17. Eisenhower to Marshall, October 31, 1944, EP, No. 2084, notes 1 and 2.
18. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 716–17.
19. Eisenhower to CCS, October 29, 1944, EP, No. 2079.
20. Same to same, December 14, 1944, EP, No. 2168.
21. Same to same, December 21, 1944, EP, No. 2190.
22. Eisenhower to Marshall, December 26, 1944, EP, No. 2201; Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 406–7.
23. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 407.
24. Eisenhower to CCS, September 16, 1944, EP, No. 1964.
25. Eisenhower to Marshall, September 25, 1944, EP, No. 1994.
26. Same to same, October 22, 1944, EP, No. 2061.
27. Eisenhower to McCloy, November 1, 1944, EP, No. 2087.
28. DDE memorandum of August 19, 1947, in EM.
29. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 7, 1945, EP, No. 2399.
CHAPTER 18
1. Eisenhower to commanders, January 11, 1945, EP, No. 2234.
2. Craven and Cate, eds., Argument to VE Day, p. 716.
3. Eisenhower to Marshall, January 15, 1945, EP, No. 2242.
4. Eisenhower to Montgomery, January 17, 1945, EP, No. 2247.
5. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 402.
6. Walter Bedell Smith, Eisenhower’s Six Great Decisions (New York, 1946), p. 125.
7. Interview with Eisenhower, October 11, 1967.
8. Cornelius Ryan, The Last Battle (New York, 1966), p. 241.
9. Eisenhower to CCS, January 20, 1945, EP, No. 2253.
10. Butcher, My Three Years, p. 806.
11. Eisenhower Office Diary, January 31, 1945.
12. Esposito (ed.), The West Point Atlas, Vol. II, Map 65.
13. Eisenhower to Marshall, February 20, 1945, EP, No. 2292.
14. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 422.
15. Ibid., p. 422.
16. Eisenhower to De Gaulle, February 19, 1945, EP, No. 2289.
17. Eisenhower to Marshall, February 20, 1945, EP, No. 2292.
18. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 423, 428–29.
19. Eisenhower to Marshall, March 26, 1945, EP, No. 2355.
20. Eisenhower to Churchill, March 10, 1945, EP, No. 2324.
21. Eisenhower to Marshall, March 12, 1945, EP, No. 2329.
22. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 788–89.
23. Ibid., p. 768.
CHAPTER 19
1. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 510–17; Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, p. 675.
2. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 511–12; Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, pp. 379–80; Butcher, My Three Years, p. 768. All accounts of the telephone conversation use quotation marks; I have accepted Butcher’s version of what Eisenhower said because he wrote it the next day. None of the accounts disagree on substance.
3. Eisenhower to CCS, March 8, 1945, EP, No. 2319.
4. These campaigns are best followed in Esposito (ed.), The West Point Atlas, Vol. II, Maps 65–67.
5. Eisenhower to CCS, March 13, 1945, EP, No. 2334.
6. Eisenhower to Marshall, March 12, 1945, EP, No. 2330.
7. Ibid.
8. Eisenhower to Bradley and Devers, March 12, 1945, EP, No. 2331.
9. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 770–72.
10. Eisenhower to Marshall, March 30, 1945, EP, No. 2375.
11. Same to same, March 24, 1945, EP, No. 2352.
12. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 397.
13. Ambrose, Eisenhower and Berlin, p. 75.
14. Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, p. 690.
15. Eisenhower to Brooke, March 12, 1945; and Eisenhower to Marshall, March 12, 1945, EP, Nos. 2333 and 2332.
16. Eisenhower to Marshall, March 15, 1945, EP, No. 2341.
17. Same to same, March 27, 1945, EP, No. 2362.
18. Summersby, Eisenhower Was My Boss, p. 225.
19. Eisenhower to CCS, March 21, 1945, EP, No. 2384.
20. Eisenhower to Marshall, March 26, 1945, EP, No. 2355.
21. Eisenhower to CCS, March 24, 1945, EP, No. 2351.
22. Eisenhower to Bradley and Devers, March 25, 1945, EP, No. 2354.
23. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, pp. 442–43.
24. Eisenhower Office Diary, March 28, 1945.
25. See Note 1, Eisenhower to Marshall, March 28, 1945, EP, No. 2365.
26. Eisenhower to Marshall, March 28, 1945; to Stalin, March 28, 1945; and to Montgomery, March 28, 1945, EP, Nos. 2365, 2363, and 2364.
27. SHAEF plans, September 28, 1944, SHAEF SGS 381 Post OVERLORD Planning, II, in EM.
28. Butcher, My Three Years, p. 788.
29. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 535–36. The exact date of this conversation is unclear; circumstantial evidence places it in the week of March 20–27.
30. Ibid., p. 536.
31. Cornelius Ryan, The Last Battle (New York, 1966), p. 241.
CHAPTER 20
1. The authoritative account is Earl F. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East, Army Historical Series, Stetson Conn (ed.) (Washington, 1968), pp. 467–99. Ziemke has led me to alter my views somewhat on Soviet intentions and actions.
2. Ibid., and Ryan, The Last Battle, p. 254.
3. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 336.
4. Ibid., pp. 340–41.
5. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, Vol. VI, pp. 133–37; Eisenhower to Marshall, March 30, 1945, EP, No. 2373.
6. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 442.
7. Eisenhower to Marshall, March 30, 1945, EP, No. 2373.
8. Same to same, March 30, 1945, EP, No. 2374.
9. Eisenhower to Montgomery, March 31, 1945, EP, No. 2378.
10. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, Vol. VI, p. 135.
11. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 442; Eisenhower to Churchill, March 30, 1945, EP, No. 2374, especially note 2; Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, pp. 463–65; Ambrose, Eisenhower and Berlin, pp. 99–104.
12. Eisenhower to Churchill, April 1, 1945, EP, No. 2381.
13. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 403.
14. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 7, 1945, EP, No. 2400.
15. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 339.
16. Eisenhower to Churchill, April 3, 1945, EP, No. 2387.
17. Brooke to Eisenhower, April 6, 1945, EP, No. 2398, note 1.
18. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 6, 1945, EP, No. 2397.
19. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 444.
20. Eisenhower to commanders, April 2, 1945, EP, No. 2385.
21. Ambrose, Eisenhower and Berlin, pp. 64–65.
22. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 7, 1945, EP, No. 2399.
23. Leahy, I Was There, p. 303.
24. Eisenhower to Montgomery, April 8, 1945, EP, No. 2402, and notes 1 and 2.
25. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 532–33.
26. Eisenhower to CCS, April 5, 1945, EP, No. 2394.
27. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, Vol. VI, p. 152.
28. Eisenhower to CCS, April 5, 1945, EP, No. 2394, notes 1 and 2; and Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 465.
29. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 466; Ehrman, Grand Strategy, Vol. VI, pp. 152–60.
30. Eisenhower to CCS, April 21, 1945, EP, No. 2432; Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 467.
31. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, Vol. VI, pp. 150–51.
32. Eisenhower to CCS, April 14, 1945, EP, No. 2414.
33. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 15, 1945, EP, No. 2416.
34. Eisenhower to CCS, April 14, 1945, EP, No. 2414.
35. Eisenhower to commanders, April 15, 1945, EP, No. 2415.
CHAPTER 21
1. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 448.
2. Ibid., pp. 449–50.
3. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 15, 1945, EP, No. 2416.
4. Simpson always believed he could have made it; see his letter in the New York Times Book Review, June 19, 1966; see also Ambrose, Eisenhower and Berlin, p. 92.
5. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 15, 1945, EP, No. 2416.
6. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 515.
7. Eisenhower to Marshall, A
pril 23, 1945, EP, No. 2440.
8. Eisenhower to Brooke, April 27, 1945, EP, No. 2451; Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 450–51.
9. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 515.
10. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 468.
11. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 29, 1945, EP, No. 2462.
12. See Eisenhower to Deane and Archer, March 28, 1945, EP, No. 2363, notes 1, 2, and 3.
13. Same to same, April 30 and May 6, 1945, EP, No. 2464; Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 469.
14. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 415.
15. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 459.
16. Eisenhower to De Gaulle, April 28, 1945, EP, No. 2457; Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 459–60.
17. Eisenhower to De Gaulle, May 2, 1945, EP, No. 2473.
18. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 26, 1945, EP, No. 2448.
19. Same to same, April 15, 1945, EP, No. 2418.
20. Same to same, April 27, 1945, EP, No. 2452; Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 476–77.
21. Kecskemeti, Strategic Surrender, pp. 142–47.
22. Eisenhower to CCS, May 2, 1945, EP, No. 2472.
23. Same to same, May 3, 1945, EP, No. 2474.
24. Eisenhower to Deane and Archer, May 5, 1945, EP, No. 2493; Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 480–83.
25. Eisenhower to CCS, May 4, 1945, EP, No. 2485.
26. Same to same, May 5, 1945, EP, No. 2494.
27. Same to same, May 6, 1945, EP, No. 2498; Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 486–87.
28. Eisenhower used this phrase a number of times in interviews.
29. Eisenhower to Marshall, May 8, 1945, and Marshall to Eisenhower, May 8, 1945, EM.
30. Eisenhower to CCS, May 7, 1945, EP, No. 2499; Smith, Eisenhower’s Six Great Decisions, p. 229; Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 488–89; Butcher, My Three Years, p. 834.
ALSO BY STEPHEN E. AMBROSE
CRAZY HORSE AND CUSTER
The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors
On the sparkling morning of June 25, 1876, 611 U.S. Army soldiers rode toward the banks of the Little Bighorn in the Montana Territory, where 3,000 Indians stood waiting to battle. The lives of two great warriors would soon be forever linked throughout history: Crazy Horse, leader of the Oglala Sioux, and General George Armstrong Custer of the Seventh Cavalry. Both were men of aggression and supreme courage. Both had become leaders in their societies at very early ages; both had been stripped of power, and in disgrace had worked to earn back the respect of their people. And to both of them, the unspoiled grandeur of the Great Plains of North America was an irresistible challenge. Their parallel lives would pave the way, in a manner unknown to either, for an inevitable clash between two nations fighting for possession of the open prairie.
American Studies/History
ALSO AVAILABLE
Ike’s Spies, Biography/History
ANCHOR BOOKS
Available wherever books are sold.
www.randomhouse.com
The Supreme Commander Page 93
