16. Weygant, History of the One Hundred and Twenty-Fourth Regiment, 180; A. W. Tucker, “ ‘Orange Blossoms’: Services of the 124th New York at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (January 21, 1886); Perry, “Devil’s Den,” Confederate Veteran 9 (April 1901), 161–62; “Report of Lieut. Col. P. A. Work” (July 9, 1863) and “Report of Col. Wesley C. Hodges, Seventeenth Georgia Infantry” (July 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):410, 425; William Youngblood, “Personal Observations at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (June 1911), 287; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 290–91; Polley, Hood’s Texas Brigade, 169–70; John H. Martin, “Accurate Historic Records,” Confederate Veteran 12 (March 1904), 114; From Huntsville to Appomattox: R. T. Coles’s History of 4th Regiment, Alabama Volunteer Infantry, 107; Garry E. Adelman, “Benning’s Georgia Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 18 (January 1998), 61–65.
17. James E. Smith, “The Fourth Battery at Gettysburg,” in New York at Gettysburg, 3:1291; Penny and Laine, Struggle for the Round Tops, 64–67; “Report of Col. James L. Sheffield, Forty-eighth Alabama Infantry” (August 7, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):396.
18. I. N. Dubboraw, “The Big Battle—A Comrade Sends Reminiscences of a Citizen at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (December 8, 1892); “A Great Victory—Three Days Battles—Mr. S. M. Carpenter’s Despatch,” New York Herald (July 6, 1863); Hyde, “Recollections of the Battle of Gettysburg,” 200–201.
19. Thomas H. Scott, “On Little Round Top,” National Tribune (August 2, 1894); Augustus Martin, “Little Round Top—Story of the Fight There During the Battle of Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Compiler (October 24, 1899); Garry E. Adelman, “Hazlett’s Battery at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 21 (July 1999), 66–67.
20. Warren to Porter Farley (July 24, 1872), in Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 131–32, 312; Twemlow, Considerations on Tactics and Strategy, 48–49; Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, “Through Blood and Fire at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 6 (January 1992), 51; B. F. Rittenhouse, “The Battle of Gettysburg as Seen from Little Round Top” (May 4, 1887), in War Papers: Being Papers Read Before the Commandery of the District of Columbia, 37–38; James Lorenzo Bowen, History of the Thirty-Seventh Regiment, Mass. Volunteers, in the Civil War of 1861–1865 (Holyoke, MA: Clark W. Bryan & Co., 1884), 182–83; Callihan, “Elusive Victory,” 54, 55.
21. Warren, in Taylor, Gouverneur Kemble Warren, 129; Rittenhouse, “The Battle of Gettysburg as Seen from Little Round Top,” 40; Coffin, The Boys of ’61, 307; Capt. Benjamin F. Partridge to J. B. Bachelder (March 31, 1866), in Bachelder Papers, 1:243–44; Wright, “I Will Take the Responsibility,” Gettysburg Magazine 25 (July 2001), 57; Wilcox, Strong Vincent and His Brigade at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863, 8; Lt. Ziba Graham, “On to Gettysburg: Ten Days from My Diary of 1863” (1889), in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Michigan, 1:9–10; Judson, History of the Eighty-third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 125, 127; Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 243, 265–66; Chamberlain, “Through Blood and Fire at Gettysburg,” 48, 50; Nevins and Styple, What Death More Glorious, 75, 110, 111.
22. “Report of Brig. Gen. James Barnes” (August 24, 1863), “Report of Col. James C. Rice, Forty-Fourth New York Infantry” (July 31, 1863), and “Report of Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain, Twentieth Maine Infantry” (July 6, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):603, 617, 623–24; William H. Brown, “A View from Little Round Top During the Progress of the Battle,” Philadelphia Weekly Times (March 17, 1882); Chamberlain to James Barnes, in Through Blood and Fire: Selected Civil War Papers of Major General Joshua Chamberlain, ed. Mark Nesbitt (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1995), 81; Ellis Spear, The Civil War Recollections of General Ellis Spear, ed. Abbott Spear (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1997), 33; Theodore Gerrish, “The Battle of Gettysburg,” National Tribune (November 23, 1882).
23. Stevens, Reminiscences of the Civil War, 114; Judson, History of the Eighty-third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 127; Kevin O’Brien, “Valley of the Shadow of Death: Col. Strong Vincent and the Eighty-Third Pennsylvania Infantry at Little Round Top,” Gettysburg Magazine 7 (July 1992), 46; Pullen, The Twentieth Maine, 125; Tucker, Storming Little Round Top, 229; Alice Rains Trulock, In the Hands of Providence: Joshua L. Chamberlain and the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 147–48; Chamberlain to James Barnes (July 6, 1863), in “Letters from Joshua L. Chamberlain,” ed. Thomas Desjardins, in Civil War Times 50 (June 2012), 39.
