8. Francis A. Walker, “Hancock at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (October 28, 1886); William Colville to J. B. Bachelder (June 9, 1866) and Hancock to J. B. Bachelder (November 7, 1885), in Bachelder Papers, 1:256–57, 2:1135; Shultz and Wieck, Battle Between the Farm Lanes, 92, 93; William Lochren, “The First Minnesota at Gettysburg,” in Glimpses of the Nation’s Struggle, 1:48–50; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):371.
9. Moe, The Last Full Measure: The Life and Death of the First Minnesota Volunteers, 278, 349; History of the First Regiment Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1864 (Stillwater, MN: Easton & Masterman, 1916), 350; Franklyn Curtiss-Wedge, History of Goodhue County, Minnesota (Chicago: H. C. Cooper, 1909), 507–8; Brian Leehan, Pale Horse at Plum Run: The First Minnesota at Gettysburg (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2001), 44, 56, 173–74, 176, 179; Colvill to J. B. Bachelder (August 30, 1866), in Bachelder Papers, 1:285; Walker, “Hancock at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (October 28, 1886); Tucker, Hancock the Superb, 144.
10. “Colonel Hilary Herbert’s ‘History of the Eighth Alabama Volunteer Regiment, C.S.A.,’ ” ed. M. S. Fortin, Alabama Historical Quarterly 39 (1977), 116–18; Searles, “The First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry,” 105; Lochren, “The First Minnesota at Gettysburg,” 48–50; Clark, “Wilcox’s Alabama Brigade at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 17 (May 1909), 229–30; Patrick Hill, Perry Tholl, and Greg Johnson, “ ‘On This Spot …’: Locating the 1st Minnesota Monument at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 32 (January 2005), 97; Waters and Edmonds, A Small but Spartan Band, 70–71; “Report of Col. David Lang, Eighth Florida Infantry” (July 29, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):631–32; Smith, History of the Nineteenth Regiment of Maine Volunteer Infantry, 71.
11. History of the First Regiment Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, 349; Searles, “The First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry,” 107; “Report of Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox, C.S. Army” (July 17, 1863) and “Report of Col. David Lang, Eighth Florida Infantry” (July 29, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):618, 631–32; Leehan, Pale Horse at Plum Run, 74–75, 218–19.
12. Shultz and Wieck, Battle Between the Farm Lanes, 30–31.
13. “Report of Brig. Gen. A. R. Wright, C.S. Army” (September 28, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):622; Isaac W. Avery, The History of the State of Georgia from 1850 to 1881, Embracing the Three Important Epochs: The Decade Before the War of 1861–5; the War; the Period of Reconstruction (New York: Brown & Derby, 1881), 40; “Delegates to the Southern Convention” and “Georgia Convention,” Macon Daily Telegraph (January 26 and March 21, 1861); Margaret Mitchell, “General Wright: Georgia’s Hero at Gettysburg,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 9 (May 1950), 85; Eric A. Campbell, “So Much for Comrades in Arms,” America’s Civil War (July 2007), 56; Matt Atkinson, “ ‘We Were Now Completely Masters of the Field’: Ambrose Wright’s Attack on July 2,” in The Second Day at Gettysburg, 212; Frank H. Foote, “Marching in Clover: A Confederate Brigade’s Tramp from the Rappahannock to Gettysburg,” in New Annals of the Civil War, 276.
14. William H. Stewart, A Pair of Blankets: War-Time History in Letters to Young People of the South (New York: Broadway Publishing, 1911), 96–97; “Report of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson, C.S. Army” (August 7, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):614; Rev’d Henry Stevens, Souvenir of the Excursions to Battlefields by the Society of the 14th Connecticut (Washington, DC: Gibson Brothers, 1893), 16; Address by Col. Claiborne Snead at the Reunion of the Third Georgia Regiment, at Union Point on the 31st July, 1874: History of the Third Georgia Regiment and the Career of Its First Commander, Gen. Ambrose R. Wright (Augusta, GA: Chronicle and Sentinel Job Printing Establishment, 1874), 9; Charles Teague, Masters of the Field at Gettysburg: A Tactical Study of the Charge of Brigadier General Ambrose R. Wright’s Georgia Brigade on July 2, 1863 (privately printed, 2012), 17–18; “Private Letters from Lieut. Anderson, of Gen. Wright’s Staff,” Macon Daily Telegraph (July 22, 1863).
