63. David A. Clary, Eagles and Empire: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle for a Continent (New York: Bantam, 2009), 280.
64. “New York Gossip,” New Orleans Picayune, Apr. 13, 1847.
65. John Frost, The Life of Major-General Zachary Taylor (New York, 1847), 335; “Honor to the Hero,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Apr. 3, 1847; “Dying Moments of Lieut. Col. Henry Clay Jr.,” Union Magazine of Literature and Art 1 (Jul. 1847): 44.
CHAPTER 8. INSCRUTABLE PROVIDENCE
1. Henry Clay to Mary Mentelle Clay, Feb. 8, 1847, PHC, 10:304; Henry Clay to Lucretia Clay, Mar. 13, 1847, PHC, 10:313.
2. Henry Clay to Mary S. Bayard, Apr. 16, 1847, PHC, 10:321.
3. Cary H. Fry to Henry Clay, Mar. 22, 1847, PHC, 10:314; Joseph Morgan Rogers, The True Henry Clay (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1904), 151.
4. Henry Clay to William N. Mercer, Apr. 1, 1847, PHC, 10:315; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay (New York: F. Ungar, 1968), 2:288.
5. Henry Clay to William N. Mercer, Apr. 13, 1847, PHC, 10:320.
6. “Buena Vista,” DNI, Apr. 7, 1847.
7. Henry Clay to John M. Clayton, Apr. 16, 1847, PHC, 10:322.
8. “Dying Moments of Lieut. Col. Henry Clay Jr.,” Union Magazine of Literature and Art I (Jul. 1847): 44; “Resolutions of the Democratic Whig Young Men’s General Committee of the City of New York,” Apr. 8, 1847, PHC, 10:317.
9. Albert Pike, “Buena Vista,” in Burton Egbert Stevenson, ed., Poems of American History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1908), 366.
10. Horace Hoskins Houghton, Poems (Galena, IL: H. H. Houghton, 1878), 44.
11. “Buena Vista,” DNI, Apr. 7, 1847.
12. Zachary Taylor to Henry Clay, Mar. 1, 1847, PHC, 10:312.
13. DNI, Jan. 28, 1848; Henry Clay letter to H. R. Robinson, New York City, Dec. 24, 1847, PHC, 10:392.
14. Rebecca Frick to Henry Clay, Danville, PA, May 1847, PHC, 10:327.
15. “On the 5th inst,” New Orleans Delta, Apr. 14, 1847.
16. Martin Van Buren to Henry Clay, “Lindenwald,” near Kinderhook, NY, Aug. 17, 1847, PHC, 10:346.
17. Henry Clay to Robert Morris, May 6, 1847, PHC, 10:328; James H. Otey to Henry Clay, “Mercer Hall,” Columbia, TN, Jul. 9, 1847, PHC, 10:338.
18. “From Ashland, Ky.,” National Aegis, Jul. 28, 1847.
19. Henry Clay to Mary S. Bayard, White Sulphur Springs, VA, Aug. 7, 1847, PHC, 10:344; “Funeral Ceremonies in Kentucky,” New Hampshire Gazette, Aug. 3, 1847; Henry Clay to J. D. G. Quirk, Lexington, KY, Jul. 16, 1847, PHC, 10:340. See also Quirk to Clay, Jun. 29, 1847, PHC, 10:337.
20. “Calhoun—Clay—Webster—Benton,” from the Massachusetts Quarterly Review, reprinted in Liberator, Jan. 7, 1848. On the same theme, see “The Progress of Christian Civilization,” Emancipator, May 12, 1847.
21. William Henry Perrin, J. H. Battle, and G. C. Kniffin, Kentucky: A History of the State, 7th ed. (Louisville, KY: F. A. Battey, 1887), 347–48.
22. Thomas D. Tennery, The Mexican War Diary of Thomas D. Tennary, ed. D. E. Livingston-Little (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), 72.
23. “Col. Hardin; Veracruz,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, May 11, 1847.
24. Theodore McGinnis letter to William Beal, Feb. 23, 1847, Emma Beal Stott Genealogical Items, Wisconsin Historical Society.
