304. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 522–23.
305. Moran, Diaries, 138–39.
306. Macmillan, War Diaries, 401; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 472; W&C-TPL, 485.
307. Eisenhower, Crusade, 195, 198–99; Butcher, Eisenhower, 465.
308. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 475.
309. WSC 5, 328–29; Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 509.
310. C&R-TCC, 2:597; WSC 5, 328–29; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 477–81.
311. W&C-TPL, 487; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 480; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 782.
312. Ismay, Memoirs, 312; Mosley, Marshall, 262; Tuchman, Stilwell, 516; WM/Viscount Antony Head, 8/6/80; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 480.
313. WSC 5, 341; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 478; Dilks, Diaries, 578, 580, 587; Sarah Churchill, A Thread in the Tapestry (London, 1967), 63.
314. Churchill, Thread, 62–63; Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing (London, 1981), 117.
315. Eden, The Reckoning, 491; Moran, Diaries, 141; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 482; Eisenhower, Crusade, 199.
316. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 482.
317. Dilks, Diaries, 580; WSC 5, 342; Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 283; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 482; Ismay, Memoirs, 377.
318. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 265–66.
319. Moran, Diaries, 144; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 165–66; David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York, 1969), 81.
320. Dilks, Diaries, 579.
321. W&C-TPL, 487; WSC 5, 679–80.
322. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 483; Moran, Diaries, 143.
323. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 483.
324. Moran, Diaries, 145.
325. Moran, Diaries, 145–46; Ismay, Memoirs, 338.
326. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 781.
327. Arthur Bryant, Triumph in the West, 1943–1946 (London, 1959), 89–91.
328. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 266–67; Bryant, Triumph, 89–91; Moran, Diaries, 145.
329. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 268–69.
330. WSC 5, 360.
331. Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, 761; Moran, Diaries, 208; WSCHCS, 6475.
332. WSC 5, 360.
333. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 796.
334. Eden, The Reckoning, 494–98; WSC 5, 361–62.
335. Dilks, Diaries, 400; WSC 5, 362.
336. WSC 5, 362.
337. John Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day: Working with Churchill (London, 1968), 209–10; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.
338. Time, 5/10/43; Time, 1/4/42; Life, 3/29/43.
339. Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day, 209–10; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80; Dilks, Diaries, 580.
340. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 785–86.
341. WSC 5, 364; Jenkins, Churchill, 722.
342. WSC 5, 372–73.
343. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 485; Keegan, Second World War, 378.
344. Moran, Diaries, 148.
345. WSC 5, 373–74; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 191.
346. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 273–74; WSC 5, 374.
347. Dilks, Diaries, 578; Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York, 1946), 84; PFR/Lady Mary Soames, telephone conversation, 4/07.
348. Moran, Diaries, 151; GILBERT 7, 583–84; WSC 5, 383–85.
349. WSC 3, 384.
350. WSC 5, 383–85; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 176.
351. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 486–88.
352. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 486–88; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 276–78; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 793.
353. WSC 5, 388.
354. WSC 5, 396–97; Eden, The Reckoning, 496–97.
355. WSC 5, 396–97; Eden, The Reckoning, 496–97.
356. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 797.
357. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 799; Dilks, Diaries, 586.
358. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (Orlando, FL, 1962), 73, 115.
359. WSC 5, 384.
360. Martin Gilbert, In Search of Churchill: A Historian’s Journey (New York, 1994), 5; Time, 12/27/43.
361. WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80; Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day, 96.
Pilot
1. W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin: 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 283; WSC 5, 405.
2. C&R-TCC, 2:709.
3. Louis P. Lochner, The Goebbels Diaries, 1942–1943 (New York, 1948), 536.
4. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 536, 540–42.
5. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), 802.
6. Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, The Reckoning: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden (New York, 1965), 499–500; WSC 5, 467–68, 473.
7. Eden, The Reckoning, 498–99; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 584–85.
8. John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 550.
9. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York, 1948), 206; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 803; WSC 5, 419.