15. “Report of Capt. Charles J. Moffett, Second Georgia Battalion” (July 18, 1863) and “Report of Brig. Gen. A. R. Wright, C.S. Army” (September 28, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):623, 630; Teague, Masters of the Field at Gettysburg, 19–20; Thomas L. Elmore, “Casualty Analysis of the Gettysburg Battle,” Gettysburg Magazine 35 (July 2006), 95–96; Atkinson, “ ‘We Were Now Completely Masters of the Field’: Ambrose Wright’s Attack on July 2,” 215; Charles D. Page, History of the Fourteenth Regiment, Connecticut Vol. Infantry (Meriden, CT: Horton Printing, 1906), 144; Edward G. Longacre, To Gettysburg and Beyond: The Twelfth New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, 1862–1865 (Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 1988), 124–25; Richard S. Thompson, “A Scrap of Gettysburg” (1897), in Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Chicago: Dial Press, 1899), 98–99.
16. Emerson L. Bicknell to J. B. Bachelder (August 6, 1883), in Bachelder Papers, 2:963–64; “Dedication of Monument. 2d Regiment N.Y.S. Militia (82d Volunteers),” in New York at Gettysburg, 2:664; “Report of Lieut. Col. George C. Joslin, Fifteenth Massachusetts Infantry” (July 11, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):423; Andrew Elmer Ford, The Story of the Fifteenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry in the Civil War, 1861–1864 (Clinton, MA: J. Coulter, 1898), 280; John H. Rhodes, The History of Battery B, First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery, in the War to Preserve the Union, 1861–1865 (Providence, RI: Snow & Farnham, 1894), 201, 203; “Address by Colonel Joseph R. C. Ward,” in In Memoriam: Alexander Stewart Webb, 82; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 330, 332; Bradley Gottfried, Stopping Pickett: The History of the Philadelphia Brigade (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 1999), 158–59; Robert Grandchamp, “Brown’s Company B, 1st Rhode Island at the Battle of Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 36 (January 2007), 87–88; Gary G. Lash, “Duty Well Done”: The History of Edward Baker’s California Regiment, 71st Pennsylvania Infantry (Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 2001), 332.
17. Campbell, “So Much for Comrades in Arms,” 58; “Address by Colonel Joseph R. C. Ward,” 82; Address by Col. Claiborne Snead, 9; Marsena Patrick, diary entry for July 6, 1863, in Inside Lincoln’s Army, 267; Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2:89; Cleaves, Meade of Gettysburg, 152–53.
18. Benedict, Vermont at Gettysburgh, 6–7; Shultz and Wieck, Battle Between the Farm Lanes, 115–17, 122–24, 126–27, 129; George H. Scott, “Vermont at Gettysburg,” Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society (1930), 1:66; Williams to J. B. Bachelder (April 21, 1864, and November 10, 1865), in Bachelder Papers, 1:163–64, 215; Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2:89; Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 138.
19. Stewart, A Pair of Blankets, 96–97; Campbell, “So Much for Comrades in Arms,” 58; Cooper H. Wingert, “Masters of the Field: A New Interpretation of Wright’s Brigade and Their Assault at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 47 (July 2012), 74–75.
20. “Report of Brig. Gen. Carnot Posey, C.S. Army” (July 29, 1863) and “Report of Col. N. H. Harris, Nineteenth Mississippi Infantry” (July 29, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):633, 634; Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg, 319; John L. Brady to J. B. Bachelder (May 24, 1886), in Bachelder Papers, 3:1389; Elwood W. Christ, “Over a Wide, Hot … Crimson Plain”: The Struggle for the Bliss Farm at Gettysburg, July 2nd and 3rd, 1863 (Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 1994), 20–30.