24. “Report of Brig. Gen. James Barnes” (August 24, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):603; Lt. Charles Salter, in Gottfried, Brigades of Gettysburg, 248; Stevens, Reminscences of the Civil War, 114–15; Penny and Laine, Struggle for the Round Tops, 91; “Strong Vincent,” in Harvard Memorial Biographies, 78–79; Capt. Eugene Arus Nash, A History of the Forty-fourth Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry, in the Civil War (Chicago: R. R. Donnelly, 1914), 145; John Michael Gibney, “A Shadow Passing: The Tragic Story of Norval Welch and the Sixteenth Michigan at Gettysburg and Beyond,” and Chamberlain, “Through Blood and Fire at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 6 (January 1992), 39–40, 52, 55; “Hood’s Charge at Gettysburg,” in Camp Fires of the Confederacy, 366–67.
25. Brian A. Bennett, Sons of Old Monroe: A Regimental History of Patrick O’Rorke’s 140th New York Volunteer Infantry (Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1999), 53–57; Donald M. Fisher, “Born in Ireland, Killed at Gettysburg: The Life, Death, and Legacy of Patrick Henry O’Rorke,” Civil War History 39 (September 1993), 234–35; “Gen. Patrick Henry O’Rorke,” in Second Annual Report of the State Historian of the State of New York (Albany: Wynkoop, Hallenback & Crawford, 1897), 63–64.
26. Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 130, 134, 135, 268–69, 274, 299, 317; Capt. Joseph Leeper to J. B. Bachelder, in Bachelder Papers, 2:896, and “Gettysburg—The Part Taken in the Battle by the Fifth Corps,” National Tribune (April 30, 1885); Susannah Ural Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865 (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 160–63; Porter Farley, “Reminiscences of Gettysburg,” National Tribune (January 1, 1878); Bennett, Sons of Old Monroe, 231, 233, 234, 235; Callihan, “Elusive Victory,” 83–84; Brainard, Campaigns of the One Hundred and Forty-Sixth Regiment, 116–18; Allen, Under the Maltese Cross, 168; Lt. Azor S. Marvin to Warren (October 29, 1877), Porter Farley to J. B. Bachelder (May 8, 1878), and Col. Kenner Garrard to Warren (October 31, 1877), in Bachelder Papers, 1:511, 513, 548; LaFantasie, Twilight at Little Round Top, 153.
27. Powell, The Fifth Army Corps, 523; W. F. Perry, “Devil’s Den,” Confederate Veteran 9 (April 1901), 161–62; Col. A. H. Belo, “The Battle of Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 8 (April 1900), 168; Warren, in Second Annual Report of the State Historian of the State of New York, 43–44; Hyde, “Recollections of the Battle of Gettysburg,” 198; Brainard, Campaigns of the One Hundred and Forty-Sixth Regiment, 119; William C. Oates to J. B. Bachelder (March 29, 1876) and Lt. Edgar Warren to Bachelder (November 15, 1877), in Bachelder Papers, 1:465, 515–16; Tucker, Storming Little Round Top, 206; “Report of Brig. Gen. J. B. Robertson, C.S. Army” (July 17, 1863) and “Report of Col. William C. Oates, Fifteenth Alabama Infantry” (August 8, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):393, 405; Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, and Its Lost Opportunities with a History of the 15th Alabama Regiment and the Forty-Eight Battles in Which It Was Engaged (New York: Neale Publishing, 1905), 220; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses, 260, 262; LaFantasie, Twilight at Little Round Top, 273.
28. Rittenhouse, “The Battle of Gettysburg as Seen from Little Round Top,” 39–40; Farley, “Reminiscences of Gettysburg,” National Tribune (January 1, 1878); Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 133; Thomas Desjardin, These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), 37; Allen, Under the Maltese Cross, 170; “Heroes of Gettysburgh” (November 3, 1863), i
n Rebellion Record, ed. Moore (1864), 7:77; William F. Breakey [surgeon, 16th Michigan], “Recollections and Incidents of Medical Military Service” (February 4, 1897), in War Papers Read Before the Michigan Commandery, 2:144.
29. Jordan, “Happiness Is Not My Companion”: The Life of General G. K. Warren, 92; Law, “The Struggle for ‘Round Top,’ ” in Battles & Leaders, 3:319; Beecham, Gettysburg, 185; H. S. Melcher, “The 20th Maine at Little Round Top,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:315; Sparks from the Camp Fire; or, Tales of the Old Veterans, ed. Joseph Morton (Philadelphia: Keeler & Kirkpatrick, 1899), 31; Capt. James T. Long, Gettysburg, How the Battle Was Fought (Harrisburg: Clarence Busch, 1890), 34; Ken Discofarno, They Saved the Union at Little Round Top (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 2002); Tucker, Storming Little Round Top, 175; George L. Kilmer, “Crisis on Round-Top: Battle Between the Twentieth Maine and Fifteenth Alabama,” Gettysburg Compiler (September 15, 1896).
