71“minions of despotism”: New York Daily Advertiser, 5 July 1793.
71not allowed to vote: on voting rights in New York, see Brooke 2013 and Harris 2003, 58.
71Clinton’s allies: Burrows and Wallace 1998, 317; Isenberg 2007, 106.
72“from despotism”: quoted by Meacham 2012, 224.
72by mid-1793: on the shaping of American political cleavages by events in Revolutionary France, see Cleves 2009. On New Yorkers’ responses to the Revolution, see Rapport 2017, chapter 12.
72publicly insulted: New York Diary or Loudon’s Register, 14 June 1793.
72Tontine Coffee House: Burrows and Wallace 1998, 311. The name Tontine was for Lorenzo Tonti, a seventeenth-century Italian banker (Kamensky 2008, 90–91).
72“scorn and hatred”: New York Diary or Loudon’s Register, 14 June 1793.
72challenged the captain of L’Embuscade: Burrows and Wallace 1998, 318.
73French anthems: Burrows and Wallace 1998, 321.
73“so full of French”: quoted by Wallace and Burrows 1998, 313. On French émigrés in the early American Republic, see Furstenberg 2014.
73French consul on William Street: William Duncan 1794, 6.
73“immediate evils” and following quotations: DH to BR, 8 September 1794, HSP-BR, vol. 27, 56.
74Athens of America: Boston Independent Ledger and the American Advertiser, 5 December 1785.
74“a NATIONAL CONCERN”: quoted by Andrew J. Lewis 2011, 18.
75“I neglect”: quoted by Sellers 1980, 152.
75TJ and AH at Peale’s museum: Sellers 1980, 58, 61.
75scientific knowledge: On Philadelphia’s prominence in North American natural history, see Meyers, ed., 2011, esp. chapters by O’Malley and Fry.
75CWP’s portraits of GW: see Sellers 1951.
75Peale daughters: Ward 2004, 142.
75“The first Linnaeus”: quoted by Sellers 1980, 74.
76DH at 60 Maiden Lane: William Duncan 1795, 105.
76DH’s purchases at Posts’ shop: entry for July 1800, DH-MB, n.p. (medical section).
76dosing and effects of myrrh and camphor: Andrew Duncan Jr. 1805, 246, 264.
76DH’s purchases at Philips & Clark: 13 April 1801, DH-MB, 11 (medical section).
77$1,500: AEH 1861, 301.
78“suffocating anguish”: SLM quoted by Hosack 1811b, 31.
78Bard and Washington: Chernow 2010, 586–87, 624–26.
78“all the Presidents”: SLM 1826, 6–7.
78outside of Syracuse: SLM opinion noted in anonymous review of “An Address Delivered Before the New-York Historical Society at its Fortieth Anniversary,” Knickerbocker 25, no. 3 (1845), 254. On the uses and meanings of the Eden story in the early American Republic, see esp. Merchant 2004.
78“zeal, Industry and Talents”: SLM to Reverend Richard Provoost, 15 February 1795; quoted by Robbins 1964, 54. On 28 April 1795, SLM recommended to the Columbia trustees that DH be appointed Professor of Botany in his place, and the trustees moved to do so (CU-CC TM, vol. 2, part 1, 218).
79DH waited: appointment announced in American Minerva, 27 May 1795.
79founded in 1791 by SLM and others: Burrows and Wallace 1998, 376.
79“performances intended” and manure: Transactions of the Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures 1792, vii.
79cast iron: Greenleaf’s New-York Journal, 2 February 1793.
79brewers: Albany Register, 7 January 1793.
79members: see Transactions of the Society for the Promotion of Useful Arts 1807; Robbins 1964, 49, 53; and Pomerantz 1938, 411.
79DH proposal: DH to Robert R. Livingston, reprinted in American Minerva, 10 April 1795.
80DH procedure: see Hosack 1798a; Thacher 1828, vol. 1, 59.
