19. Alexander, “Causes of the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg,” SHSP 4 (September 1877), 110; Earl J. Hess, Trench Warfare Under Grant and Lee: Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 15; Thomas, R. E. Lee, 241–42; Robert E. L. Krick, “ ‘The Great Tycoon’ Forges a Staff System,” 87–89, 100–101.
20. Epstein, “Creation and Evolution of the Army Corps,” 35–37; Krick, Staff Officers in Gray: A Biographical Register of the Staff Officers in the Army of Northern Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 14; Taylor to Bettie Saunders (August 8 and 21, 1863), in Lee’s Adjutant, 68, 71.
21. Lee to Davis (June 23 and 25, 1863) and Seddon to Daniel Harvey Hill (June 25, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):925, 931–32.
22. Lee to Ewell (June 22, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):914.
23. Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 294–95; Rafuse, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 50–51; R. H. Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, 254, 261; William J. Seymour, diary entry for June 28–29, 1863, in Civil War Memoirs, 67, 68.
24. Herman Schuricht, “Jenkins’ Brigade in the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 24 (1896), 342; R. H. Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, 254; Hoke, The Great Invasion, 125; W. P. Conrad and Ted Alexander, When War Passed This Way (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 1982), 136–38; Benjamin Matthias Nead, Waynesboro: The History of a Settlement in the County formerly called Cumberland but later Franklin (Harrisburg, PA: Harrisburg Pubs., 1900), 224.
25. Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell, 240–41; Jeffrey D. Wert, General James Longstreet: The Confederacy’s Most Controversial Soldier: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 46; “Fitzhugh Lee,” Carlisle American (July 22, 1863).
26. Roger S. Durham, Carlisle Barracks (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2009), 22; Horatio C. King, History of Dickinson College (New York: American University Magazine Publishing Co., 1897), 33; Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 298–99; Collins, Major General Robert E Rodes, 254.
27. Louis Léon, diary entry for June 25, 1863, in Diary of a Tar-Heel Confederate Soldier, 33–34; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 202; Betts, Experience of a Confederate Chaplain, 1861–1864 (N.C. Conference Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1900), 38; Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell, 240–41, 242; Wharton Jackson Green, Recollections and Reflections: An Auto[biography] of Half a Century and More (Raleigh, NC: Edwards & Broughton, 1906), 174; James K. Swisher, Warrior in Gray: General Robert Rodes of Lee’s Army (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 2000), 119; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 201–2; Samuel Pendleton, diary entry for June 29, 1863, in Diary of Samuel H. Pendleton, Special Collections, University of Virginia; Park, “Sketch of the Twelfth Alabama Infantry,” 243.
28. Rafuse, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 1863–1865, 53; “Report of Lieut. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, C.S. Army” (November, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):606; Green, Recollections and Reflections, 173; William Swallow, “From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg,” 353; Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 16; Anthony J. Milano, “A Call of Leadership: Lt. Col. Charles Redington Mudge, U.S.V., and the Second Massachusetts Infantry at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 6 (January 1992), 71; The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 58; Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes, 258.
29. R. G. H. Kean, diary entry for June 29, in Inside the Confederate Government, 77; Trimble, “The Battle and Campaign of Gettysburg,” SHSP 26 (January–December 1898), 117–19; Trimble to J. B. Bachelder (February 8, 1883), in Bachelder Papers, 2:925–26.
30. Trimble, “The Battle and Campaign of Gettysburg,” 120–21; Trimble to John C. Bachelder (February 8, 1883), in Bachelder Papers, 2:925–26; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 138; Rafuse, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 1863–1865, 56; Pender to Fanny Pender (June 23, 1863), in One of Lee’s Best Men, 251; Hotchkiss, diary entry for June 26, 1863, in Make Me a Map of the Valley, 155. In 1891, Daniel Butterfield, Joe Hooker’s chief of staff, claimed that Hooker had done likewise “early in June,” predicting that Lee would cross the Potomac at Williamsport, cross over South Mountain toward Gettysburg, “and we will fight the battle here.” See Butterfield, “Further Recollections of Gettysburg,” North American Review 152 (March 1891), 279–80.
CHAPTER SIX A goggle-eyed old snapping turtle
1. Hooker to Lincoln (June 15, 1863), Halleck to W. T. H. Brooks (June 14, 1863), and Hooker to Halleck (June 17, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):43–44, 50, and (pt. 3):113.
2. Hooker to Lincoln (June 16, 1863), Hooker to Halleck (June 13, 1863), and Daniel Butterfield to Hooker (June 24, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):38, 45, and (pt. 3):287; J. W. Schuckers, The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 468; Hebert, Fighting Joe Hooker, 241.
