47. Morison, Commager, and Leuchtenburg, The Growth of the American Republic, 419–443; Kazin, The Populist Persuasion, 19.
48. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996), 459.
49. Michael Lind, Made in Texas: George Bush and the Southern Takeover of American Politics (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 25.
50. W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (repr., New York: Vintage Books, 1991), 134–141; C. Vann Woodward, The Burden of Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 197–203.
51. Gingrich’s remarks during the debate can be seen on YouTube at “Newt’s Plan for America’s Enemies.”, at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50WYM-1SjQQ.
52. T. R. Fehrenbach, Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans (New York: MacMillan, 1968), 643.
53. See T. R. Fehrenbach, Comanches: The Destruction of a People (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), 270–271.
54. For contemporary English Protestant portrayals of atrocities and massacres by the native Irish in the 1640s against Protestant settlers (looking forward to similar accounts of atrocities by the Indians), see William Lamont and Sybil Oldfield, Politics, Religion and Literature in the Seventeenth Century (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1975), 65–69; for the experiences of Jackson’s own family at Indian hands, and his later campaigns, see Robert V. Remini, The Life of Andrew Jackson (New York: Harper Collins, 2001); for frontier warfare in the South, see Armstrong Starkey, European and Native American Warfare 1675–1815 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), 90–92, 158–161.
55. Grady McWhiney, Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988).
56. For a vivid picture of the class element in one of the battles over the teaching of evolution that have taken place over the past generation, see Paul Cowan, The Tribes of America: Journalistic Discoveries of Our People and Their Cultures (New York: Doubleday, 1979), 77–92.
57. See Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophesy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 275, 342, note 9.
58. See Ian Gentles, The New Model Army in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1645–1653 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), 361–367, 371–372; and J. G. Simms, War and Politics in Ireland, 1649–1730 (London: Hambledon Press, 1986), 1–23. For the Irish clearances, see Margaret MacCurtain, Tudor and Stuart Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1972), 51–61, 89–113, 154–166, 188–192. For the history and ideology of the Scots-Irish, see Kevin Phillips, The Cousins’ Wars, 177–190.
59. J. T. Cliffe, The World of the Country House in Seventeenth Century England (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 182; see also Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 765–771.
60. Lawrence Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 1558–1641 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), 223. See also J. A. Sharpe, Crime in Early Modern England, 1550–1750 (New York: Longman, 1984), 95–99.
61. Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Honor and Violence in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); McWhiney, Cracker Culture, 146–170; see also Joel Williamson, William Faulkner and Southern History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 20ff.
62. Warren Leslie, Dallas, Public and Private: Aspects of an American City (Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University Press, 1998), 98–99; see also Lind, Made in Texas, 30–31.
63. Wyatt-Brown, Honor and Violence in the Old South, 1–15, 187–213, 237–245; John Shelton Reed, The Enduring South (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1972), 45–55; and by the same author, “Below the Smith and Wesson Line,” in One South: An Ethnic Approach to Regional Culture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 143, 146; Edmund S. Morgan, “The Price of Honor,” New York Review of Books 48, no. 9 (May 31, 2001).
64. Cash, The Mind of the South, 43.
65. Cf. Francis Carney, “A State of Catastrophe,” New York Review of Books 17, no. 5 (October 7, 1971); Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority, 443–452.
66. Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power, Vol. 1 (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 8–32. For wider studies of social violence and vigilantism in the United States beyond the South, see the essays in Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Gurr, eds., Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (New York: Bantam Books, 1969).
67. Frederick Merk, History of the Westward Movement (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), 474ff; Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher, The American West: A New Interpretive History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 337–341.
68. For a brief portrait of rural defeat in one part of the Midwest, see Larry McMurtry, “The 35 from Duluth to Oklahoma City,” in Roads: Driving America’s Great Highways (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 24–47.
69. For populism in the Texas Hill Country and its impact on Lyndon Johnson’s family, see Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson, Vol. 1, 33–49, 79–85; Lind, Made in Texas, 35–36.
70. Ursula K. Le Guin, “Malheur County,” in The Compass Rose (London: Grafton Books, 1984), 230.
71. Christopher Bigsby, notes on Arthur Miller’s The Last Yankee, quoted in William R. Hutchison and Hartmut Lehmann, Many are Chosen (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 1998), 10; cf. also Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1957), 167–169; Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976), 47; Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (1955; repr., New York: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1991), 224.
72. Francis Butler Simkins and Charles Pierce Roland, History of the South (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), 11.
73. Cf. Rhodes Cook, “The Solid South Turns Around,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly (October 2, 1992).
