25. Nelson V. Hutchinson, History of the Seventh Massachusetts Volunteer infantry in the War of the Rebellion of the Southern States Against Constitutional Authority (Taunton, MA: Authority of the Regimental Association, 1890), 152–53; James Lorenzo Bowen, History of the Thirty-Seventh Regiment, Mass. Volunteers, in the Civil War of 1861–1865 (Holyoke, MA: Clark W. Bryan & Co., 1884), 171, 174–75; George William Curtis, in Dwight C. Kilbourn, “Historical Address,” Dedication of the Equestrian Statue of Major-General John Sedgwick on the Battlefield of Gettysburg (Hartford, CT, 1913), 56–57; George Thomas Stevens, Three Years in the Sixth Corps: A Concise Narrative of Events in the Army of the Potomac from 1861 to the Close of the Rebellion, April, 1865 (Albany, NY: S. R. Gray, 1866), 240, 246; Abraham T. Brewer, History [of the] Sixty-First Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861–1865, Under Authority of the Regimental Association (Pittsburgh: Art Engraving & Printing, 1911), 61.
26. “Reports of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum” (August 23, 1863) and Slocum to Meade (July 2, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):759, and (pt. 3):487; Slocum, in “United at Gettysburg,” New York Times (July 3, 1888); Meade, Did General Meade Desire a Retreat at the Battle of Gettysburg, 4–5; Harman, “The Gap: Meade’s July 2 Offensive Plan,” in “The Most Shocking Battle I Have Ever Witnessed,” 87–93.
27. Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign, 180–81; Asa W. Bartlett, History of the Twelfth Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion (Concord, NH: Ira C. Evans, 1897), 119, 120; William B. Jordan, Red Diamond Regiment: The 17th Maine Infantry, 1862–1865 (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 1996), 68, 70; Col. Thomas Rafferty, “Gettysburg” (November 7, 1883), in Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion: Addresses Delivered Before the New York Commandery of the Loyal Legion of the United States, 1883–1891, eds. J. G. Wilson and T. M. Coan (New York: privately printed, 1891), 4–5, 8; Sickles, “Further Recollections of Gettysburg,” North American Review 152 (March 1891), 262; George Winslow, “On Little Round Top: The Position and Achievements of the First New York Volunteer Artillery,” in Gettysburg Sources, 3:151–52; William E. Loring, “On the Second Day—the 141st Pa. in the Gettysburg Battle,” National Tribune (July 5, 1894); Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 204; George Lewis, The History of Battery E, First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery, in the War of 1861 and 1865, to Preserve the Union (Providence, RI: Snow & Farnham, 1892), 192; Sgt. Henri Lefevre Brown, History of the Third Regiment, Excelsior Brigade, 73rd New York Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865 (Jamestown, NY: Journal Printing, 1902), 104.
28. Grant, in John Russell Young, Around the World with General Grant: A Narrative of the Visit of General U. S. Grant, Ex-President of the United States, to Various Countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa, in 1877, 1878, 1879 (New York: American News, 1879), 2:353; Hotchkiss, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in Make Me a Map of the Valley, 157; Gary W. Gallagher, “ ‘If the Enemy Is There, We Must Attack Him’: R. E. Lee and the Second Day at Gettysburg,” Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership, ed. G. W. Gallagher (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999), 124, 125.
29. William Swallow, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” 443–44; D. Augustus Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade (Newberry, SC: Elbert Aull, 1899), 231; William Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 38 (January–December 1910), 313; Youngblood, “Personal Observations at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 19 (June 1911), 286; J. Coleman Anderson, “Lee and Longstreet at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 12 (October 1904), 488; Smith, “General Lee at Gettysburg,” SHSP 33 (January–February 1905), 145, 146; Roger J. Greezicki, “Humbugging the Historian: A Reappraisal of Longstreet at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 6 (January 1992), 63.
30. Swinton, Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac: A Critical History of Operations in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, from the Commencement to the Close of the War, 1861–1865 (revised ed., New York: Charles Scribners, 1882), 340; Early, The Campaigns of Gen. Robert E. Lee, 34; Glenn Tucker, Lee and Longstreet at Gettysburg, 5–6, 12; David Blight, “The Lost Cause and Causes Not Lost,” in Janice Radway et al., eds., American Studies: An Anthology (Malden, MA: Wiley/Blackwell, 2009), 531; “Reports of Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton, C.S. Army” (September 12, 1863) and “Report of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, C.S. Army” (August 22, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):348–49, 471; Early, “A Review by General Early,” SHSP 4 (December 1877), 268; Sears Wilson Cabell, The “Bulldog” Longstreet at Gettysburg and Chickamauga (Atlanta, GA: Ruralist Press, 1938), 6–7.
