Others to whom I owe thanks include: Jeff Aiken, Peggy Anderson, Ken Apfel, Jose Arteaga, Don Baer, Ruthie Mae Bailey, Hundley Batts, Richard Bavier, Jeremy Ben-Ami, Gordon Berlin, Doug Besharov, Bill Biggs, Helen Blank, Rebecca Blank, Tony Blankley, Andrew Bluth, Mary Bourdette, Heather Boushey, Sheila Burke, Vee Burke, Gary Burtless, Dick Buschmann, Adam Carasso, Felmers Chaney, Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, Henry Cisneros, Richard Cloward, James Cobb, Deborah Colton, Tom Corbett, Wesley Crenshaw, Ellen Dadisman, Kristina Daugirtas, Pat DeLessio, Seth Diamond, Jonah Edelman, Peter Edelman, James Fallows, Lester Feder, Pam Fendt, Don Fierce, Ari Fleischer, Tillie Fowler, Henry Freedman, Bruce Fuller, John Gardner, Keith Garland, Mona Garland, James Gibney, Ed Gillespie, Newt Gingrich, Karen Goldmeier, Marjorie Goldsborough, Linda Gordon, Peter Gottschalk, Bob Greenstein, Mary Gross, Jimmy Hayes, Chris Henick, Kathe Hollingshaus, Harry Holzer, Jack Howard, Paul Jargowsky, Chris Jennings, Julie Kerksick, Nick Kotz, Julie Sorrentino Kresge, Ed Kutler, Rachel Langenohl, Robert Lerman, John Lewis, Pamela Loprest, Ed Lorenzen, Tamara Stanton Luzzatto, Gary Mailman, Bob Matsui, Cindy Mann, Mary Kay Mantho, Jai Marin, Will Marshall, Joyce McFarland, Sara McLanahan, Lawrence Mead, Jan Meyers, Ron Mincy, Robert Moffitt, Kristin Moore, Dick Morris, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Richard Nathan, Leon Panetta, David J. Pate Jr., John Pawasarat, Frances Fox Piven, Susan Pogodzinksi, LeAnne Redick, Mary Lou Reed, Tara Reed, Grace Reef, Robert Reich, Barbara Reinhold, Lou Richman, Cynthia Rice, Bridgette Ridgeway, Alice Rivlin, Laurie Rubiner, Paul Saeman, Isaac Shapiro, Doug Schoen, Clay Shaw, Ron Skarzenski, Margaret Stapleton, George Stephanopoulos, Gene Steurle, Julie Strawn, Paul Stuiber, James Talent, John Tapogna, Rich Tarplin, Julia Taylor, Barry Toiv, Vicki Turetsky, Jack Tweedie, Stephanie Ventura, Melanne Verveer, Barclay Walsh, John Wancheck, Kent Weaver, Jim Weill, Marcus White, David Whitman, Julie Wilson, Michael Wiseman, and Wendy Woolcott-Steele.
Along with time and sources, a writer needs a publisher. At Viking, Wendy Wolf’s enthusiasm for this project won me over eight years ago, and for her unflagging commitment I’ve been grateful many times since. A book that juggles dozens of characters across several centuries requires a special set of editing skills, and Wendy, a special editor, kept the narrative train moving. For her patience, and her impatience, I’m equally grateful. To her assistant, Cliff Corcoran, a word of thanks, too. My copy editor, Juli Barbato, gave the manuscript a careful read and saved me from several bad errors. Viking’s production editor, Kate Griggs, showed great concern for getting things right, even as my last-minute revisions threw the schedule woefully off-course. For putting me in their good hands and goading me along, I’m grateful to my agent, Chuck Verrill, whose devotion to this book has run deep. Lastly, a special word of thanks to Katy Varney, Andrew Maraniss, and their associates at McNeely Pigott & Fox, for their spirit and skill in giving this book its launch. They give PR a good name.
I started this book on the verge of getting married and ended it as a father of two. My sons, Nicholas and Zachary, have never known a world in which their father wasn’t in the room next to theirs, engaged in the mysteriously intense work - they’ve come to call “making the book.” They grew faster than it did, and one of the serendipitous rewards of this project was that it kept me nearby, where I - COULD watch their young lives unfold. I can’t imagine a writer’s garret that offered a happier view. My friend Joe Lelyveld advises authors to eschew spousal encomia in print and indulge them in real life. I’ll ignore his advice just long enough to say that Nancy-Ann DeParle is the best thing that ever happened to me.
INDEX
Aaron, Henry
Abernathy, Ralph
Acs, Gregory
African Americans
“crossroads” neighborhoods of
lynchings of
northern migration of
poverty rates among
as sharecroppers
in single-parent families
on welfare
white attitudes toward
see also slavery
After Freedom (Powdermaker)
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
establishment of
repeal of
see also welfare
Allen, George
Allen, Rosalie
All Our Kin (Stack)
Apfel, Ken
Arteaga, Jose
Ashcroft, John
Atlantic, The
Auletta, Ken
Bane, Mary Jo
Barron, Curley
Bell Curve, The (Murray and Herrnstein)
Bennett, William
Bentsen, Lloyd
Besharov, Doug
Biggs, Bill
Black Picket Fences (Pattillo-McCoy)
blacks, see African Americans
Blank, Rebecca M.