3. Butterfield to Rufus Ingalls (June 17, 1863), John G. Reynolds to George G. Meade (June 16, 1863), Schenck to Halleck (June 16, 1863), Hooker to Halleck (June 18, 1863), and “Report of Capt. Lemuel B. Norton, Chief Signal Officer” (September 18, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):51, and (pt. 3):146, 151–52, 157, 201; Rafuse, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 1863–1865, 48–49.
4. “Circular” (June 16, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):175; Samuel Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign from June 5 to July 31, 1863 (Orange, NJ: Evening Mail Publishing, 1888), 111–12; Amos M. Judson, History of the Eighty-Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers (Erie, PA, 1865), 114, 115; W. A. Crofut and John M. Morris, The Military and Civil History of Connecticut During the War of 1861–65 (New York: Ledyard Bill, 1869), 378, 379–80; James Lorenzo Brown, History of the Thirty-Seventh Regiment, Mass. Volunteers, in the Civil War of 1861–1865 (Holyoke, MA: Clark W. Bryan & Co., 1884), 165; Charles W. Reed to “Dear Mother” (June 20, 1863), in “A Grand Terrible Dramma”: From Gettysburg to Petersburg—The Civil War Letters of Charles Wellington Reed, ed. Eric A. Campbell (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000), 111–12; Karlton D. Smith, “Alexander Hays and ‘the Blue Birds’: Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays and the Third Division, Second Corps, During Longstreet’s Assault,” in The Third Day: The Fate of a Nation, July 3, 1863 (Gettysburg: Gettysburg National Military Park, 2010), 171.
5. Newell, “Ours”: Annals of the 10th Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers in the Rebellion, 217; Edward G. Longacre, To Gettysburg and Beyond: The Twelfth New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, 1862–1865 (Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 1988), 112; Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 191; Patrick, diary entry for June 14, 1863, in Inside Lincoln’s Army, 258–59; John H. Rhodes, The History of Battery B, First Regiment, Rhode Island Light Artillery, in the War to Preserve the Union (Providence: Snow & Farnham, 1894), 189.
6. Charles Mattocks, diary entry for June 15, 1863, in “Unspoiled Heart”: The Journal of Charles Mattocks of the 17th Maine, ed. Philip N. Racine (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 38; St. Clair A. Mulholland, The Story of the 116th Regiment, Pennsylvania Infantry (1903; Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, n.d.), 127; Tevis and Marquis, History of the Fighting Fourteenth, 77; Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign, 93.
7. SeCheverell, Journal History of the Twenty-Ninth Ohio, 67–68; Edwin B. Houghton, The Campaigns of the Seventeenth Maine (Portland: Short & Loring, 1866), 74–75; Brown, History of the Thirty-Seventh Mass., 162–63; John W. Chase to Samuel S. Chase (June 19, 1863), in Yours for the Union, 251–52.
8. Lance J. Herdegen and William J. K. Beaudot, In the Bloody Railroad Cut at Gettysburg (Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1990), 142; Orson Curtis Blair, History of the Twenty-fourth Michigan of the Iron Brigade (Detroit: Winn & Hammond, 1891), 144, 146; Tevis and Marquis, History of the Fighting Fourteenth, 76; John Whiting Storrs, The “Twentieth Connecticut”: A Regimental History (Ansonia, CT: Naugatuc
k Valley Sentinel, 1886), 70–71; John Richards Boyle, Soldiers True: The Story of the One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers (New York: Eaton & Mains, 1903), 107–8; Henry C. Morhous, Reminiscences of the 123rd Regiment, N.Y.S.V.: Giving a Complete History of Its Three Years of Service in the War (Greenwich, NY: People’s Journal Book and Job Office, 1879), 43–44; Ambrose Hayward to “Dear Father” (June 21, 1863), in Last to Leave the Field, 157; “Bivouac Near the Potomac” (June 23, 1863), in William B. Styple, ed., Writing and Fighting the Civil War: Soldier Correspondence to the New York Sunday Mercury (Kearny, NJ: Belle Grove Publishing, 2004), 196.
9. Philip M. Cole, Command and Communication Frictions in the Gettysburg Campaign (Orrtanna, PA: Colecraft Industries, 2006), 6–7; Boies, Record of the Thirty-third Massachusetts, 30; Andrew J. Bennett, The Story of the First Massachusetts Light Battery, Attached to the Sixth Army Corps (Boston: Deland & Barta, 1886), 118; Lincoln to Hooker (June 14 and June 16, 1863), in Collected Works, 6:273, 280, 281; Daniel Tyler to Hooker (June 23, 1863), H. Winchester to Halleck (June 24, 1863), G. K. Warren to Hooker (June 24, 1863), and Hooker to Halleck (June 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):60, (pt. 2):27, and (pt. 3):289, 292; “Testimony of Major General Daniel Butterfield” (March 25, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, at the Second Session, Thirty-Eighth Congress (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1865), 418; William P. Fox, “Slocum and His Men: A History of the Twelfth and Twentieth Army Corps,” in In Memoriam: Henry Warner Slocum, 1826–1894 (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1904), 173–74; Howard, Autobiography, 1:387, 395; Davis, “The Strategy of the Gettysburg Campaign” (1898), 400.