31. Longstreet, “Letter from General Longstreet,” SHSP 5 (January–February 1878), 53; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania” and “The Mistakes of Gettysburg,” in Annals of the War, 420–21, 619 (these were subsequently reprinted with some minor editorial additions by Longstreet in the Southern Historical Society Papers); Wert, General James Longstreet, 257; Longstreet, “Lee’s Invasion of Pennsylvania,” The Century 33 (February 1887), 626; Gallagher, Lee and His Generals in War and Memory, 49–50, 51, 55, 58–59; Jeffrey D. Wert, “James Longstreet and the Lost Cause,” in The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History, eds. Gary W. Gallagher and Alan Nolan (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 130–32; John Newton interview with Alexander Kelly (October 31, 1879), in Generals in Bronze, 79.
32. “Letter from Gen. J. A. Early” (March 12, 1877), “Letter from General Fitz Lee” (March 7, 1877), and “Letter from General A. L. Long” (April 1877), in SHSP 4 (July–September 1877), 59–60, 63, 72, 123; Smith, “General Lee at Gettysburg,” SHSP 33 (January–February 1905), 146; “Memoranda of Conversations Between General Robert E. Lee and William Preston Johnson,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (VMHB, hereafter) 73 (October 1965), 478; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 276–77; David Callihan, “Elusive Victory: Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 28 (January 2003), 15–16; Thomas Connelly and Barbara L. Bellows, God and General Longstreet: The Lost Cause and the Southern Mind (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 32–36; Krick, The Smoothbore Volley That Doomed the Confederacy, 67–69; William W. Goldsborough, “With Lee at Gettysburg,” Philadelphia Record (July 10, 1900); A. L. Long, in “Causes of Lee’s Defeat at Gettysburg” and “Letter from General C. M. Wilcox” (March 26, 1877), in SHSP 4 (August–September 1877), 67, 114.
33. Gilbert Moxley Sorrell, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer (New York: Neale Publishing, 1905),166–67; Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 256; Piston, Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant, 52; Gallagher, “ ‘If the Enemy Is There, We Must Attack Him’: R. E. Lee and the Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Three Days at Gettysburg, 122; J. W. Duke, “Mississippians at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 13 (May 1906), 217.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN One of the bigger bubbles of the scum
1. Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 297; James R. Johnson, in Zack C. Waters and James C. Edmonds, A Small but Spartan Band: The Florida Brigade in Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010), 66; Thomas L. Elmore, “Torrid Heat and Blinding Rain: A Meteorological and Astronomical Chronology of the Gettysburg Campaign,” Gettysburg Magazine 13 (July 1995), 12–13; “Report of Col. Robert McAllister, Eleventh New Jersey Infantry” (August 3, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):552; Michael Jacobs, “Meterology of the Battle,” Gettysburg Magazine 10 (January 1994), 121.
2. Samuel R. Johnston to Bishop George Peterkin, GNMP Vertical Files; David A. Powell, “A Reconnaissance Gone Awry: Capt. Samuel R. Johnston’s Fateful Trip to Little Round Top,” Gettysburg Magazine 23 (January 2001), 88–89.
3. LaFayette McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (February 1879), 67–68; Hood, Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate Armies (New Orleans: Hood Orphan Memorial Fund, 1880), 56–57; “Reports of Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton, C.S. Army” (September 12, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):349–50.
4. A. L. Long, in “Causes of Le
e’s Defeat at Gettysburg,” in SHSP 4 (August 1877), 67; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 167; Hood, “Leading Confederates on the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 4 (October 1877), 147–48; William W. Chamberlaine, Memoirs of the Civil War Between the Northern and Southern Sections of the United States of America, 1861–1865 (Washington, DC: Byron S. Adams, 1912), 68–69; Troy Harman, Lee’s Real Plan at Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003), 19.
5. Hood to Longstreet (June 28, 1875), in Advance and Retreat, 56–57; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 255; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 216, 221–22; From Huntsville to Appomattox: R. T. Coles’s History of 4th Regiment, Alabama Volunteer Infantry, C.S.A., Army of Northern Virginia, ed. Jeffrey Stocker (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996), 224; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 235–36; “Letter from General E. P. Alexander” (March 17, 1877), SHSP 4 (September 1877), 101; “Report of Lieut. Gen. James Longstreet, C.S. Army” (July 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):358.