10. Daily Mirror, 12/29/43; Daily Express, 11/20/43.
11. B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (New York, 1971), 569, 571.
12. Harry C. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower (New York, 1946), 456.
13. Basil Collier, The Second World War: A Military History from Munich to Hiroshima (New York, 1967), 386; Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds., Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke: War Diaries 1939–1945 (Berkeley, 2003), 492; WSC 5, 419; Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery (London, 1958), 214–15.
14. Eisenhower, Crusade, 199.
15. Time, 1/3/44.
16. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 493–94; WSC 5, 420.
17. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 496; Lord Moran, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (Boston, 1966), 159.
18. Time, 12/27/43, 86; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 546.
19. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 497; Moran, Diaries, 161–62; Anthony Montague Browne, Long Sunset (London, 1996), 142; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.
20. Colville, Fringes, 455–56.
21. Colville, Fringes, 455–56.
22. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 283; Moran, Diaries, 57.
23. Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (New York, 2003), 456.
24. Eden, The Reckoning, 495; Time, 12/27/43, 46 (Smuts); John Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day: Working with Churchill (London, 1968), 104.
25. Sarah Churchill, A Thread in the Tapestry (London, 1967), 69.
26. WSC 6, 427.
27. Butcher, Eisenhower, 465; Eisenhower, Crusade, 212–13; WSC 6, 427, 434.
28. C&R-TCC, 2:632–33; Collier, Second World War, 377.
29. WSCHCS, 6880.
30. Colville, Fringes, 456, 464; Harold Macmillan, War Diaries: Politics and War in the Mediterranean, January 1943–May 1945 (New York, 1984), 331–32, 335; John Pearson, The Private Lives of Winston Churchill (New York, 1991), 415.
31. Colville, Fringes, 465; WM/Lady Diana Cooper, 10/20/80.
32. Macmillan, War Diaries, 335; C&R-TCC, 3:626.
33. Colville, Fringes, 459; Montgomery, Memoirs, 211.
34. Colville, Fringes, 459.
35. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (New York, 1992), 765; Butcher, Eisenhower, 65, 473; Moran, Diaries, 169–70; WSC 5, 444.
36. David Johnson, V-1, V-2 (London, 1981), 32; Butcher, Eisenhower, 462.
37. PFR/Lady Mary Soames, letter of 9/3/07; Colville, Fringes, 463.
38. Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1954), 315, 319.
39. Moran, Diaries, 169; WM/Lady Diana Cooper, 10/20/80.
40. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 510; Soames, Clementine, 461.
41. C&R-TCC, 3:641, 649; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 805–6.
42. GILBERT 7, 652.
43. Eden, The Reckoning, 503–6; GILBERT 7, 648.
44. TWY, 344.
45. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 514–15.
46. Eisenhower, Crusade, 194, 225.
47. Kay Summersby, Eisenhower Was My Boss (2008), 125–28; Mollie Panter-Downes, London War Notes, 1939–1945 (London, 1972), 300.
48. TWY, 292, 353.
49. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 322.
50. Summersby, Eisenhower, 125–28; Butcher, Eisenhower, 14 (Edward Murrow quote); John Steinbeck, Steinbeck: A Life in Letters (New York, 1975), 264; Colville, Fringes, 517.
51. Montgomery, Memoirs, 219–20.
52. Montgomery, Memoirs, 211–12; David Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War 1943–1945 (New York, 1991), 121; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 516, 518.
53. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 519; WSC 5, 692–93.
54. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 515; Colville, Fringes, 476; John Keegan, The Second World War (London, 1989), 357.
55. Keegan, Second World War, 356; John Keegan, ed., Collins Atlas of World War II (New York, 2006), 114–15; Thomas E. Griess, ed., The West Point Atlas for the Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean (New York, 2002), 49.
56. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 518.
57. Ernie Pyle, Brave Men (New York, 1944), 258–65.
58. Time, 6/12/44, 10.
59. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 314; Colville, Fringes, 475, 479.
60. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 312; Keegan, Atlas, 114–15.