74. 2010 census figures, at http://www.census.gov. See also Peter Applebome, Dixie Rising: How the South is Shaping American Values (New York: Times Books, 1996), 8–9.
75. Michael Lind, Up From Conservatism: Why the Right Is Wrong for America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 121–137; Lind, Made in Texas; see also Applebome, Dixie Rising; Kevin Phillips, American Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune and the Politics of Deceit in the House of Bush (New York: Viking, 2004). For the impact of the Southern Baptists on the Republican Party since the 1960s, see Oran P. Smith, The Rise of Baptist Republicanism (New York: New York University Press, 1997); Jonathan Knuckey, “Religious Conservatives, the Republican Party, and Evolving Party Coalitions in the United States,” Party Politics 5, no. 4 (1999); John F. Persinos, “Has the Christian Right taken over the Republican party?” Campaigns and Elections 15, no. 9 (September 1994).
76. Cf. Zell Miller, A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat (Atlanta: Stroud and Hall, 2003); see also the extracts in the Washington Times of November 3, 4, and 5, 2003; for the catastrophic Democratic decline among Southern whites, see Thomas F. Schaller, “A Route for 2004 That Doesn’t Go Through Dixie,” Washington Post, November 16, 2003; and James Taranto, “Why Do Dems Lose in the South? Don’t Blame Civil Rights,” Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2004.
77. For the Southern grip on Congress, see, e.g., Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority, 311, and Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate, Vol. 3 (New York: Vintage Books, 2003), 32, 89–97, 104.
78. See Earl Black and Merle Black, The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 344.
79. Richard E. Cohen, “How They Measured Up,” National Journal, no. 9 (February 28, 2004); for the impact of conservative religious belief on voting patterns in Congress, see Chris Fastnow, J. Tobin Grant, and Thomas J. Rudolph, “Holy Roll Calls: Religious Tradition and Voting Behavior in the US House,” Social Science Quarterly 80, no. 4 (December 1999).
80. Cf. Wyatt-Brown, Honor and Violence in the Old South; Mead, Special Providence, 250–259; Applebome, Dixie Rising, 10.
81. Peter W. Williams, America’s Rel
igions From Their Origins to the 21st Century (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 283.
82. Cf. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 2000: An Enumeration by Region, State and County Based on Data for 133 Church Groupings (Atlanta: Glenmary Research Center, 2002). See especially the attached map.
83. Cash, The Mind of the South, xlviii.
84. See Reed, One South. For a review of Reed’s work, see Larry J. Griffin, “The Promise of a Sociology of the South,” Southern Cultures 7, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 50–75.
85. For a classic statement of the argument that modern nationalisms are “invented,” see the essays by Eric Hobsbawm in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). For the “constructivist” theory of nationalism, see Ernest Gellner, Encounters with Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984); for nations as “imagined communities,” see the classic work by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1991); for an overview of the study of nationalism from the point of view of a believer in nations as the product of a combination of modern processes with much older elements (a view I generally share), see Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001).
86. Cf. Eugene D. Genovese, The Southern Tradition: The Achievement and Limitations of an American Conservatism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1994).
87. Fehrenbach, Lone Star, 712.
88. For the genesis of this South–North opposition in literature, see William R. Taylor, Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American National Character (New York: Anchor Books, 1963), especially 72–119; for a reexamination of this issue, see David L. Carlton, “Rethinking Southern History,” Southern Cultures 7, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 38–49.
89. Morison, Commager, and Leuchtenburg, The Growth of the American Republic, 426.
90. Cf. Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), 303; cf. also Bennett, Party of Fear, 163–164, 181–182.
91. Quoted in Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 97.
92. Cf. James G. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish: A Social History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), 108–153; Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 605–782; Phillips, The Cousin’s Wars, 177–190.
93. Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 775.
94. For the creation of modern national myths in the Baltic region, see Anatol Lieven, The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983), 118–123; William A. Wilson, Folklore and Nationalism in Modern Finland (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990); for the epics themselves, see Elias Lonnrot, The Kalevala: An Epic Poem After Oral Tradition, translated with an introduction by Keith Bosley (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); and Andrejs Pumpurs, Lacplesis, A Latvian National Epic (Riga: Writers Union, 1988).
95. Bernard Quinn et al., Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980: An Enumeration by Region, State and County Based on Data Reported by 111 Church Bodies (Atlanta: Glenmary Research Center, 1982), 32; Dale E. Jones et al., Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980: An Enumeration by Region, State and County Based on Data Reported by 149 Religious Bodies (Atlanta: Glenmary Research Center, 2000), 47.
