22. Smith, History of the Nineteenth Regiment of Maine Volunteer Infantry, 1862–1865, 73.
23. Léon, Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier, 36; Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 213–14; George Anson Bruce, The Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), 283–84.
24. Swallow, “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” Southern Bivouac 4 (January 1886), 498; Berzila Inman, in Smith, History of the 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, 249; Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 340–41.
25. William W. Keen, “Surgical Reminiscences of the Civil War,” in Addresses and Other Papers (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1905), 435–36; Eugene Powell, “Rebellion’s High Tide—The Splendid Work the Third Day on Culp’s Hill by the Twelfth Corps,” National Tribune (July 5, 1900); Louis C. Duncan, “The Comparative Mortality of Disease and Battle Casualties in the Historic Wars of the World,” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 54 (March–April 1914), 166, 168.
26. Figes, Crimea, 302–3; Edgerton, Death or Glory, 128; Henri Dunant, A Memory of Solferino (Washington, DC: American National Red Cross, 1939), 70.
27. Gregory Coco, A Vast Sea of Misery: A History and Guide to the Union and Confederate Field Hospitals at Gettysburg, July 1–November 20, 1863 (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1988), ix, 129–30; Charles Edward Benton, As Seen from the Ranks: A Boy in the Civil War (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1902), 31; Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty-Third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, 99–100; Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg, 61–62; Wharton Jackson Green, Recollections and Reflections, 175–76; George G. Benedict, Army Life in Virginia: Letters from the Twelfth Vermont Regiment and Personal Experiences of Volunteer Service in the War for the Union, 1862–63 (Burlington, VT: Free Press, 1895), 175.
28. “Our Wounded at Gettysburg—Mr. N. Davidson’s Despatch,” New York Herald (July 24, 1863); “Rebellion Echoes—The Work of Loyal Women in the War for the Union,” Gettysburg Star and Sentinel (May 19, 1885).
29. “Report of Surg. Jonathan Letterman” (October 3, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):195–96; J. B. Wescott to Joshua L. Chamberlain (February 1896), “20th Maine Infantry,” in GNMP Vertical Files [#6-ME20]; Lucy Cleveland, “Dr. Baruch’s Experiences as a Prisoner of War,” New York Times (December 8, 1912); Smith, History of the 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, 253; Hanifen, History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery, 80; Weygant, History of the One Hundred and Twenty-Fourth Regiment, 182–83; George W. New to J. B. Bachelder (September 8, 1865), in Bachelder Papers, 1:197–98; Craig Schneider, The College Hospital: Pennsylvania College and the Battle of Gettysburg (Gettysburg: Gettysburg College Civil War Era Studies, 2006), 12.
30. William Watson, Letters of a Civil War Surgeon, ed. Paul Fatout (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1996), 108; Benedict, Army Life in Virginia, 175; Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:39–40; Holmes, Acts of War, 178–79, 181, 184–85; Decimus et Ultimus Barziza, The Adventures of a Prisoner of War, 1863–1864, ed. R. Henderson Shuffler (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964), 54; Weygant, History of the One Hundred and Twenty-Fourth Regiment, 182–83; Rev’d H. J. Watkins, “Gettysburg War Incidents,” in 1902 Spectrum (Gettysburg College Yearbook) Special Collections, Gettysburg College; “Anonymous Mid–1930s,” in The Oxford Book of War Poetry, ed. Tom Stallworthy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 234.
31. Polley, A Soldier’s Letters to Charming Nellie, 136; John O. Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade (Girard, KS: Appeal Publishing Co., 1906), 176; Robert L. Bloom, “ ‘We Never Expected a Battle’: The Civilians at Gettysburg, 1863,” Pennsylvania History 55 (October 1988), 183.
32. Mrs. Hugh McIlhenny, “Cobean History” (1948), GNMP Vertical Files [#1–13]; Foster, “Battle of Gettysburg” and Warren, “Recollections of the Battle of Gettysburg,” Adams County Historical Society; Watkins, “Gettysburg War Incidents,” 182; Alleman, At Gettysburg; or, What a Girl Saw and Heard of the Battle, 86–88; McCreary, “Gettysburg: A Boy’s Experience of the Battle,” McClure’s Magazine 33 (July 1909), 250; Peter C. Vermilyea, “The Effect of the Confederate Invasion of Pennsylvania on Gettysburg’s African American Community,” Gettysburg Magazine 24 (July 2001), 120; Bloom, “ ‘We Never Expected a Battle,’ ” 168–69.