81June 15: DH-MB, 2 (medical section).
81DH portly and animated: Blatchford 1861, 20–22.
81heavily underlined: e.g., Hosack 1804.
81“read his lectures”: Mott 1850, 8.
81“black eyebrows” and “thunder-cloud frown”: Blatchford 1861, 20, 22.
82“vegetables”: Hosack 1804, 1. This manuscript fleshes out DH’s syllabus outline of 1795 (Hosack 1795).
82“Dr. Smith”: Hosack 1804, 20.
82“in the vegetable economy”: Hosack 1795, 12.
82“want of food”: Hosack 1804, 84.
82“sexual machine”: Hosack 1804, 78–79.
82New Yorker observed: Medley, or, Newbedford (MA) Marine Journal, 14 August 1795.
82Hosack checked a thermometer: DH to BR, 3 September 1795, HSP-BR, vol. 37, part 3.
83Bayley on Broadway: William Duncan 1795, 10.
83rind of mold: Bayley 1796, 52.
83overcast day: Webster, ed., 1796, 28.
83Hamilton assaulted: Wood 2009, 198; Chernow 2004, 490.
83Jacobins: American Minerva, 11 July 1795.
83“humiliating”: Greenleaf’s New York Journal, 1 July 1795.
83burning a copy of treaty: Burrows and Wallace 1998, 322; Freeman 2001, xiii–xiv; Chernow 2004, 490–92.
83two duels: Chernow 2004, 490–92.
83dumped coffee: Bayley 1796, 14.
83“Yellow Fever prevails”: Medley, or, Newbedford Marine Journal, 14 August 1795.
83“clot[t]ed”: Medley, or, Newbedford Marine Journal, 14 August 1795.
84weeded out thousands of people: Chernow 2004, 448.
84victims often lay with their knees drawn up: Alexander Hosack Jr. 1797, 14.
84coffee grounds: Alexander Hosack Jr. 1797, 15.
84damaged shipment of coffee: Brodsky 2004, 326.
84“I found Mr. Cochran”: Rush 1796, vol. 4, 6.
84loss of blood: Rush 1796, 188–92.
84In a report he published: Rush 1796.
84bled Sally Eyre nine times and John Madge twelve times: Rush 1796, 85.
85“scarlet coloured sediment”: Rush 1796, 84.
85mean-spirited letter: TJ to Madison, 8 September 1793, FO-TJ.
85AH, Eliza Hamilton, and yellow fever: Chernow 2004, 449–51.
85Hamilton published open letter: AH to the College of Physicians, 11 September 1793, Alexander Hamilton Papers, Founders Online. Stevens’s approach is detailed in Currie 1794, 54–57.
85heard people praising: DH to BR, 8 September 1794, HSP-BR, vol. 27, 56.
85held out hope: Dr. William Pitt Smith to Dr. Samuel Duffield, 1 September 1795, reprinted in American Minerva, 8 September 1795.
85converged on City Hall: Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser, 20 August 1795.
85research on nitrous oxide: Mitchill 1795; Bergman 1985.
86“no case of yellow fever”: Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser, 20 August 1795.
86decamped: Mitchill signed the preface to his work on nitrous oxide on 20 August 1795 at Plandome (Long Island), the site of his country house (Mitchill 1795, 4).
86“on the subject of fever”: DH to BR, 3 September 1795, HSP-BR, vol. 37, part 3.
86“found in Water Street”: DH to BR, 3 September 1795, HSP-BR, vol. 37, part 3.
86yellow from the contagion: Bayley 1796, 24.
86worst in people: Bayley 1796, 10.
86come down with a cold: Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser, 11 September 1795.
86“better to fear too far”: Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser, 28 August 1795.
87“Raw head and bloody bones”: American Minerva, 5 September 1795.
87“they had trifling colds”: Albany Gazette, 11 September 1795.