21. “Report of Maj. Gen. Daniel H. Hill, C.S. Army,” in O.R., series one, 11 (pt. 1):945; Hal Bridges, Lee’s Maverick General: Daniel Harvey Hill (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991), 49–50; John W. De Peyster, “A Military Memoir of William Mahone, Major General in the Confederate Army,” The Historical Magazine 10 (July 1871), 20; Kevin Levin, “William Mahone, the Lost Cause, and Civil War History,” VMHB 113 (2005), 381; “Report of Brig. Gen. William Mahone” (July 10, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):621; Gottfried, Brigades of Gettysburg, 583; Freeman, L
ee’s Lieutenants, 3:127–28.
22. Foote, “Marching in Clover,” in New Annals of the Civil War, 281; “Letter from Lee’s Army” (July 15, 1863), in Writing and Fighting from the Army of Northern Virginia, 252; Teague, Masters of the Field at Gettysburg, 63, 71, 73–74; Zachery A. Fry, “ ‘Rally on Your Colors’: The 59th New York Volunteer Infantry from Antietam to Gettysburg,” unpublished honors thesis, Kent State University (December 2010), 153; Joseph Ripley Chandler Ward, History of the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers (Philadelphia: F. McManus, 1906), 400; William B. Judkins, “Memoir,” in 22nd Georgia Regiment, Gettysburg National Military Park Vertical Files [#7-GA22]; “Report of Brig. Gen. A. R. Wright, C.S. Army” (September 28, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):624–25; C. H. Andrews, “Flag of the Third Georgia Regiment,” Confederate Veteran 2 (July 1894), 201.
23. William Paul, “Severe Experiences at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 19 (February 1911), 85; Bradley M. Gottfried, “Wright’s Charge on July 2, 1863: Piercing the Union Line or Inflated Glory?,” Gettysburg Magazine 17 (July 1997), 76; “Casualties in the Macon Guards,” Macon Daily Telegraph (July 13, 1863).
24. Campbell, “So Much for Comrades in Arms,” 56; Memoirs of Georgia: Containing Historical Accounts of the State’s Civil, Military, Industrial and Professional Interests (Atlanta: Southern Historical Association, 1895), 1:966; Bates, The Battle of Gettysburg, 131–32.
CHAPTER NINETEEN We are the Louisiana Tigers!
1. Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 216; Fremantle, Six Months, 259–60.
2. Henry S. Huidekoper, in Winey, Confederate Army Uniforms at Gettysburg, 24; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 346; “Report of Lieut. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, C.S. Army,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):446; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 216; Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, C.S.A., 273–74.
3. Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” 66; Wainwright, diary entry for July 1, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 238; Bert H. Barnett, “ ‘Our Position Was Finely Adapted to Its Use’: The Guns of Cemetery Hill,” in The Second Day at Gettysburg, 232.
4. Hartwell Osborn, Trials and Triumphs: The Record of the Fifty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1904), 99–100; Hurst, Journal-History of the Seventy-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 67–68; John Archer, “The Hour Was One of Horror”: East Cemetery Hill at Gettysburg (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1997), 15, 17–18; Edward S. Salmon, “Gettysburg” (January 17, 1912), in Civil War Papers of the California Commandery and the Oregon Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing, 1995), 403–4, 405.
5. Andrew Harris to J. B. Bachelder (April 7, 1864), in Bachelder Papers, 1:138; Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty-Third Pennsylvania Volunteers, 97; Herman Schuricht, “Jenkins’ Brigade in the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 24 (January–December 1896), 344; Paul M. Shevchuk, “The Wounding of Albert Jenkins, July 2, 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine 3 (July 1990), 61; Linn, “Journal of My Trip to the Battlefield of Gettysburg, July 1863,” Civil War Times Illustrated 29 (September–October 1990), 62–63.