10. John Singleton Mosby, Stuart’s Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1908), 103; Welles, diary entries for June 14 and 26, 1863, in Diary of Gideon Welles, 1:329, 344; Hebert, Fighting Joe Hooker, 241–42.
11. “Testimony of Major General Daniel Butterfield” (March 25, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War (1865; Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing, 1999), 4:418; Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 273; George Boutwell, in Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time, ed. A. T. Rice (New York: North American Publishing Co., 1886), 128; Sickles, “Further Recollections of Gettysburg,” North American Review 152 (March 1891), 259.
12. John L. Smith, History of the 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, Corn Exchange Regiment, from Their First Engagement at Antietam to Appomattox (Philadelphia: J. L. Smith, 1905), 237; Patrick, diary entry for June 23, 1863, in Inside Lincoln’s Army, 263; Gideon Welles, diary entry for June 26, 1863, in Diary of Gideon Welles, 1:345; McClure to Lincoln (June 30, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):436; Wainwright, diary entry for June 21, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 223; “The Rebel Invasion—Our Harrisburg Correspondence,” New York Herald (June 18, 1863); “A Calm Appeal,” Washington National Intelligencer (June 18, 1863); John C. G. Kennedy to Horatio Seymour (June 26, 1863), in A Catalog of Lincolniana, ed. Thomas F. Madigan (Cedar Rapids, IA: Torch Press, n.d.), #137.
13. William J. Wray, History of the Twenty-Third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Birney’s Zouaves (privately published, 1903), 93; Smith, History of the 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, 237; John J. Pullen, The Twentieth Maine: A Volunteer Regiment in the Civil War (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1957), 95–96; Meade to Margaretta Meade (February 27, 1863), in Life and Letters, 1:355–56, 388; Meade to Margaretta Meade (June 22, 1863), in Meade Papers, HSP; Peter S. Michie, General McClellan (New York: D. Appleton, 1901), 445–46.
14. Richard Meade Bache, Life of General George Gordon Meade: Commander of the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: Henry T. Coates, 1897), 9; George G. Meade, Jr., The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade: Major-General, United States Army (New York: Scribner’s, 1913), 1:16–17; Ethan S. Rafuse, George Gordon Meade and the War in the East (Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2003), 17–20.
15. Meade to Margaretta Meade (May 5, 1862), in Life and Letters, 1:263; Meade to “Dear Doct” (August 5, 1861), to Joshua Barney (September 7, 1861), to Margaretta Meade (November 24, 1861), and to John Sergeant Meade (March 29, 1862), in George G. Meade Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Weld to “Father” (June 28, 1863), in War Diary and Letters of Stephen Minot Weld, 1861–1865, ed. H. W. Montague (1912; Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1979), 228; Joseph E. Persico, My Enemy, My Brother: Men and Days of Gettysburg (New York: Collier, 1977), 75; Stephen R. Taaffe, Commanding the Army of the Potomac (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), 110–11, 112.
16. John Day Smith, The History of the Nineteenth Regiment of Maine Volunteer Infantry, 1862–1865 (Minneapolis: Great Western Printing, 1909), 77–78; Joseph Hayes interview with Alexander Kelly, in Generals in Bronze, 136; Charles Carleton Coffin, The Boys of ‘61; or, Four Years of Fighting; Personal Observation with the Army and the Navy (Boston: Dana Estes & Co., 1901), 283; John J. Hennessy, “I Dread the Spring: The Army of the Potomac Prepares for the Overland Campaign,” in The Wilderness Campaign, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 68–69; Lyman, diary entries for October 13, 16, and 17, in Meade’s Army: The Private Notebooks of Lt. Col. Theodore Lyman, ed. D. W. Lowe (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2007), 49, 53; Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York: Century Co., 1897), 248; James Hessler, “Sickles and Meade Prior to Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 41 (July 2009), 55; Capt. Francis Donaldson to “Dear Auntie” (June 28, 1863), in Inside the Army of the Potomac: The Civil War Experience of Captain Francis Adams Donaldson, ed. J. Gregory Acken (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1998), 289.