Block, Shelley
block grants
NGA debate on
Republican support for
Bo (Opal’s boyfriend)
Bridges, Carrie Ann
Brown, Samuel
Brown vs. Board of Education
Bunning, Jim
Burke, Sheila
Bush, George H. W.
Bush, George W.
Califano, Joseph
Cancian, Maria
Caples, Brierra
Caples, Frank
Caples, Frank (grandson)
Caples, Hyram (slave)
Caples, Kierra
Caples, ’Lij
Caples, “Little Bo,” 331
Caples, Lula Bell
Caples, Mack
Caples, Mama Hattie
Caples, Mayola
Caples, Myerra
Caples, Opal
at Angie’s
Angie’s apartment left by
Bo’s relationship with
childhood of
children taken from
in crack house
drug addiction of
drug treatment of
in Goodwill program
jobs held by
Kenny’s relationship with
and life on First Street
marriage of
at MaxAcademy
in Maximus program
in OIC program
pregnancies of
shoplifting incident and
Steinborn as caseworker for
as welfare recipient
after welfare bill
Caples, Pie Eddie
Caples, Pop
Caples, Ruthie Mae
Caples, Samuel
Caples, Sierra
Caples, Squeaky
murder of
Caples, Tierra
Caples, Vidalia
Caples, Virginia
Caples, Wiley
Caples, Will
CARES computer program
ineffectiveness of
Carter, Jimmy
caseload reduction credit
caseworkers:
at Maximus, Inc.
see also Cooper, Darcy; Daniels, Corey; Gordon, Sonya; Steinborn, Michael
Chaney, Felmers O.
Chicago .
black migration to
drugs in
gangs in
ghettos in
welfare benefits in
Chicago Tribune
Children’s Bureau of the Labor Department
Children’s Defense Fund
Christian Coalition
Church, Frank
Citizens Council
Civil War, U.S.
Clement Manor
Clinton, Bill
and critics of his welfare proposals
as DLC chairman
“end welfare” pledge of
Gingrich’s opposition to welfare bill of
on Gingrich’s welfare plan
on importance of work
indecision of and lack of action by, 108-9
as member of NGA
Memphis speech of
and passing of welfare bill
political implications of welfare
pledge of
on success of welfare bill
vetoes of welfare bills by
waivers granted by
welfare budget dilemma and
see also welfare overhaul
Clinton, Hillary Rodham
Cloward, Richard
“Cocaine Mom” law
Community Advocates
Congress, U.S.
establishment of AFDC by
nonmarital births debated in
passage of JOBS program by
state control of welfare passed by
welfare debate in
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
Conservative Opportunity Society
Contract with America
Cooper, Darcy
cooperative living
cotton picker, mechanical
crack cocaine
arrival of
Opal’s addiction to
sex trade and
see also drugs
Crawford, Michelle
Crenshaw, Hattie Mae
background of
in Chicago
childhood of
Greg’s arrest and
pregnancies of
sexual abuse of
as welfare recipient
Crenshaw, Wesley
Crisis in Black America
“crossroads” neighborhoods
Cubin, Barbara
Cunningham, Kevin
Cuomo, Mario
Daniels, Corey
Danziger, Sheldon
Daschle, Tom
Dash, Leon
Davis, Jefferson
Davis, Rita
Deal, Nathan
Dean, Howard
Democratic Leadership Council (DLC)
Democratic party
block grants and
division among
on passing of Gingrich’s bill
in Senate welfare debate
and signing of welfare bill
on welfare proposals
in Wisconsin’s welfare battles
Depression, Great
desegregation
diversion of welfare applicants
Dodd, Christopher
Doddsville, Miss.
plantation of
Dole, Bob
Doty, Dinah
drugs
in Chicago
in ghettos
Greg Reed’s dealing of
see also crack cocaine
DuBois, W. E. B.
Dukakis, Michael
Duke, David
Dunn, Jennifer
Earl, Anthony
Earley, Jackie
earned income tax credit (EITC)
Eastland, James
Eastland, James O.
racial ideologies of
as senator
Eastland, Oliver
Eastland, Woods
Eastland plantation, see Doddsville, Miss., plantation of
Economic Policy Institute
Edelman, Jonah
Edelman, Marian Wright
Edwards, Eula
Ellwood, David
background of
as Clinton’s welfare adviser
as “godfather” of time limits
resignation of
as welfare bill opponent
welfare safety net study of
Ellwood, Paul
Emergency Works Program (of Utah)
Employment Solutions, Inc.