25. Turner Crooker letter to “dear Mother,” Apr. 3, 1847, Crooker Family Letters, Wisconsin Historical Society; John Kreitzer Journal, Mar. 29, 1847, HSP.
26. Turner Crooker letter to “dear Mother,” Apr. 3, 1847, Crooker Family Letters, Wisconsin Historical Society; Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Fifty Years in Camp and Field, ed. W. A. Crofut (New York: Putnam, 2009), 248; “Surrender of Vera Cruz,” New Orleans Delta, Apr. 11, 1847; statistics in K. Jack Bauer, The Mexican War: 1846–1848 (New York: Macmillan, 1974), 252.
27. Carlos María de Bustamante, El Nuevo bernal díaz del castillo (Mexico City: Imprenta de Vicente García Torres, 1847), 2:154-55; Hitchcock, Fifty Years in Camp and Field, 248; Bauer, The Mexican War, 252; Irving W. Levinson, Wars Within War: Mexican Guerrillas, Domestic Elites, and the United States of America, 1846–1848 (Fort Worth, TX: TCU Press, 2005), 31.
28. Princeton citation in “John of York,” “Army Correspondence,” Philadelphia North American, Apr. 17, 1847.
29. New Orleans Picayune, Apr. 9, 1847, quote in “The Surrender of Vera Cruz,” DNI, Apr. 17, 1847; “John of York,” “Army Correspondence,” Philadelphia North American, Apr. 17, 1847; “Surrender of Vera Cruz,” New Orleans Delta, Apr. 11, 1847.
30. Thomas William Reilly, “American Reporters and the Mexican War 1846–1848” (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1975), 256; Paul Foos, A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict During the Mexican-American War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 125; “John of York,” “Army Correspondence,” Philadelphia North American, Apr. 17, 1847.
31. James K. Polk, Diary of a President: James K. Polk, ed. Milo Quaife, 4 vols. (Columbia, TN: James K. Polk Memorial Association, 2005), 2:360; Eugene Irving McCormac, James K. Polk, a Political Biography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1922), 327; Polk to William Childress, Jan. 12, 1846, Correspondence of James K. Polk, ed. Herbert Weaver and Wayne Cutler et al., 11 vols. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1969–2009), 11:17.
32. John F. H. Claiborne, Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman (New York: Harper and Bros., 1860), 1:237; Polk, Diary, 2:74, 456.
33. Polk, Diary, 2:465.
34. Ibid., 2:466; Andrew Jackson to Nicholas Trist, Sep. 16, 1835, Trist Papers, LC.
35. Elizabeth Trist to Nicholas Trist, Feb. 9, 1820. Trist Papers, UNC.
36. Nicholas Trist quote in Dean B. Mahin, Olive Branch and Sword: The United States and Mexico, 1845–1848 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1997), 89; James Buchanan to Nicholas Trist, Apr. 15, 1847, DC, 8:205.
37. Nicholas Trist to General Scott, Jan. 12, 1861, UNC, Box 6.
38. Gideon Wells quote in Richard R. Stenberg, “President Polk and California: Additional Documents,” Pacific Historical Review 10 (1941): 217–19, quotes on 219; Nicholas Trist to General Scott, Jan. 12, 1861, UNC, Box 6.
39. Nicholas Trist to General Scott, Jan. 12, 1861, UNC, Box 6.
CHAPTER 9. NEEDLESS, WICKED, AND WRONG
1. Ellen Hardin Walworth, “Mrs. Ellen Hardin Walworth,” American Monthly Magazine, Jul. 1893, 45.
2. Tom Reilly, War with Mexico! America’s Reporters Cover the Battlefront, ed. Manley Witten (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2010), 98; Dean B. Mahin, Olive Branch and Sword: The United States and Mexico, 1845–1848 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1997), 45.
3. Reilly, War with Mexico!, 99.
4. “Mrs. Hardin,” Peoria Register, quoted in Emancipator, May 5, 1847; quote in “Col. J. J. Hardin,” Fayetteville Observer, Apr. 20, 1847; “The Late Col. Hardin,” Daily Atlas, Apr. 21, 1847.