6. Tunstall Smith, Richard Snowden Andrews: Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding the First Maryland Artillery (Baltimore: Sun Job Printing, 1910), 96; Charles D. Walker, Biographical Sketches of the Graduates and Élèves of the Virginia Military Institute Who Fell During the War Between the States (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1875), 332; O’Reilly, “Stonewall” Jackson at Fredericksburg, 117; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 217.
7. Stewart, “Battery B, 4th United States Artillery at Gettysburg,” in W. H. Chamberlin, ed., Sketches of War History, 4:190; Seymour, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 74; “Report of Lieut. Col. R. Snowden Anderson, C.S. Artillery” (August 5, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):544; Wainwright, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 243.
8. Seymour, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 74; Archer, “The Hour Was One of Horror,” 29; Stiles, Four Years Under Marse Robert, 218; “Report of Lieut. Col. R. Snowden Anderson, C.S. Artillery” (August 5, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):544; Jay Jorgensen, “Joseph W. Latimer, the ‘Boy Major,’ at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 9 (July 1993), 33; Gary Kross, “The ‘Long Arm’ of Lee on Benner’s Hill,” Blue and Gray Magazine 14 (June 1997), 7–10.
9. Seymour, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 74; R. J. Hancock to J. W. Daniel (April 4, 1905), in John Warwick Daniel Papers, Special Collections, University of Virginia.
10. Wainwright, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 245; “Stevens’ Fifth Maine Battery at the Battle of Gettysburg,” in Maine at Gettysburg, 94; Archer, “The Hour Was One of Horror,” 32–33; Hurst, Journal-History of the Seventy-Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 71; Andrew L. Harris to J. B. Bachelder (March 14, 1881), in Bachelder Papers, 2:745–46; Seymour, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 75–76; Thomas Causby, “Storming the Stone Fence at Gettysburg,” SHSP 29 (January–December 1901), 340; “Gettysburg—The Part Taken by the Eleventh Corps,” National Tribune (December 12, 1889); “Reports of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays, C.S. Army” (August 4, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):480.
11. Archer, “The Hour Was One of Horror,” 17; Peter F. Young to J. B. Bachelder (August 12, 1867) and Andrew L. Harris to J. B. Bachelder (March 14, 1881), in Bachelder Papers, 1:310–11, 312, 2:745; Oscar Ladley to “Mother & Sisters” (July 5, 1863), in Hearth and Knapsack, 142–43; Butts, A Gallant Captain of the Civil War, 84–85; Seymour, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 75–76; Scott L. Mingus, The Louisiana Tigers in the Gettysburg Campaign, June–July 1863 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), 168; Barnett, “ ‘Our Position Was Finely Adapted to Its Use’: The Guns of Cemetery Hill,” in The Second Day at Gettysburg, 252; F. Nussbaum, “Louisiana Tigers and the 107th Ohio,” National Tribune (July 15, 1909).
12. Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” 65; James A. Woods, “The 17th Connecticut and 41st New York: A Revisionist History of the Defense of East Cemetery Hill,” Gettysburg Magazine 28 (January 2003), 96–97.
13. Barnett, “ ‘Our Position Was Finely Adapted to Its Use’: The Guns of Cemetery Hill,” 253; Hurst, Journal-History of the Seventy-Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 72; Butts, A Gallant Captain of the Civil War, 84–85; Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, 87; R. Bruce Ricketts to J. B. Bachelder (March 2, 1866), in Bachelder Papers, 1:237–38; Ricketts, “Sketch of the Services of Battery F and G,” in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 2:932; Carpenter, “General O. O. Howard at Gettysburg,” 271; Wainwright, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 245, 247; Valuska and Keller, Damn Dutch: Pennsylvania Germans at Gettysburg, 176–77.