33. Rupp, in Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 40–41, 48–49; Handerson, Yankee in Gray, 63; Timothy H. Smith, “In the Eye of the Storm”: The Farnsworth House and the Battle of Gettysburg (Gettysburg: Farnsworth Military Impressions, 2008), 17, 33; Sheldon, When the Smoke Cleared at Gettysburg, 82–83, 85; McCreary, “Gettysburg: A Boy’s Experience of the Battle,” 247–48.
34. McCreary, “Gettysburg: A Boy’s Experience of the Battle,” 246; “Mrs. Gilbert’s Story,” Gettysburg Compiler (September 6, 1905); I. N. Dubboraw, “The Big Battle—A Comrade Sends Reminiscences of a Citizen at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (December 8, 1892); John Lawrence Schick, “Battle 42 Years Ago,” in GNMP Vertical Files [#8–14].
35. Alleman, At Gettysburg; or, What a Girl Saw and Heard of the Battle, 94; “Jennie Wade, the Heroine of Gettysburg,” Adams County Sentinel (December 1, 1863); Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 87–89; “Another Civilian Hero,” Gettysburg Star and Sentinel (April 18, 1899); Bloom, “ ‘We Never Expected a Battle,’ ” 177; Hillyer, “Battle of Gettysburg: Address Before the Walton County Georgia Confederate Veterans, August 2nd, 1904,” Manuscripts, Rare Books and University Archives, Tulane University; Wilkinson and Woodworth, A Scythe of Fire, 254.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE The general plan of attack was unchanged
1. Jacobs, “Meterology of the Battle,” Gettysburg Magazine 10 (January 1994), 121; “Gettysburg During the Battle—By One Who Was in the Town During the Whole,” Christian Recorder (July 18, 1863); George Anson Bruce, The Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), 287–88; Kent Gramm, Battle: The Nature and Consequences of Civil War Combat (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2008), 24; “An Episode of the Battle of Gettysburg,” Catholic World 33 (July 1881), 451–52.
2. Frederick B. Doten to J. B. Bachelder (September 22, 1870) and Theodore G. Ellis to J. B. Bachelder (November 3, 1870), in Bachelder Papers, 1:402, 406–7; Thompson, “A Scrap of Gettysburg,” 99–100; William P. Seville, History of the First Regiment, Delaware Volunteers (Wilmington: Historical Society of Delaware, 1884), 83–84; Page, History of the Fourteenth Regiment, Connecticut Vol. Infantry, 146; Terry Crooks, “Rochester’s Forgotten Regiment: The 108th New York at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 42 (July 2010), 101; Longacre, To Gettysburg and Beyond: The Twelfth New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, 129–30.
3. Bert H. Barnett, “ ‘For an Hour and a Half We Had a Grand Fourth of July Performance’: Robert E. Lee and the Cannonade of July 3,” in The Third Day: The Fate of a Nation, July 3, 1863 (Gettysburg: Gettysburg National Military Park, 2010), 95; Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade, 241; Earl J. Hess, Pickett’s Charge—The Last Attack at Gettysburg (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 5; “Reports of Gen. Robert E. Lee, C.S. Army” (July 31, 1863, in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):208; Troy Harman, Lee’s Real Plan at Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003), 64–67; H. B. McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Major-General J.E.B. Stuart, 337; “Battle of July Third,” in Gerrish and Hutchinson, The Blue and the Gray: A Graphic History of the Army of the Potomac and That of Northern Virginia, 362.
4. Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 222; Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:342; Archer, Culp’s Hill at Gettysburg, 82.
5. James Power Smith, “General Lee at Gettysburg,” SHSP 33 (January–February 1905), 151; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” 429, and Manassas to Appomattox, 385, and “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” 343; Jacobs, Lincoln’s Gettysburg World-Message, 31; Beecham, Gettysburg, the Pivotal Battle of the Civil War, 262; Harman, Lee’s Real Plan at G
ettysburg, 63–64; D. Scott Hartwig, “High Water Mark Heroes, Myth and Memory,” in The Third Day: The Fate of a Nation, 26; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 431–33, 439; Priest, Into the Fight: Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg, 14.
6. Walter H. Taylor, “The Campaign in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War, 313; William H. J. Palmer, in T. M. R. Talcott, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” SHSP 41 (January–December 1916), 40; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 434; “Report of Col. E. Porter Alexander, C.S. Army” (August 3, 1863), “Report of Lieut. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, C.S. Army” (November, 1863), and “Report of Maj. Joseph A. Engelhard, Assistant Adjutant-General, C.S. Army” (November 4, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):430, 608, 658; “Afterword,” in One of Lee’s Best Men: The Civil War Letters of William Dorsey Pender, 260; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 244, 247; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” 430; Jennings Cropper Wise, The Long Arm of Lee; or, The History of the Artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia (Lynchburg, VA: J. P. Bell, 1915), 2:661; Bradley M. Gottfried, The Artillery of Gettysburg (Nashville: Cumberland House, 2008), 195; Kathy Georg Harrison, Nothing but Glory: Pickett’s Division at Gettysburg (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 2001), 19; Richard Rollins, “Lee’s Artillery Prepares for Pickett’s Charge,” 44; Priest, Into the Fight, 181–84, 186, 200.