5. Obsequies of Col. John J. Hardin at Jacksonville, Illinois, Jul. 14, 1847 (Jacksonville, IL: Morgan Journal, 1847), 2; “Glorious News from the Army!,” St. Louis Republican, quoted in the Sangamo Journal, Apr. 1, 1847; “Death of Gen. J. J. Hardin,” St. Louis Republican, quote in the Sangamo Journal, Apr. 1, 1847.
6. Joseph Gillespie to Smith, Apr. 9, 1847, HFP, Box 17; William B. Warren to Sarah Hardin, Saltillo Mexico, Feb. 24, 1847, HFP Box 17; Sarah Hardin to Myra Hardin, n.d., HFP, Box 17.
7. “Resolutions Adopted at John J. Hardin Memorial Meeting,” Apr. 5, 1847, CW, 1:392–93.
8. Joseph Gillespie, quoted in Frank J. Heinl, “Jacksonville and Morgan County: An Historical Review,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 18, no. 1 (Apr. 1925): 11; Gustave Koerner, Memoirs of Gustave Koerner, 1809–1896, ed. Thomas J. McCormack (Cedar Rapids, IA: Torch Press, 1909), 499; “Correspondence of the Phoenix,” Vermont Phoenix, Jul. 1, 1847; David Davis to Judge Walker, Jun. 25, 1847, HFP, Box 17.
9. John Hardin to Sarah Hardin, Encantada, Mexico, Feb. 7, 1847, HFP, Box 17:3.
10. G. S. Boritt, Lincol
n and the Economics of the American Dream (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1978), 129.
11. “Great ‘Rough and Ready’ Meeting,” Milwaukee Sentinel, Apr. 22, 1847; “Buena Vista,” DNI, Apr. 7, 1847.
12. “Col. Hardin,” Maine Cultivator and Hallowell Gazette, Jun. 19, 1847; “Western Intelligence,” Baltimore Sun, Jun. 17, 1847; “The Late Col. J. J. Hardin, from the N. O. Picayune,” Albany Evening Journal, Jun. 30, 1847; Mansfield Tracy Walworth, “Colonel John Hardin,” Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, 2nd ser., 5 (1869): 236.
13. “Honors to the Heroic Dead,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Jul. 28, 1847.
14. Robert E. May, “Invisible Men: Blacks and the U.S. Army in the Mexican War,” in Darlene Clark Hine, ed., A Question of Manhood: A Reader in U.S. Black Men’s History and Masculinity (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 473–85.
15. “Col. Hardin,” Milwaukee Sentinel, Apr. 17, 1847.
16. “Reception of the Illinois Volunteers in St. Louis,” Arkansas Weekly Gazette, Jul. 29, 1847.
17. “The Honored Dead,” St. Louis New Era, quoted in the Sangamo Journal, Jul. 23, 1847.
18. “Funeral of General Hardin,” Sangamo Journal, Jul. 20, 1847; Harry E. Pratt, ed., Illinois as Lincoln Knew It: A Boston Reporter’s Record of a Trip in 1847 (Springfield, IL: Abraham Lincoln Association, 1938), 40.
19. “Correspondence of the Phoenix,” Vermont Phoenix, Jul. 1, 1847; Ellen Hardin Walworth, “To the Christian Herald,” Jan. 25, 1905, manuscript, WFA, 1.
20. Ellen Hardin Walworth, “Mrs. Ellen Hardin Walworth,” American Monthly Magazine, Jul. 1893, 42–49, quote on 44.
21. Illinois Constitutional Convention, Constitution of the State of Illinois (Springfield, IL: Lanphier and Walker, 1847), 38, 37; Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: Norton, 2010), 31.
22. Foner, The Fiery Trial, 25.
23. “The Convention,” Sangamo Journal, Jul. 9, 1847; Obsequies of Col. John J. Hardin, 7.