30. Porter Farley to Warren (October 26, 1877), in Bennett, “Truth Without Exaggeration: Porter Farley’s Life-Long Study of the Events on Little Round Top,” Gettysburg Magazine 28 (January 2003), 57; Adelman, The Myth of Little Round Top (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 2003), 37–56; Desjardins, These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory, 127–41.
31. Warren (July 13, 1872), in Henry J. Hunt, “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:309.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN I have never been in a hotter place
1. John S. Robson, How a One-Legged Rebel Lives: Reminiscences of the Civil War (Durham, NC: The Educator Co., 1898), 94, 99–100; Wright, No More Gallant a Deed, 183–84; Richard Moe, The Last Full Measure: The Life and Death of the First Minnesota Volunteers (1993; St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2001), 262–63; Charles D. Page, History of the Fourteenth Regiment, Connecticut Volunteer Infantry (Meriden, CT: Horton Printing, 1906), 149–50; Dr. George S. Osborne [1st Massachusetts Cavalry] and Doubleday to J. B. Bachelder (May 14 and January 22, 1885), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1042, 1096.
2. E. Polk Johnson, “ ‘Were You Scared?’ ” Southern Bivouac 4 (November 1885), 374; Richard Holmes, Acts of War: The Behavior of Men in Battle (New York: Free Press, 1985), 149, 177–78; Fisk, Hard Marching Every Day: The Civil War Letters of Private Wilbur Fisk, 1861–1865, ed. Ruth and Emil Rosenblatt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1983), 350; Livermore, Days and Events, 1860–1866 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920), 67; Earl Hess, The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 28; “Report of Brig. Gen. Napoleon B. Buford” (October 13, 1862), in O.R., series one, 17 (pt. 1):217.
3. Dodge, “Left Wounded on the Field,” 321; Capt. Frank Holsinger, “How Does One Feel Under Fire” (May 5, 1898), in War Talks in Kansas, 294; Urban, “The Story of Gettysburg—A Great Battle as Seen by a Lancaster Boy,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (July 2007), 98; C. M. Damon, Sketches and Incidents; or, Reminiscences of Interest in the Life of the Author (Chicago: Free Methodist Publishing House, 1900), 70; William Smith to John W. Daniel (October 17, 1905), in Gordon C. Rhea, The Battle of the Wilderness, May 5–6, 1864 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 323; Hess, Union Soldier in Battle, 112, 114; Dawes, Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, 91.
4. Eugene Fitch Ware, The Lyon Campaign in Missouri: Being a History of the First Iowa Infantry (Topeka, KS: Crane & Co., 1907), 136; Wright, No More Gallant a Deed, 165–66; A. B. Isham, “The Story of a Gunshot Wound,” in Sketches of War History, 4:430; S. Weir Mitchell, Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of Nerves (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1864), 14; Sir Thomas Longmore, Gunshot Injuries: Their History, Characteristic Features, Complications, and General Treatment (London: Longmans, Green, 1895), 198–99, 692; Frederic S. Dennis, “Surgery of the Chest,” in A Treatise on Surgery by American Authors for Students and Practitioners of Surgery and Medicine, ed. Roswell Park (Philadelphia: Lee Bros., 1896), 2:265; C. E. B. Flagg, “A Plea for Immediate Celiotomy in Penetrating Gunshots Wounds of the Abdomen in War,” Proceedings of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States at Its Tenth Annual Meeting at St. Paul, Minnesota (Carlisle, PA: Association of Military Surgeons, 1901), 110.
5. Lieutenant Colonel John Mitchell, Thoughts on Tactics and Military Organization (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1838), 160; Andrew Steinmetz, “Military Gymnastics of the French,” Journal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies 5 (1861), 386, 392; William Fox, “The Chances of Being Hit in Battle: A Study of Regimental Losses in the Civil War,” Century Magazine 36 (May 1888), 104; “Reports of Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, U.S. Army” (February 12, 1863), in O.R., series one, 20 (pt. 1):197; “The Use of the Rifle,” Atlantic Monthly (March 1862), 301.
6. Arthur Walker, The Rifle: Its Theory and Practice (London: J. B. Nichols, 1864), 208; Livermore, Days and Events, 67; Fisher, diary entry for August 31, 1862, in A Philadelphia Perspective: The Civil War Diary of Sidney George Fisher, ed. Jonathan W. White (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), 164; Strachan, From Waterloo to Balaclava, 117–18.