87August 25 alone: Dr. William Pitt Smith to Dr. Samuel Duffield, 1 September 1795, published in American Minerva, 8 September 1795. Number of deaths by 8 September: John Broome to Governor John Jay, 8 September 1795, published in New York Herald, 30 September 1795.
87“hearse monsters”: Sarah Anderson to Alexander Anderson, 10 October 1795, Alexander Anderson Papers, MssCol 98, NYPL.
87$300 fine: Albany Gazette, 11 September 1795.
87“general Health prevails”: Common Council Minutes, 8 September 1795, vol. 2, 177.
87“Two hundred carcases”: Albany Register, 11 September 1795.
88“This destructive Terror”: entry for 25 September 1795, Elihu Hubbard Smith 1973, 62.
88washing limbs and torsos: DH to BR, 3 September 1795, HSP-BR, vol. 37, part 3.
88tamarind: Alexander Hosack Jr. 1797, 31–32.
88“When I find my patient sweating”: Hosack 1797, 455.
89“their Maker”: Sarah Anderson to Alexander Anderson, 19 October 1795, Alexander Anderson Papers, MssCol 98, NYPL.
89“no time for much reflexion”: Hosack [n.d.], “Notes on Midwifery,” 17.
89“the soft parts”: Hosack [n.d.], “Notes on Midwifery,” 7.
89“vital functions”: Hosack [n.d.], “Notes on Midwifery,” n.p., note inserted between 7 and 8.
89“her friends”: Hosack [n.d.], “Notes on Midwifery,” 7.
90two weeks after Kitty’s death: 24 February 1796, CU-CC TM, vol. 2, part 1, 230.
90a perfect combination: Hosack 1801, 41.
90“dig their graves”: Hosack 1830, 4.
90“art of war”: Hosack 1826, 12.
90“after a hearty dinner”: quoted by Pratt 1956, 28.
91“ever anxious”: quoted by AEH 1861, 305.
91“Dr. H. is of the opinion”: Bass 1817, n.p.
91“most eloquent and impressive teacher”: Francis 1858, 84.
91“fine, manly” and “No reader”: Henry W. Ducachet, Preface to Hosack 1838, vol. 1, xiii.
91“good as the theatre”: Moses Champion to Reuben Champion, 20 December 1818, CU-CPS, Misc. MSS, Box 1, Folder 32.
91“Make frequent visits”: Hosack 1801, 31.
91“altogether incompatible”: Hosack 1826, 17; on DH and alcohol, see also Wood 2009, 339.
91humiliated any student: Mott 1850, 8.
91kill a patient: Hosack 1826, 31.
91“punishment was terrible”: Blatchford 1861, 22.
92“habits of inattention”: Hosack 1801, 6.
92“Poppies (Puppies?)”: quoted by Pratt 1956, 28.
92“charms and incantations”: Hosack 1801, 25–26.
92“fashion in medicine”: Hosack 1801, 28.
92prevailing humoral approach: e.g., Hosack 1801, 34.
92found in the plant world: e.g., Hosack 1795, Hosack 1804.
92“the beautiful science of botany”: quoted by AEH 1861, 304.
92agaric: Hosack 1804, 61.
92“thrown aside”: Hosack 1801, 40.
93“immense treasures”: Hosack 1801, 42.
93“Foxglove for those of Mullein”: Hosack 1801, 41; original in Curtis 1792, 1.
CHAPTER FIVE: “The Grass Is Three Feet High in the Streets”
94shy man: Samuel Powell to George Washington, 11 June 1790, quoted by Peck 2010, xv.
94cypress tree: Ewan and Ewan 2007, 111; Wulf 2011, 71.
94vomited twice: Ewan and Ewan 2007, 197.
94Collinson and Bartram partnership: Wulf 2008.
95“his Idol Flowers”: Garden to Cadwallader Colden, 4 November 1754, quoted by Fry 2004, 164; see also Wulf 2008, 130.
95humble or plain: Wulf 2008, 113–14.