24. Pratt, Illinois as Lincoln Knew It, 33–34.
25. Obsequies of Col. John J. Hardin, 22–24, 2; Ellen Hardin Walworth, “To the Christian Herald,” Jan. 25, 1905, WFA, 7.
26. Obsequies of Col. John J. Hardin, 12–13.
27. Ibid., 12–13, 15–16. On restrained manhood and martial manhood, see Amy S. Greenberg, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
28. Charles M. Eames, Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville (Jacksonville, IL: Daily Journal Steam Job Printing Office, 1885), 100; letter from “Western Farmer” in the National Era, Aug. 5, 1847.
29. Obsequies of Col. John J. Hardin, 8–9.
30. Ibid., 13.
31. “Funeral of General Hardin,” Sangamo Journal, Jul. 20, 1847.
32. Pratt, Illinois as Lincoln Knew It, 42.
33. Letter from “Western Farmer” in the National Era, Aug. 5, 1847.
34. Pratt, Illinois as Lincoln Knew It, 42.
35. Davis to Walker, Dec. 6, 1846, quote in Willard R. King, Lincoln’s Manager, David Davis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960), 55; Chicago Western Citizen, Feb. 16, 1847, quote in Paul Foos, A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict During the Mexican-American War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 49.
36. Letter from “Western Farmer” in the National Era, Aug. 5, 1847; Pratt, Illinois as Lincoln Knew It, 28.
37. Pratt, Illinois as Lincoln Knew It, 43.
38. Albert Hale, Two Discourses on the Subject of the War Between the U. States and Mexico (Springfield, IL: Sangamo Journal, 1847), 13.
39. History of Sangamon County, Illinois: Together with Sketches of Its Cities (Chicago: Interstate, 1881), 671.
40. Hale, Two Discourses on the Subject of the War, 3.
41. Quote in Hale, Two Discourses on the Subject of the War, 3; Sangamo Journal, Jul. 20, 1847.
42. “John of York,” “Letters from the Army,” Philadelphia North American, May 4, 1847.
43. Ashtabula (OH) Sentinel, May 3, 1847; New Orleans Picayune, Jan. 27, 1847.
44. Rachel Hope Cleves, The Reign of Terror in America: Visions of Violence from Anti-Jacobinism to Antislavery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 161–68.
45. Jeffrey L. Pasley, “The Tyranny of Printers”: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2001), 244–47; Cleves, Reign of Terror, 168–70.
46. “John of York,” “Letters from the Army,” Philadelphia North American, May 4, 1847.
47. “Direful Vengeance,” Milwaukee Sentinel, Apr. 23, 1847. For reporting see, for example, Milwaukee Sentinel, Apr. 23, 1847; San Augustine Red Lander, Apr. 24, 1847.
48. “Direful Vengeance,” Milwaukee Sentinel, Apr. 23, 1847; “John of York,” “Letters from the Army,” Philadelphia North American, May 4, 1847.
49. “Special Correspondence of the Picayune,” New Orleans Picayune, Nov. 10, 1847; Thomas William Reilly, “American Reporters and the Mexican War 1846–1848” (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1975), 301–2.
50. “Special correspondence of the Picayune,” New Orleans Picayune, May 13, 1847; Reilly, “American Reporters and the Mexican War 1846–1848,” 302; New Orleans Picayune, Nov. 27, 1847; “A Heavy Retribution,” American Flag (Matamoros, Mexico), May 5, 1847. See also “Atrocities,” Flag of Freedom (Puebla, Mexico), Nov. 24, 1847.
51. CG, appendix, 29th Cong., 2d sess., Feb. 11, 1847, 216–17.
52. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (Washington, DC: GPO, 1901), 5:2321–56; Massachusetts—General Court—House of Representatives, “Documents Relating to the U.S.-Mexican War,” House Number 200: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Apr. 22, 1847, 4–8, NYHS.
53. Henry David Thoreau, Walden and Civil Disobedience, ed. Jonathan Levin (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2003), 265.