6. Samuel R. Johnston to Bishop George Peterkin, Lafayette McLaws to James Longstreet (June 12, 1873), and Johnston to Lafayette McLaws (June 27, 1892), Participant Accounts [folder V5], GNMP Vertical Files; “Letter from General E. P. Alexander” (March 17, 1877), SHSP 4 (September 1877), 101; McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (February 1879), 68; James Power Smith, “General Lee at Gettysburg,” 148; “Report of Lieut. Gen. James Longstreet, C.S. Army” (July 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):358.
7. George T. Anderson to J. B. Bachelder (March 15, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:449; “Report of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson, C.S. Army” (August 7, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):613; Brooks Simpson, “ ‘If Properly Led’: Command Relationships at Gettysburg,” in Civil War Generals in Defeat, ed. Steven Woodworth (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 170, 171; Evander M. Law, “The Struggle for ‘Round Top,’ ” in Battles & Leaders, 3:319; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 372–73; D. Wyatt Aiken, “The Gettysburg Reunion: What Is Necessary and Proper for the South to Do” (June 21, 1882), in Gettysburg Sources, 2:173; Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade, 235–36; Warren Wilkinson and Steven E. Woodworth, A Scythe of Fire: A Civil War Story of the Eighth Georgia Infantry Regiment (New York: William Morrow, 2002), 230–31.
8. Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confederate, 391.
9. McLaws, “The Second Day at Gettysburg” (August 4, 1886), in Gettysburg Sources, 3:140, and “Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (February 1879), 68–69; J. B. Kershaw to J. B. Bachelder (March 20, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:454; “Report of Brig. Gen. J. B. Kershaw, C.S. Army” (October 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):366–67; Kershaw, “Kershaw’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” and Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:331, 340; Max Wyckoff, A History of the 3rd South Carolina Regiment: Lee’s Reliables (Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing, 2008), 168; Karlton D. Smith, “ ‘To Consider Every Contingency’: Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, Capt. Samuel R. Johnston, and the Factors That Affected the Reconnaissance and Countermarch, July 2, 1863,” in The Second Day at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, PA: GNMP, 2008), 109–11; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 236, and “Causes of the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg,” SHSP 4 (September 1877), 101.
10. William J. Hardee, Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics: For the Exercise and Manoeuvres of Troops When Acting as Light Infantry or Riflemen (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1855), 2:48, 79–81; McLaws, “The Second Day at Gettysburg” (August 4, 1886), in Gettysburg Sources, 3:140–41; Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:340.
11. Gen. W. F. Perry, “The Devil’s Den,” Confederate Veteran 9 (April 1901), 161–62; James Johnson Kirkpatrick, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in The 16th Mississippi, 176; John H. Martin, “Accurate Historic Records,” Confederate Veteran 12 (March 1904), 114; McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (February 1879), 49–50.
12. William Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign, SHSP 38 (January–December 1910), 315–16; Hood to Longstreet (June 28, 1875), in “Leading Confederates on the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 4 (October 1877), 149–50; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 257; Law, “The Struggle for ‘Round Top,’ ” Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” and Kershaw, “Kershaw’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:320, 332, 340; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War, 423.
13. McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (February 1879), 70–71.
14. John Foster Young, New Jersey and the Rebellion: A History of the Service of the Troops and People of New Jersey in Aid of the Union Cause (Newark, NJ: Martin R. Dennis, 1868), 288.
15. Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 1–3; Thomas Keneally, American Scoundrel: The Life of the Notorious Civil War General Dan Sickles (New York: Anchor Books, 2002), 127–28; G. W. D. Andrews to Sickles (August 13, 1858), in Daniel E. Sickles Papers, New-York Historical Society.
16. Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 14, 17, 25, 27; “Speech of John Graham, Esq.” (April 9, 1859), in Trial of the Hon. Daniel E. Sickles for Shooting Philip Barton Key, Esq. (New York: R. M. DeWitt, 1859), 31; Sears, Controversies and Commanders, 198–204; Sickles, “Service on Special Committee” (December 10, 1860), in Congressional Globe, 36th Congress, second session, 40.