7. Alexander later gave conflicting estimates of the numbers of guns with which he planned to support Pickett. In 1899, he reckoned the total available artillery of Longstreet’s corps on July 3rd at 62 (Fighting for the Confederacy, 242); but the tables submitted for Longstreet’s corps after the battle show 64 guns—32 in Alexander’s reserve, 18 with Pickett’s division, and 14 with McLaws (O.R., series one, 27 [pt. 2]:355). Fitzgerald Ross claimed that James Walton informed him that “one hundred and forty-five guns … were in this day placed into position, to open fire simultaneously on the enemy, preparatory to the assault which was to be made on their works” (A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 60). Earl J. Hess puts the number at a total of 135 guns (Pickett’s Charge, 76).
8. Alexander to J. B. Bachelder (May 3, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:484; Adams, The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1918), 57; Lesley J. Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 14, 24, 28, 35, 75, 107; G. Moxley Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer (New York: Neale Publishing, 1905), 54; LaSalle Pickett to Helen D. Longstreet (January 3, 1904), in Helen Longstreet, Lee and Longstreet at High Tide: Gettysburg in the Light of the Official Records (Gainesville, GA: privately printed, 1905), 337; Lasalle Pickett, “My Soldier,” McClure’s Magazine 30 (March 1908), 571.
9. Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend, 96; Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 2:468; Autobiography of Eppa Hunton (Richmond: William Byrd Press, 1933), 85; Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 40; Lee to Samuel Cooper (April 29, 1863), in O.R., series one, 25 (pt. 2):758; Tucker, Lee and Longstreet at Gettysburg, 105; J. J. Myers, “Who Will Follow Me? The Story of Confederate General Lewis Armistead,” Civil War Times Illustrated (July–August 1993), 35; Wayne E. Motts, “Trust in God and Fear Nothing”: Gen. Lewis A. Armistead, CSA (Gettysburg: Farnsworth House, 1994), 39–40.
10. Col. B. L. Farinholt, “Battle of Gettysburg—Johnson’s Island,” Confederate Veteran 5 (September 1897), 469; J. W. Anderson, “Scenes About Gettysburg—A Brave Boy,” Confederate Veteran 16 (May 1908), 230; Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign,” 314; Kathy Georg Harrison, Nothing but Glory, 10–11, 13; “Capt. R. M. Stribling’s Letters,” Confederate Veteran 9 (May 1901), 215–16; Divine, 8th Virginia Infantry, 21; David Emmons Johnston, in Gottfried, Roads to Gettysburg: Lee’s Invasion of the North, 1863, 179.
11. David Emmons Johnston, The Story of a Confederate Boy in the Civil War (Portland, OR: Glass & Prudhomme, 1914), 197–98; William D. Hewitt, “ ‘The General Plan of Attack Was Unchanged’: Robert E. Lee and Confederate Operations on July 3,” in The Third Day: The Fate of a Nation, 20, 21; B. J. Farinholt to J. W. Daniel (April 15, 1905), John Warwick Daniel Papers, Special Collections, University of Virginia; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War, 442; Ross, A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 60–61.
12. Early, “The Campaigns of Gen. Robert E. Lee,” 35; Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War, 160; Autobiography of Eppa Hunton, 94–95, 97; Charles T. Loehr, “The ‘Old First’ Virginia at Gettysburg,” SHSP 32 (January–December 1904), 40; Robert K. Krick, “James Longstreet and the Second Day at Gettysburg,” in The Smoothbore Volley That Doomed the Confederacy, 77; Walter H. Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Norfolk, VA: Nusbaum Book & News Co., 1906), 208–9; Louis G. Young, “Gettysburg Address” (April 3, 1900), in Addresses Delivered before the Confederate Veterans Association of Savannah, Ga., 1898–1902 (Savannah, GA: Savannah Morning News, 1902), 40; Thomas Desjardins, These Honored Dead, 118.
13. Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War, 430; W. Gart Johnson, “Reminiscences of Lee and of Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (August 1893), 246; James Risque Hutter to J. W. Daniel, and J. B. Darneson, “Recollections of Some of the Incidents of the Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863,” in John Warwick Daniel Papers, Special Collections, University of Virginia; J. H. Moore, “Longstreet’s Assault—Who Did the Grand Work at Gettysburg on the Third Day?,” Philadelphia Times (November 4, 1882); Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 245–46; Matthew Atkinson, “ ‘More May Have Been Required of Them Than They Were Able to Perform’: Seminary Ridge on July 3,” in The Third Day: The Fate of a Nation, 124; Piston, Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant: James Longstreet and His Place in Southern History, 59–60.
14. George Shuldham Peard, Narrative of a Campaign in the Crimea; Including an Account of the Battles of the Alma, Balaklava and Inkermann (London: Richard Bentley, 1855), 55; Fletcher and Ishchenko, The Battle of the Alma, 130, 186, 196; Richard Brooks, Solferino, 89; Gunther Erich Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph (Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1999), 69.
15. “The Column of Attack,” Colburn’s United Service Magazine and Military Journal 70 (1852), 200.
16. Williams to J. B. Bachelder (November 10, 1865), in Bachelder Papers, 1:218; George A. Thayer, “On the Right at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (July 24, 1902); Croffut and Morris, Military and Civil History of Connecticut, 384–85; Henry C. Morhous, Reminiscences of the 123rd Regiment, N.Y.S.V.: Giving a Complete History of Its Three Years Service in the War (Greenwich, NY: People’s Journal Book and Job Office, 1879), 48–49; Charles F. Morse, “The Twelfth Corps at Gettysburg,” 30–31; Julian Wisner Hinkley, A Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry (Madison: Wisconsin History Commission, 1912), 85; Joseph Matchett, “46th Regiment of Infantry,” in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:310; Alonzo Hall Quint, The Record of the Second Massachusetts Infantry, 1861–65 (Boston: James P. Walker, 1867), 179; “Report of Henry W. Slocum” (August 23, 1863) and “Report of Brig. Gen. Alpheus Williams” (August 22, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):759–60, 774–75; William L. Stork, “Gettysburg—Why Was Not the Twelfth Corps in the First Day’s Fight?,” National Tribune (September 10, 1891); Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2:98.
17. Fox, “Slocum and His Men: A History of the Twelfth and Twentieth Army Corps,” Boyle, Soldiers True: The Story of the One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers, 125; Eugene Powell, “Rebellion’s High Tide—The Splendid Work on Culp’s Hill by the 12th Corps,” National Tribune (July 5, 1900); Williams to J. B. Bachelder (November 10, 1865) and Charles P. Horton to J. B. Bachelder (January 23, 1867), in Bachelder Papers, 1:220, 297.
18. Morse, “The Twelfth Corps at Gettysburg,” 32; Henry C. Morhous, “The Gettysburg Campaign,” in New York at Gettysburg, 2:859; “Report of Lieut. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, C.S. Army,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):447; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 222;
Archer, Culp’s Hill at Gettysburg, 85.
19. McKim, “Steuert’s Brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 5 (June 1878), 296, 298; Henry Jacobs, “How an Eye-Witness Watched the Great Battle,” Adams County Historical Society; Léon, Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier, 36–37; A. H. Hayward to Ambrose Hayward, Sr. (July 17, 1863), in Last to Leave the Field: The Life and Letters of First Sergeant Ambrose Henry Hayward, 28th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, ed. Timothy J. Orr (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2010), 160; M. L. Olmsted, “On the Right at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (December 17, 1908); Archer, Culp’s Hill at Gettysburg, 105.
20. Robert W. Patrick, Knapsack and Rifle; or, Life in the Grand Army (Chicago: Continental Publishing, 1897), 231–32; Fox, “Slocum and His Men,” 182; Boyle, Soldiers True, 127–28; SeCheverell, Journal History of the Twenty-ninth Ohio, 71; Morse, “The Twelfth Corps at Gettysburg,” 32, 33–34; Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 319.
21. Richard A. Baumgartner, Buckeye Blood: Ohio at Gettysburg (Huntington, WV: Blue Acorn Press, 2003), 134.
22. Alpheus Williams to J. B. Bachelder (November 10, 1865) and Lewis A. Grant to J. B. Bachelder (August 25, 1869), in Bachelder Papers, 1:221, 375; Fox, “Slocum and His Men,” 182, 184; Goldsborough, The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, 1861–1865, 190; “Report of Brig. Gen. John W. Geary” (July 29, 1863), and “Report of Col. William R. Creighton, Seventh Ohio Infantry” (July 6, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):830, 841; Richard B. Kleese, 49th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 2002), 40.
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