61. Colville, Fringes, 474; WSCHCS, 6883.
62. WSCHCS, 6883; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 314.
63. WSCHCS, 6893.
64. Colville, Fringes, 473; Dilks, Diaries, 592.
65. WSC 5, 549.
66. C&R-TCC, 2:649–50; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 518.
67. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940–1945 (New York, 1970), 483.
68. Time, 6/12/44; WSCHCS, 6996; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 534.
69. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 534.
70. WSC 5, 689.
71. TWY, 469.
72. Cv/3, 1087; Cv/2, 1120.
73. Macmillan, War Diaries, 335, 382; Colville, Fringes, 482; Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1954), 324, 336.
74. Macmillan, War Diaries, 409.
75. Eden, The Reckoning, 520; C&R-TCC, 3:109.
76. Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 260.
77. C&R-TCC, 2:527, 744, 745, 749; GILBERT 7, 700.
78. Peter Clarke, The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire (New York, 2008), 27–29.
79. Time, 5/15/44, 85.
80. C&R-TCC, 3:3.
81. C&R-TCC, 3:3.
82. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), 133–34.
83. Time, 5/15/44.
84. C&R-TCC, 3:140.
85. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 516; Colville, Fringes, 473, 476, 478, 479; C&R-TCC, 3:69.
86. Collier, Second World War, 376; Keegan, Second World War, 354–56; GILBERT 7, 526.
87. Time, 1/24/44; Time, 2/28/44.
88. Colville, Fringes, 474.
89. TWY, 357–58; C&R-TCC, 3:78; Colville, Fringes, 480.
90. Eden, The Reckoning, 521, 523.
91. Dilks, Diaries, 612, 618, 621; Colville, Fringes, 484; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 541.
92. Dilks, Diaries, 612; Colville, Fringes, 484.
93. Colville, Fringes, 477; TWY, 347, 355.
94. WSC 5, 695–97; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 317–18.
95. WSC 5, 694; Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 134.
96. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 519, 521, 532, 533, 534, 547; Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide: A History of the War Years Based on the Diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, 1939–1943 (New York, 1957), 171.
97. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, xvii, 525.
98. Eden, The Reckoning, 575: Colville, Fringes, 489.
99. Moran, Diaries, 763.
100. WM/John Martin, 10/23/80.
101. WSCHCS, 6913; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 317; TWY, 356–57.
102. Colville, Fringes, 483; C&R-TCC, 3:54, 74.
103. Montgomery, Memoirs, 247; Butcher, Eisenhower, 545.
104. Colville, Fringes, 485; C&R-TCC, 3:87; Eisenhower, Crusade, 243.
105. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 536; Butcher, Eisenhower, 509.
106. Bryant, Tide, 180, 183.
107. Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 190–91; Time, 4/24/44.
108. Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 196, 206, 207, 209.
109. Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 206; C&R-TCC, 3:133; Dilks, Diaries, 621.
110. Eden, The Reckoning, 523–24; Eisenhower, Crusade, 232; C&R-TCC, 3:127.
111. Eden, The Reckoning, 524–25.
112. Dilks, Diaries, 624–25; Colville, Fringes, 487.
113. Liddell Hart, History, 535; Bryant, Tide, 181n.
114. Dilks, Diaries, 566.
115. Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York, 1986), 523–24; GILBERT 7, 715; R. V. Jones, The Wizard War (New York, 1978), 474.
116. Rhodes, Atomic Bomb, 528–30; Jones, Wizard War, 476.
117. Jones, Wizard War, 477.
118. GILBERT 7, 776; WM/Viscount Antony Head, 1980.
119. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 319, 323–24; Pyle, Brave Men, 375.
120. Eden, The Reckoning, 520.
121. Eisenhower, Crusade, 134, 245; Butcher, Eisenhower, 539; Max Hastings, Winston’s War: Churchill 1940–1945 (New York, 2010), 361.
122. Butcher, Eisenhower, 535; Hastings, Winston’s War, 361.
123. Eisenhower, Crusade, 246; Butcher, Eisenhower, 552.
124. Butcher, Eisenhower, 552.
125. Eisenhower, Crusade, 222.
126. Collier, Second World War, 393–94.
127. Keegan, Second World War, 375; Collier, Second World War, 394; Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 218.
