit
58–78; frontier defense and, 4, 8–9, 227–42;
wal s and, 152; Conon and, 70; Corinthians
genocide and, 167; geopolitics and, 23;
and, 53–54, 70–71; Delian League and, 32;
guerrilla, 121, 124, 169–70, 196; idealism
destruction of Long Wal s and, 67–68;
and, 6, 93, 134; implicit expression of, 10;
empire building and, 67–70, 97; Epaminon-
importance of historical perspective on,
das’s humiliation of, 83n25, 93–99, 103–12;
2–10; intelligence gathering and, 7, 24, 53,
equal sharing of loot and, 192; helots and,
156, 232; Julius Caesar and, 206–24; keeping
98, 104–8, 112, 114n9, 115n11, 116n19; homoioi
the initiative and, 221; King’s Peace and,
(equal class) concept and, 21; invasion of
70–73, 86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; legitimiza-
370–69 and, 96–99; King’s Peace and, 70–73,
tion and, 18; occupational, 6, 9–10, 15–16;
86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; Kleombrotos and,
Pericles and, 31, 36, 38, 40–55; preemption
97; Laconia and, 104, 106–8; Leontiades
and, 5–6, 96–100, 103–12; preventative,
and, 95; Lysander and, 67–68; Mantineia
100–104; psychological, 14–16, 28, 103–4,
and, 104; Messenian helots and, 93–94, 98,
119–20, 123, 129–30, 133, 167–68; self-promo-
104–8, 112, 114n9, 115n11, 116n19; multipolar
tion and, 18–19; slave wars and, 196–200;
state system and, 69, 73, 86n43; naval power
Spartacus and, 196, 198–200; Spartans
and, 86n43; The Peace of Antalcidas and,
and, 21; transpopulation policy and, 127;
71; Peloponessian League and, 32; Pericles
unilateralism and, 5–6; urban fighting and,
and, 42–45, 48; phalanx and, 95, 104; pitched
138–57; voting and, 32–33, 85n41, 87n47, 209,
battles and, 95–97, 139; preemption and,
211, 213, 220, 223; world opinion and, 157
102–3; slavery and, 186–88; tearless battle
Strauss, Barry, ix, 7–8, 185–205
and, 105; Thebes and, 95; urban fighting
street layouts, 146–49, 155
and, 139, 141–50, 153–55; view of fortifica-
Strymon River, 119
tions, 63, 66, 81n16, 82n24, 83n25
Sueves, 239
spears, 150, 155
Sulla, 198, 208, 210, 223
Speyer, 232
Susa, 120, 125, 128, 129
Sphodrias, 72, 73
Switzerland, 211
spice trade, 133
swords, 150, 155
Spitamanes, 121, 124
synods, 32–33
Stalingrad, 140
Syracuse: counterinsurgency and, 177; pre-
stasis (civil strife), 141–42
emption and, 111; slavery and, 189; urban
state power, 174–75
fighting and, 142, 144, 148, 154–55, 157
stationes (detachments), 170
Syria, 128, 166, 171, 172, 175, 194
stele of Aristoteles, 72
Sthenius of Thermae, 177
Tacitus, 167, 171, 235
stone throwers, 155
Tanagra, 96
Strabo, 200
Tarkontidmotos, 171
strategy: Aeneas the Tactician and, 75; Alex-
taxes, 16, 163–65, 176–77
ander and, 118–35; ancient parameters of,
Taxiles, 127
2–10; assassinations and, 18, 119, 141, 168,
tearless battle, 105
175, 182n22, 222
, 234; battle of Marathon
technology: fortifications and, 5, 76–77; instant
and, 24–26; battle of Thermopylae and,
communications and, 140; Internet and, 2;
Index 263
technology ( continued)
Thrasyboulos, 153
precision weapons and, 2; telecommuni-
Thrasydaios, 145
cations and, 2; urban fighting and, 7, 140,
Thriasian plain, 72
155–56; Western military superiority and,
Thucydides, 3, 9, 111; Athenian fortifications
7; world opinion and, 157
and, 61–63; democracy and, 94; Long
Tegea, 144, 146
Walls and, 84n30; Melian Dialogue and,
Tegyra, battle of, 96
36; naval power and, 81n16; ostracism of,
telecommunications, 2
46–47; Pericles and, 45–47, 51, 55; Persian
Temple of Aphrodite, 177
threat and, 33; preemption and, 102; The-
Temple of Jerusalem, 12, 15
mistoclean walls and, 61–62, 61–63; urban
Temple of Solomon, 12
fighting and, 139
Temple of the Tyndaridae, 149
Tiberius, 167, 170
Tenth Legion, 219
Tiberius Julius Alexander, 173
terrorism, 2; Baathists and, 102; Freedom
Trajan, 166
Tower and, 80n13; insurgents and, 168;
transpopulation policy, 127
Internet and, 2; Ionians and, 23; urban
tribalism, 7, 93, 156, 169, 178, 214–15
fighting and, 7
tribute, 34, 35, 38, 45
Tervingi, 233–34, 236, 238–39
Trier, 231
Tetrarchic emperors, 229–30, 234, 244n8
triremes, 60, 64, 67, 85n37
Teutoburg Forest, 165
Truth, 17–19
Thasos, 34
Tryphon, 194
theaters, 145
tsar, 207
Theban Sacred Band, 119
Turkey, 166
Thebes, 6, 68–69, 73–74, 90n68, 106; ascen-
twentieth century, 7
sion of, 95; backwardness of, 94; battle of
tyrannos, 21–22
Leuctra and, 97; democracy and, 94–99;
tyrants, 33, 40; bandits and, 171; Julius Caesar
Epaminondas and, 93–112; famine and,
and, 207; Pericles on, 46; Thirty Tyrants
96; hegemony of, 93–94, 106, 113, 114n4,
and, 67, 139, 151
117nn28,29,30, 139; Pagondas and, 103;
Tyre, 120, 130, 132
Peloponnesian Wars and, 95; slavery and,
188; Spartans and, 95; street layouts and,
Ukraine, 32
146; urban fighting and, 138–39, 141–42, 144,
undertakers, 131
147, 149, 156–57
unilateralism, 5–6
Themistocles: as archon, 64; Attica defenses
United States, 3; Bush administration and, 102,
and, 59–60; Conon and, 75–76; decrees of
112; Civil War and, 191; coercive democra-
Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome Page 42