95announcement: Fry 2012, 4. The announcement was published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, 20–27 July 1738. On John Bartram, see also Fry 2004, 2011, and 2014.
95“Mountains and Swamps”: “A Copy of the Subscription Paper, for the Encouragement of Mr. John Bartram,” Pennsylvania Gazette, 17 March 1742, quoted by Van Doren 1943, 278.
95British guide: Short 1746.
95Bartram wrote little editorials: John Bartram 1751.
95“Womens After-pains” and pleurisy root: John Bartram 1751, 2, quoted by Fry 2012.
96Isaac and Moses as apothecaries: Baird 2003.
96botanizing trips: Hallock and Hoffman, eds., 2010, 3–4.
96“roaring terribly”: William Bartram 1958 [1791], 76. For a chronology of William Bartram’s travels, see Fry 2010.
96“expected every moment”: William Bartram 1958 [1791], 76.
96“dangerous”: William Bartram to Thomas, 15 July 1786, reprinted in Hallock and Hoffman, eds., 2010, 133.
97“green meadows”: quoted by Harper 1958, liii.
97“wonder of Creation”: Barton to William Bartram, 30 December 1792, quoted by Ewan and Ewan 2007, 277.
97“vegetable Diuretick”: William Bartram to Barton, 29 December 1792, reprinted in Hallock and Hoffman, eds., 2010, 167.
97“Alexander, Caesar”: quoted by Ewan and Ewan 2007, 137. On Barton, see also Andrew J. Lewis 2005.
97Bartram’s pharmacopoeia: Wilson 2010. There is some question as to the authorship of this pharmacopoeia, but Wilson makes a persuasive case that it is by William Bartram.
99opium test and “never buoy up”: quoted by [no author, 1968] “Samuel Bard, Colonial Physician,” 586.
99“Summus Perfectus”: quoted by Chaplin 2006, 96.
99father’s estate: on Cadwallader Colden, see Dixon 2016; on Jane Colden, see Gronim 2007, Paula Ivaska Robbins 2009, and Parrish 2006, 196–200.
99“first lady”: quoted by Beatrice Scheer Smith 1988, 1091.
100“My dear Hosack”: quoted by McVickar 1822, 207.
100“an internal monitor” and following quotations: Hosack 1826, 9–10.
100When Bard returned: AEH 1861, 301.
100AB wrote from Philadelphia: AB to TB, 28 February 1797, quoted by Stone 1865, vol. 2, 456.
100Peale’s painting: Kelsay 1984, 577. AB’s Senate term ended in March 1797 (Isenberg 2007, 155).
101“court-like manners”: Rev. Dr. Samuel Miller, quoted by Stone 1865, vol. 2, 457.
101renting Richmond Hill: INPS, vol. 1, 359, 416–17; the city directory of 1792 indicates that Burr also had an office at 4 Broadway (William Duncan 1792, 22).
101“red waistcoat”: quoted by INPS, vol. 5, 1254.
101“delicious”: quoted by INPS, vol. 5, 1274; see also McCullough 2008, 412.
101“golden harvest”: Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Shaw, quoted by INPS, vol. 5, 1254.
101Burr’s lease: INPS, vol. 1, 417, and vol. 5, 1340; Isenberg 2007, 158.
101Burr bought flowers: Plantsman’s ledger [author unknown], 1793–1796, NYBG.
101icehouse: INPS, vol. 5, 1352.
101“Ma begs you”: TB quoted in AB to TB, 14 January 1794, AB Memoirs, vol. 1, 374. Matthew Livingston Davis heavily edited Burr’s letters (published in two volumes as Memoirs of Aaron Burr in 1836–37) as well as Burr’s 1808–12 journal (published in two volumes as The Private Journal of Aaron Burr in 1838). I therefore rely wherever possible on the original manuscripts of the letters and on the Bixby/Samson edition of the original journal (published in two volumes as The Private Journal of Aaron Burr in 1903). My sources for Burr’s original letters are the 27 microfilm reels of the Papers of Aaron Burr held by Columbia University; the Fuller Collection of Aaron Burr at Princeton University; and The Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, Kline, ed., 1983.