7. Holsinger, “How Does One Feel Under Fire,” 294; Ladley to “Mother & Sisters” (May 19, 1863), in Hearth and Knapsack: The Ladley Letters, 129; Wheeler, diary entry for August 9, 1863, in Letters of William Wheeler, 418; Cook, “Personal Reminiscences of Gettysburg,” 335; Benton, As Seen from the Ranks: A Boy in the Civil War (New York: G. P. Putnam’s 1902), 39–40, 47; Reardon, With a Sword in One Hand, 115; O’Reilly, “Stonewall” Jackson at Fredericksburg, 48.
8. Lancaster Daily Express (July 10, 1863), in Charles Teague, “The U.S. Marshal at Gettysburg,” in Gettysburg: The End of the Campaign and Battle’s Aftermath (Gettysburg: Gettysburg National Military Park, 2012), 100; Wright, No More Gallant a Deed, 183–84; Holsinger, “How Does One Feel Under Fire,” 293; Edwin Clark Bennett, Musket and Sword; or, The Camp, March, and Firing Line in the Army of the Potomac (Boston: Coburn Publishing, 1900), 141; Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 292.
9. Jacobs, “How an Eye Witness Watched the Great Battle—A Vivid Story of the Mighty Conflict,” Baltimore Sunday American (June 29, 1913); J. W. Lokey, “Wounded at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 22 (September 1914), 400; Judson, History of the Eighty-Third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, 131, 134; Robert G. Carter, “The Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Maine, 2:172, 179; Carter, Four Brothers in Blue; or, Sunshine and Shadows of the War of the Rebellion: A Story of the Great Civil War from Bull Run to Appomattox, ed. J. M. Carroll (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978), 323.
10. Wyckoff, History of the Second South Carolina Infantry, 10–11, 522; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses, 179; Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade, 86–89; U. R. Brooks, South Carolina Bench and Bar (Columbia, SC: State Co., 1908), 1:227; Elisabeth Muhlenfeld, Mary Boykin Chesnut: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 163; Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, ed. C. Vann Woodward, 135; Kershaw to J. B. Bachelder (April 3, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:473.
11. “Report of Brig. Gen. J. B. Kershaw, C.S. Army” (October 1, 1863, in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):367; Kershaw to J. B. Bachelder (March 20, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:454–55; Kershaw, “Kershaw’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Battles & Leaders, 3:334; D. Scott Hartwig, “ ‘I Have Never Been in a Hotter Place’: Brigade Command at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 25 (July 2001), 66–67; Wilkinson and Woodworth, A Scythe of Fire, 247–48.
12. “Report of Col. P. Régis de Trobriand, Fifty-Fifth New York Infantry, Commanding Third Brigade” (July 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):520; de Trobriand to J. B. Bachelder (August 24, 1869), in Bachelder Papers, 1:374; Capt. George Verrill, “Seventeenth Maine Regiment,” in Maine at Gettysburg, 193; de Trobriand, Four Years in the Army of the Potomac, 495.
13. John and Robert Parker, Henry Wilson’s Regiment: History of the Twenty-second Massachusetts Infantry (Boston: Rand Avery, 1887), 582; Tagg, T
he Generals of Gettysburg, 86; The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Pennsylvania of the Nineteenth Century (Philadelphia: Galaxy Publishing, 1874), 646–47; Bennett, Musket and Sword, 287; Bates, Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania, 913–14; George Sykes to Oliver W. Norton (August 5, 1872), in Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 294–95.
14. Jordan, Red Diamond Regiment, 74–75; John Haley to J. B. Bachelder (February 6, 1884), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1004; Jorgensen, Gettysburg’s Bloody Wheatfield, 84, 86; Verrill, “Seventeenth Maine Regiment,”195; Mattocks to “My dear Mother” (July 3, 1863), in “Unspoiled Heart”: The Journal of Charles Mattocks of the 17th Maine, ed. Philip N. Racine (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 47–48; Edwin B. Houghton, The Campaigns of the Seventeenth Maine (Portland: Short & Loring, 1866), 92; Thomas Bradbury, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in Special Collections, University of Virginia; Charles W. Roberts, “At Gettysburg in 1863 and 1888,” in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Maine, 1:51–52.
15. de Trobriand, Four Years with the Army of the Potomac, 499; “Report of Capt. George B. Winslow, Battery D, First New York Light Artillery” (July 28, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):587; Thomas W. Osborn, “Dedication of Monument—Battery D “Winslow’s” First New York Light Artillery” (July 2, 1888), in New York at Gettysburg, 3:1206–7; Winslow to J. B. Bachelder (May 17, 1878), in Bachelder Papers, 1:590; Winslow, “On Little Round Top: The Position and Achievements of the First New York Volunteer Artillery,” in Gettysburg Sources, 3:152–54.
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