17. Meade to Margaretta Meade (October 12, 1861, November 24, 1861, August 16, 1862, September 29, 1862, and January 2, 1863), in Meade Papers, HSP; Rafuse, George Gordon Meade, 22–23, 45–46; William Henry Powell, The Fifth Army Corps (Army of the Potomac): A Record of Operations During the Civil War in the United States of America, 1861–1865 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1896), 13; “Gen. George Gordon Meade,” The Liberator (August 14, 1863).
18. Michael E. Hennessy, “Gen. Hooker’s Resignation: An Unpublished Incident of the Battle of Gettysburg,” Donahoe’s Magazine 35 (January 1896), 37; Charles S. Wainwright, diary entry for June 28, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 219; Gouverneur K. Warren interview with Alexander Kelly, in Generals in Bronze, 87; Benjamin, “Hooker’s Appointment and Removal,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:243.
19. Meade to Halleck (June 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):61; Benjamin, “Hooker’s Appointment and Removal,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:243; Freeman Cleaves, Meade of Gettysburg (1960; Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1980), 124–26; Sickles, “Further Recollections of Gettysburg,” North American Review 152 (March 1891), 259.
20. Capt. Robert K. Beecham, Gettysburg: The Pivotal Battle of the Civil War (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1911), 118–19, 128–29; Henry Wilson Hubbell to mother (July 1, 1863), in Henry W. Hubbell Papers, New-York Historical Society; Halleck to Meade (June 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):61; Curt Anders, Henry Halleck’s War: A Fresh Look at Lincoln’s Controversial General-in-Chief (Carmel, IN: Guild Press, 1999), 447; Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2:3–4; Mahood, General Wadsworth, 149.
21. Régis de Trobriand, Four Years with the Army of the Potomac (Boston: Ticknor & Co., 1889), 483–84; Peter C. Vermilyea, “The Pipe Creek Effect: How Meade’s Pipe Creek Circular Affected the Battle of Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 42 (July 2010), 24, 26; Abner Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg (New York: Charles Scribners, 1882), 114–15.
22. Hartwell Osborn, Trials and Triumphs: The Record of the Fifty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1904), 89; Franklin Boyts, diary entry for June 25, 1863, in Franklin Boyts Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Isaac Hall, History of the Ninety-Seventh Regiment, New York Volunteers (1890; Baltimore: Butt
ernut and Blue, 1991), 130–31; William B. Jordan, Red Diamond Regiment: The 17th Maine Infantry, 1862–1865 (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 1996), 65, 66; Julian Wisner Hinkley, A Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry (Madison: Wisconsin History Commission, 1912), 81; Wright, No More Gallant a Deed, 280; Ernest Linden Waitt, History of the Nineteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865 (Salem, MA: Salem Press Co., 1906), 217.
23. Isaac O. Best, History of the 121st New York State Infantry (Chicago: Jas. H. Smith, 1921), 86–87; Albert Rowe Barlow, Company G: A Record of the Services of One Company of the 157th N.Y. Vols. in the War of the Rebellion (Syracuse, NY: A. W. Hall, 1899), 118; Gilbert Adams Hays, Under the Red Patch: Story of the Sixty-Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861–1864 (Pittsburgh: Sixty-Third Pennsylvania Volunteers Regimental Assoc., 1908), 190; Nelson V. Hutchinson, History of the Seventh Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry in the War of the Rebellion of the Southern States Against Constitutional Authority (Taunton, MA: Authority of the Regimental Association, 1890), 149–50; de Trobriand, Four Years with the Army of the Potomac, 478–80; Edwin B. Houghton, The Campaigns of the Seventeenth Maine (Portland, ME: Short & Loring, 1866), 84
24. Wainwright, diary entry for June 29, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 228; George H. Washburn, A Complete Military History and Record of the 108th Regiment N.Y. Vols., from 1862 to 1864 (Rochester, NY: E. R. Andrews, 1894), 47; Edward G. Longacre, General John Buford (Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 1995), 172–73, 175; Thomas, Bold Dragoon, 234–39; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 172, 187; Robinson, Jeb Stuart and the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg, 21, 23, 24; Robert Grandchamp, “ ‘Our Regiment Has Just Been Cleaned Up’: The 1st Rhode Island Cavalry at Middleburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (January 2008), 10–11, 13.
25. Darius Couch to Edwin M. Stanton (June 16, 1863), Babcock to Hooker (June 24, 1863), H. Winchester to Halleck (June 24, 1863), and Meade to Halleck (June 28, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):162, 285, 289, and (pt. 1):65; Edward C. Browne, “Col. George H. Sharpe’s ‘Soda Water’ Scouts,” Gettysburg Magazine 44 (January 2011), 28–40.
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