End of Equality, The (Kaus)
Engler, John
Faircloth, Lauch
Fair Employment Practices Commission
fair-housing laws
Family Assistance Plan
Family Crisis Center
Family Support Act
Fiegel, Tiffany
Fleischer, Ari
Florida
food stamps
cutting of
taxing of
Ford, Harold
Fordice, Kirk
Foster, Vincent
Friedland, Robert
Froehlich, Harold
Furlow, Lori
GAIN program
gangs
appeal of
Gangster Disciples
Gardner, John
Garland, Keith
Garland, Mona
Gautreaux program
Gee, Carl
George, Gary
Georgetown University
Georgia
Gephardt, Dick
ghettos
in Chicago
cooperative living in
“crossroads” neighborhoods and
drug use in
emergence and rise of
formation theories of
in Milwaukee
single mothers in
social disorder in
Southern roots of
as viewed by the Right
Gillespie, Henderson
Gillespie, Levi
Gingrich, Newt
balancing of budget by
block grants supported by
Clinton welfare bill opposed by
discrediting of own cause by
ending welfare as defined by
and House welfare bill passage
“new compassion” of
and states’ rights
unlikely support for
Ginsberg, Mitchell
Giuliani, Rudolph
Goldberg vs. Kelly (1970)
Goodwill
failings of
see also Employment Solutions, Inc.
Gordon, Sonya
Gore, Al
Gramm, Phil
Great Depression
Greenberg, Mark
Greenberg, Stan
“Greyhound therapy,” 6
Groppi, James
Gross, Kenny
in coping with Opal’s addiction
as recovering addict
Growing Up with a Single Parent (McLanahan and Sandefur)
Gueron, Judith
Haggard, Merle
Haines, Darlene
Hamer, Fannie Lou
Hansen, Kimberly
Hansen, Mercedes
Harden, Carlton
Harden, Lillie
Haskins, Ron
Hayes, Jimmy
Head Start
Health, Education, and Welfare, Department, U.S.
health insurance
see also Medicaid
Henick, Chris
Heritage Foundation
Herr, Toby
Hills, Angiwetta
Holbert, Luther
Horton, Willie
House of Representatives, U.S.,
passage of welfare bill in
Ways and Means Committee of
Hughes, Langston
illegitimacy, see nonmarital births
Jackson, Jesse
Jefferson, Thomas
Jeffrey Manor
as “crossroads” neighborhood
poverty rate in
single mothers in
Jim Crow laws
Job Corps
Jobe, Angela “Angie,” 4-7
abortion nearly had by
adolescent rebellion of
attempt to get GED by
background of
childhood turmoil of
Greg’s arrest and
Greg’s imprisonment and
Greg’s relationship with
issuing of restraining order against Marcus by
jobs held by
in JOBS program
and life on First Street
Marcus’s relationship with
in move to Milwaukee
as nursing aide
Opal and
pregnancies of
Rodger Scott’s relationship with
as teen parent
after welfare bill
Jobe, Angela “Angie” (cont.)
on welfare overhaul
as welfare recipient
Jobe, Charity
&nb
sp; background of
as caring and strict mother
divorce of
Jobe, Darrell
attention needed by
Jobe, DeVon “Von,” 7
father’s imprisonment and
as student
Jobe, Dwayne “Redd,” 52
father’s imprisonment and
school problems of
after welfare
Jobe, LaKesha Elaine “Kesha,” 7
father’s imprisonment and
as student
teenage relationships of
after welfare
Jobe, LaNayia LaCherish
Jobe, Latavia
Jobe, Roosevelt
as absent father
drinking of
Jobe, Terrance
Job Opportunities and Basic Skills program (JOBS)
Angie and
establishment of
ineffectiveness of
Jewell and
job-search classes
penalties for missing
see also Job Opportunities and Basic Skills program (JOBS)
Johnson, Gary E.
Johnson, Isaac
Johnson, Lyndon
Johnson, Paul
Johnson, Robert Lee
Journal of Labor Research
Kamarck, Elaine
Kaus, Mickey
Kemp, Jack
Kennedy, John F.
Kennedy, Ted
Kenosha News
King, Martin Luther Jr.
King vs. Smith (1968)
Knowles, Warren
Krug, Shirley
LaGrande, Ore.
Lake, Celinda
Lampley, Paula
Lampley, Romell
Lampman, Robert
Larabee, Mary S.
Learnfare
Legal Aid
Legal Services Program
LeGrant . R.
Lemann, Nicholas
Leno, Jay
Leutermann, George
attempts to win contract by
lavish spending of funds by
Lewis, John
Logan, Robert
Long, Russell
Los Angeles Times
Losing Ground (Murray)
Lucky (Jewell’s boyfriend)
drinking of
Jewell’s split from
Luntz, Frank
lynchings
McDermott, Jim
McLanahan, Sara
McSeed, Timothy
Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation (MDRC)
welfare-to-work study of
Marcellus Lounge
“marriage initiative,” 329-30
Martin, William
lavish spending by
Mastran, David
Matsui, Robert
Matus, Elizabeth
MaxAcademy
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