17. W. A. Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible (New York: Scribners, 1956), 57; Henrik Hartog, “Lawyering, Husbands’ Rights, and ‘the Unwritten Law’ in Nineteenth-Century America,” Journal of American History 84 (June 1997), 70–71; Strong, diary entry for May 17, 1863, in Diary of George Templeton Strong, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 3:323; Theodore Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, 60; “Biographical Sketch of Hon. D. E. Sickles,” Harper’s Weekly (April 9, 1859); “Report of Brig. Gen. Joseph Hooker, U.S. Army” (June 8, 1862), in O.R., series one, 11 (pt. 1): 820; Kelly (June 30, 1879), in Generals in Bronze, 41; Steve Courtney, Joseph Hopkins Twichell: The Life and Times of Mark Twain’s Closest Friend (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008), 62–63; Hanifen, History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery, 78.
18. Meade to Margaretta Meade (January 26, 1863), Meade Papers, HSP; Taaffe, Commanding the Army of the Potomac, 28; James Hessler, “Sickles and Meade Prior to Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 41 (July 2009), 58; “Testimony of Major General Daniel Sickles” (February 26, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:295, 296–97; Eric Wittenberg, “The Truth About the Withdrawal of Brig. Gen. John Buford’s Cavalry, July 2, 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (January 2008), 73, 75; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” Atlantic Monthly 38 (July 1876), 62; Edward J. Hagerty, Collis’ Zouaves: The 114th Pennsylvania Volunteers in the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), 238–39; Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!, 216; Levi Bird Duff to Harriet Duff (June 29, 1863), in To Petersburg with the Army of the Potomac: The Civil War Letters of Levi Bird Duff, 105th Pennsylvania Volunteers, ed. Jonathan E. Helmreich (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 128; Capt. Charles H. Weygant, History of the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Regiment, N.Y.S.M. (Newburgh, NY: Journal Printing House, 1877), 161; Busey & Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses, 16; O’Reilly, “Stonewall” Jackson at Fredericksburg, 126.
19. Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign, 176; Thomas Rafferty, “Gettysburg—The Third Corps’ Great Battle on July 2,” National Tribune (February 2, 1888); “Testimony of Major General Andrew A. Humphreys” (March 21, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:389–90; Cpl. John M. Vallean, “Rapid March to the Battlefield and Heroic Part Taken in That Action by the 109th Pa.,” National Tribune (May 9, 1901); Callihan, “Elusive Victory: Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 28 (January 2003), 43, 44; Maj. Henry E. Tremain to Sickles (June 28, 1880), in Bachelder Papers, 1:670–71; Tremain, Two Days of War: A Gettysburg Narrative, and Other Excursions, 49–50.
20. Tagg, The Generals of
Gettysburg, 65; Frederick Lyman Hitchcock, War from the Inside; or, Personal Experiences, Impressions, and Reminiscences by One of the “Boys” in the War of the Rebellion (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1904), 134; Stevens, Berdan’s United States Sharpshooters in the Army of the Potomac, 1861–1865, 302, 303, 304–5, 308, 317; James E. Smith, “The Fourth Battery at Gettysburg,” in New York at Gettysburg, 3:1289; Elijah Walker to J. B. Bachelder (January 5, 1885), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1093–94; Thomas Rafferty, “Gettysburg—The Third Corps’ Great Battle on July 2,” National Tribune (February 2, 1888), and “Gettysburg” (November 7, 1883), in Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion, 8–9; “Report of Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox, C.S. Army” (July 17, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):617.
21. “Report of Maj. Gen. David B. Birney” (August 7, 1863) and “Report of Col. Hiram Berdan, First U.S. Sharpshooters, Commanding First and Second U.S. Sharpshooters” (July 29, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):482, 515; “Third Maine Regiment,” in Charles Hamlin et al., eds., Maine at Gettysburg: Report of the Maine Commissioners (Portland, ME: Lakeside Press, 1898), 128; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 256; Sauers, A Caspian Sea of Ink, 95–96, 99, 107, and “Gettysburg: The Meade-Sickles Controversy,” Civil War History 26 (September 1980), 215–16; “Twenty-five Years After—Friend and Foe Tenting on the Old Camp Ground,” National Tribune (July 12, 1888).
22. Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 110; “Testimony of Major General Daniel E. Sickles” (February 26, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:297–98; Richard Meade Bache, The Life of George Gordon Meade, Commander of the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: H. T. Coates, 1897), 320, 323; Jared Peatman, “General Sickles, President Lincoln, and the Aftermath of the Battle of Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 28 (January 2003), 119; Sears, Controversies and Commanders, 212–13.
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