14. Naiswald, Grape and Canister, 321–22; “Reports of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays, C.S. Army” (August 4, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):480; Causby, “Storming the Stone Fence at Gettysburg,” 340–41; Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:25; A. H. Huber, “On the Right—The 33rd Mass. and ‘Steven’s Knoll’ at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (March 11, 1909).
15. Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 138; Gottfried, Stopping Pickett, 164; “Reports of Brig. Gen. Alexander S. Webb” (July 12, 1863) and “Report of Lieut. Col. William L. Curry, One Hundred and Sixth Pennsylvania Infantry” (July 11, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):427, 434; Ward, History of the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 401.
16. William Kepler, History of the Three Months’ and Three Years’ Service from April 16th, 1861, to June 22d, 1864, of the Fourth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the War for the Union (Cleveland: Leader Printing Co., 1886), 128–29; Lash, The Gibraltar Brigade on East Cemetery Hill, 82–92; Gottfried, Brigades of Gettysburg, 165.
17. “Reports of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays, C.S. Army” (August 4, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):480; Frey, Longstreet’s Assault—Pickett’s Charge, 98; Archer, “The Hour Was One of Horror,” 72–76; J. L. Dickelman, “Gen. Carroll’s Gibraltar Brigade at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (December 10, 1908); Pete Tomasak, “An Encounter with Battery Hell,” Gettysburg Magazine 12 (January 1995), 38. For the next thirty years, the humiliated survivors of Adelbert Ames’ division would do their best to insist that they had “with indomitable pluck fought the enemy hand-to-hand” in the lane, “and that when Carroll’s Brigade arrived the fighting was practically finished and victory won.” Samuel Carroll would greet this claim with contempt: “Our brigade … alone drove the enemy from Cemetery Hill.” Otis Howard tried to smooth over the dispute in 1876 when he paid tribute to Carroll’s brigade for “carrying everything before them” on Cemetery Hill, but that only turned the wrath of Carroll’s veterans on Howard. 1st Corps officers like Bruce Ricketts and Charles Wainwright turned Cemetery Hill into an ethnic slur on the “division of dutchmen,” who “as soon as the charge commenced,” began “running in the greatest confusion to the rear.” See W. S. Wickham, “Gettysburg—An Ohio Comrade Upholds the Credit of the Eleventh Corps,” National Tribune (May 7, 1891); Lash, The Gibraltar Brigade on East Cemetery Hill, 104; and R. Bruce Ricketts to J. B. Bachelder (March 2, 1866), in Bachelder Papers, 1:235, 236, 237–38.
18. “Report of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, C.S. Army” (August 22, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):470; Early, “Leading Confederates on the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 4 (December 1877), 280; Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes, 286–91; Longstreet, Manassas to Appomattox, 374–75; Gallagher, Stephen Dodson Ramseur, 74; Wynstra, “The Rashness of That Hour,” 279–80; Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, C.S.A., 273–74; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 353–54, 356. Early politely stung Rodes in his post-battle report by complaining that “no attack was made on the immediate right, as was expected, and not meeting with support from that quarter, these brigades could not hold the position they had attained.” And in his sensational “review of the battle of Gettysburg” in 1877, Early would describe “the failure of Rodes’ division to go forward” as “the solitary instance of remissness” shown in Dick Ewell’s corps at Gettysburg—which was a whopper in its own right. But it is true that, after unwisely bolting ahead to the attack the day before, Rodes displayed an unusual inertia on the evening of July 2nd. Longstreet, for his part, blamed Early for recklessly ignoring Rodes’ signal that “the moment had come for the divisions to attack” (although Longstreet was by that time less interested in Rodes than in paying back Early, who became Longstreet’s primary postwar tormentor over who was responsible for Gettysburg). Rodes struggled to explain that the orders he had received from Dick Ewell “during the afternoon” instructed him to “co-operate,” not with Early, but with Longstreet; it was only when after Ambrose Wright’s attack had clearly fizzled that Rodes insisted that he “immediately sought out General Early, with a view of making an attack in concert with him.”
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