96. Smith, The Rise of Baptist Republicanism, 17, 43; for a fictional portrait of small-town Texas from the 1950s to the 1990s, reflecting this homogeneity, conservatism, and isolation, see Larry McMurtry’s series on the town of Thalia: The Last Picture Show (1966), Texasville (1987), Duane’s Depressed (1999) (New York: Simon & Schuster).
97. For the thesis that the black–white split in America as a whole now resembles an “ethnic” division, see Orlando Patterson, The Ordeal of Integration: Progress and Resentment in America’s “Racial” Crisis (New York: Basic Civitas, 1997); see also Reed, Enduring South One South, 173–175, 182–183.
98. See, e.g., the Financial Times special report on the region, “Southern Exposure,” September 24, 2003.
99. Quoted in Thomas A. Tweed, “Our Lady of Guadeloupe Visits the Confederate Memorial,” Southern Cultures, 8, no.2 (Summer 2002), 72–93.
100. For some aspects of the systematic and murderous oppression and exploitation that formed the background to this migration, see John M. Barry, Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), especially 308–335. See the 1880 census figures, at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/.
101. Morison, Commager, and Leuchtenburg, Growth of the American Republic, vol. 1, 482; Myrdal, American Dilemma, 1012; cf. also Simkins and Roland, History of the South, 161ff.
102. Woodward, The Burden of Southern History, 201–202; Cash, The Mind of the South, 134–135.
103. Cf. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 124–129; Morison, Commager, and Leuchtenburg, The Growth of the American Republic, 726–729; Simkins and Roland, History of the South, 241–245.
104. Simkins and Roland, History of the South, 558.
105. See Foner, Reconstruction; for an expression of the Southern view, see Claude G. Bowers, The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1929), especially 45–64, 198–220, 348–371. On the creation of the legend, see Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), especially 3–23.
106. Cf. C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (repr., New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 31–109.
107. Quoted in Paul Robinson, “Sword of Honour” The Spectator (London) 26 July 2003, at http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/11323/sword-of-honour.thtml.
108. Quoted in Black and Black, The Vital South, 165.
109. Zell Miller, “How Democrats Lost the South,” Washington Times, November 3, 2003.
110. See Diane Roberts, “Reynolds Rap,” Oxford American (Winter 2002): 142–145.
111. As I wrote this, yet another remake in the “Texas Chainsaw Massacre” film tradition had just appeared, featuring deranged and debased small-town Texas rednecks attacking travelling students. This is close to the bottom of the barrel in the genre of Hollywood Southern horror, with Deliverance and Easy Rider at the top.
112. For suppressed religious guilt over the evils of slavery, see Eugene D. Genovese, A Consuming Fire: The Fall of the Confederacy in the Mind of the White Christian South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998). For the beginnings of unease over the race question in the post–Civil War literature of the South, see Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977), 548–604 (on George Washington Cable).
113. Woodward, The Burden of Southern History, 187ff.
114. Cf. FitzGerald, America Revised, 83–89.
115. Cf. Eric Foner, Who Owns History? Rethinking the Past in a Changing World (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), 189–204.
116. See C. Vann Woodward, “A Southern Critique for the Gilded Age,” in The Burden of Southern History, 109–140; for the classic statement of Southern agrarian conservatism, see the essays by Allen Tate et al., I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition (New York: Harper, 1930).
117. John Sheldon Reed, “The Banner That Won’t Stay Furled,” Southern Cultures 8, no. 1 (Spring 2002), 76–100. For a black perspective on the flag question, see Franklin Forts, “Living with Confederate Symbols,” Southern Cultures 8, no. 1 (Spring 2002), pp.60–75.
118. One of the finest short portraits of redneck culture has been written by—of all people—V. S. Naipaul, in A Turn in the South (London: Viking, 1989), especially 204–214; for an equally sensitive portrait of the spirit of country music, see pp. 223–233. For the original literary redneck, Sut Lovingood (the creation of George Washington Harris), see Wilson, Patriotic Gore, 507–519.
119. For the enduring prestige of the Confederate soldier even for a Southerner who was bitterly critical of most aspects of his own tradition, see Cash, The Mind of the South, 44, 428.
120. See, e.g., Reed, One South, 166–167.
121. Weber, European Right, 15–16.
122. For example, the dangerous hysteria surrounding General MacArthur’s return from Korea after having been dismissed by Truman. See Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson, vol. 3, 367–382.
123. Hartz, Liberal Tradition, 59, 209.
124. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, translated with an introduction by Maurice Cranston (London: Penguin, 1978), 70–83, 149–151, 176–187.
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