102“infusion and decoction”: AB to TB, 23 January 1794, AB Memoirs, vol. 1, 375.
102“beautiful assortment”: AB to TB, 31 March 1794, AB Memoirs, vol. 1, 378.
102“How much of your taste”: TB to AB, 10 December 1803, AB Memoirs, vol. 2, 252–53, quoted by INPS, vol. 5, 1415.
102“narcotic powers of Opium”: AB to wife Theodosia Burr, 24 December 1793, CU-AB, Series I, Reel 3.
102“wonderful cures”: AB to wife Theodosia Burr, 24 December 1793, CU-AB, Series I, Reel 3.
102“Doctor Rush thinks”: AB to TB, 23 January 1794, AB Memoirs, vol. 1, 375.
102“my dear little girl”: AB to TB, 16 January 1794, AB Memoirs, vol. 1, 374.
102Senate chamber: see, e.g., AB to TB, 31 December 1793, AB Memoirs, vol. 1, 368.
102week-old letter: AB to Pierpont Edwards, 24 May 1794, CU-AB, Series I, Reel 3.
102“more pain”: quoted by I
senberg 2007, 127.
103“Dream on”: AB to TB, 5 January 1795, AB Memoirs, vol. 1, 386.
103By the spring of 1796: In an 1826 letter to a friend in Philadelphia, DH recalled having been on a house call to the Hamiltons when AH received from President Washington an outline “on several sheets of foolscap paper” of what would become known as the Farewell Address. This would thus have been sometime in or soon after mid-May 1796 (Chernow 2004, 505). DH wrote of this episode, “I shall never forget the gratification displayed by the General upon receiving this high compliment from his great chief” (DH to Thomas James, 9 July 1826, DH Collection, N-YHS; I am grateful to the New-York Historical Society for permission to quote from its collections here and elsewhere in this book). In 1833, DH recalled “having been the physician of [AH’s] family from the year 1795” (DH to John Church Hamilton, 1 January 1833, LC-AHP, Reel 30), a claim borne out by AH’s record of a payment on 1 February 1797 to “Doctors Bard & Hosack in full for accounts 95 & 96” (LPAH, vol. 5, 474).
103AH age: It is not known precisely when AH was born. Chernow puts his birthdate at 11 January 1755 (Chernow 2004, 17); Eliza was born on 9 August 1757 (Chernow 2004, 130).
103“leaving my dear family”: AH to Eliza Hamilton, 12 September 1797, PAH, vol. 21, 294; quoted by Chernow 2004, 544.
104“love of liberty”: Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser, 19 September 1796.
104AH and election of Adams: Chernow 2010, 510–11, 514; McCullough 2008, 463.
104“superabundance of secretions”: JA to BR, 11 November 1806, John Adams Papers, Founders Online; quoted in part by Chernow 2004, 522.
104“singularly Critical”: AH to Oliver Wolcott Jr., 5 April 1797, PAH, vol. 21, 22.
104fell ill with a fever: It is not clear precisely what illness Philip had contracted. In an 1833 letter to AH’s son John Church Hamilton recalling the events of this night, DH described Philip’s illness as a “severe, bilious fever, which soon assumed a typhus character” (DH to John Church Hamilton, 1 January 1833, LC-AHP, Reel 30; quoted by Chernow 2004, 544). Given Hosack’s usage of the terms typhus and typhus character in his medical writings, he could have meant by typhus character either typhus specifically or an advanced stage of one of several other illnesses; Hosack’s son Alexander later recalled hearing that Philip had contracted scarlet fever (AEH 1861, 307).
104“very anxious”: AH to Eliza Hamilton, 12 September 1797, PAH, vol. 21, 294; quoted by Chernow 2004, 544.
American Eden Page 40