128. F. W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret (New York, 1974), 185.
129. Keegan, Second World War, 373, 379.
130. Eisenhower, Crusade, 257; Winterbotham, Ultra Secret, 193.
131. Trumbull Higgins, Winston Churchill and the Second Front (New York, 1957), 199–201 (on Clausewitz); Hastings Lionel Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay (London, 1960), 269–70.
132. WSC 3, 659; for an examination of Churchill and Clausewitz, see Carl von Clausewitz, On War (London, 1982).
133. Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 245–48.
134. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 553; Eden, The Reckoning, 526.
135. Cooper, Old Men, 329.
136. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 553; Eden, The Reckoning, 526; Cooper, Old Men, 330; de Gaulle, War Memoirs, 556–57.
137. Burns, Roosevelt, 476; Keegan, Second World War, 361.
138. Eisenhower, Crusade, 250; Butcher, Eisenhower, 562; Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 250–51.
139. Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 252.
140. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (Orlando, FL, 1962), 81.
141. Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 260–61.
142. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 554.
143. GILBERT 7, 794; WSC 5, 631; Soames, Clementine, 463.
144. Collier, Second World War, 398.
145. Keegan, Second World War, 378.
146. Keegan, Second World War, 382; Eisenhower, Crusade, 240.
147. Keegan, Second World War, 378–79; Pyle, Brave Men, 381.
148. Keegan, Second World War, 378–79; Time, 6/12/44, 19.
149. Sir John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy (Penguin, 1983), 132–33.
150. Pyle, Brave Men, 382–83.
151. Colville, Fringes, 492.
152. W. G. F. Jackson, “Overlord” Normandy 1944 (Newark, DE, 1979), 179.
153. WSCHCS, 6947–48.
154. GILBERT 7, 795; WSCHCS, 6947–48.
155. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 329.
156. C&R-TCC, 3:147, 160–61.
157. C&R-TCC, 3:116, 155.
Anchorage
1. Time, 6/12/45.
2. Life, 6/19/44.
3. C&R-TCC, 3:153.
4. WM/Lord Soames, 11/8/80.
5. Charles de Gaulle, The Complete War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle (New York, 1964), 722.
6. Walter Lippmann, U.S. War Aims (Boston, 1944), 134–35; Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (Boston, 1980), 404, 408–10; Time, 7/17/44, 99–100.
7. David Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War 1943–1945 (New York, 1991), 286; Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds., Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke: War Diaries 1939–1945 (Berkeley, 2003), 556; F. W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret (New York, 1974), 196–97.
8. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; Winston Churchill, Marlborough: His Life and Times (London, 1947), 2:259; John Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day: Working with Churchill (London, 1968), 200–202.
9. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York, 1948), 267; Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 214; John Keegan, The Second World War (London, 1989), 392.
10. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 556, 563.
11. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 556, 563.
12. Arthur Bryant, Triumph in the West, 1943–1946 (London, 1959), 216–17.
13. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 557.
14. David Johnson, V-1, V-2 (London, 1981), 40–41.
15. Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1954), 333; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 560.
16. WSCHCS, 6958, 6961, 6978, 6980; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 563.
17. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 561, 563; C&R-TCC, 3:219, 223.
18. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 565; C&R-TCC, 3:226.
19. Basil Collier, The Second World War: A Military History from Munich to Hiroshima (New York, 1967), 386; Keegan, Second World War, 479.
20. Keegan, Second World War, 479–80; Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 325, 336; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 532.
21. Time, 7/17/44, 17; Keegan, Second World War, 390; Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 330.
22. Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 351.
23. Keegan, Second World War, 480; WSC 6, 128.
24. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 572–73; Harry C. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower (New York, 1946), 618; Bryant, Triumph, 241.
25. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 1035–36; WSCHCS, 6997.
26. Mark Mayo Boatner, The Biographical Dictionary of World War II (New York, 1999), 284, 467.
The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Defender of the Realm, 1940-1965 Page 160