54. See Jonathan H. Earle, Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824–1854 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
55. “A Captain of the Volunteers,” Alta California: Embracing Notices of the Climate, Soil, and Agricultural Products of Northern Mexico and The Pacific Seaboard: Also a History of the Military and Naval Operations of the United States Directed Against the Territories of Northern Mexico, in the Year 1846–47 (Philadelphia: H. Packer, 1847), 53, 61.
56. Walt Whitman, “Shall We Fight It Out?” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 11, 1846; Walt Whitman, “American Workingmen, Versus Slavery,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Sep. 1, 1847.
57. Wm. Vanderbeek, “General Taylor’s Quick Step” (New York, 1846), in “Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music, 1820–1860,” Library of Congress, Music Division; G. N. Allen, Incidents and Sufferings in the Mexican War, with Accounts of Hardships Endured (Boston: 1847); “Soon to Close! Donnavan’s Grand Serial of Panorama of Mexico!,” Boston, 1848, American Broadsides and Ephemera.
58. North Carolina Newbernian, quote in “Spirit of the Free Press,” Kennebec (ME) Journal, Jun. 1, 1847; John Sherman to W. T. Sherman, May 2, 1847, in The Sherman Letters, ed. Rachel Sherman Thorndike (New York, 1894), 38–39; CG, 30th Cong., 1st sess., Feb. 29, 1848, 402–3. See the indices to the House and Senate Journals for the 29th and 30th Congresses for a complete list of petitions.
59. Jane Grey Swisshelm, Half a Century (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1880), 95–96.
60. Rebecca Gratz to Ann, Jul. 22, 1847, in Letters of Rebecca Gratz, ed. David Philipson (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of American, 1929), 341–42; Rebecca Frick to Henry Clay, Danville, PA, May 1847, PHC, 10:327; Annie B. Roach diary, Lamb Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; Moses Smith letter to Melinda Powers, Feb. 12, 1847, Louisiana State University Special Collections.
61. “The War,” Berkshire County Whig, May 20, 1847; Emily Huse letter to Mrs. Olive Washburn, Sep. 1847, Manuscripts, Wisconsin Historical Society.
<
br /> 62. Taylor to Robert Wood, camp near Monterrey, Mexico, Nov. 2, 1847, Taylor, Letters, 148.
CHAPTER 10. WAR MEASURES
1. James K. Polk, Diary of a President: James K. Polk, ed. Milo Quaife, 4 vols. (Columbia, TN: James K. Polk Memorial Association, 2005), 2:492.
2. Manuel Zamorg to Andrew Osuguera, Apr. 30, 1847, Zamorg Papers, NYHS.
3. Turner Crooker letter to “dear Mother,” Apr. 27, 1847, Crooker Family Letters, Wisconsin Historical Society; “Cerro Gordo,” Boletín de Noticias (Mexico City), May 1, 1847.
4. “Another Glorious Victory! Battle of Cerro Gordo,” New Orleans Delta, May 1, 1847; John Kreitzer Journal, Apr. 19, 1847, HSP.
5. “Cerro Gordo,” Boletín de Noticias (Mexico City), May 1, 1847. On Mexico’s embrace of guerrilla forces after Cerro Gordo, see “Expedición de patentes, para organización de guerrillas de la Guardia Nacional, de acuerdo con el Reglamento de 28 de abril de 1847,” Folder XI/481.3/2586, AHSDN. See also Folders XI/481.3/2579, XI/481.3/2580, AHSDN.
6. Otto Zirckel, Tagebuch geschrieben während der nordamerikanisch-mexikanischen Campagne in den Jahren 1847 und 1848 auf beiden Operationslinien (Halle: H. W. Schmidt, 1849), 1–3, translation by Peter van Lidth de Jeude; Paul Foos, A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict During the Mexican-American War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 22.
7. Harry E. Pratt, ed., Illinois as Lincoln Knew It: A Boston Reporter’s Record of a Trip in 1847 (Springfield, IL: Abraham Lincoln Association, 1938), 45; Michael Feldberg, The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 7–13.
8. “Catholic Irish, Frenchmen, and German of the Invading Army!” Huatusco, Jun. 6, 1847, George Cadwalader Papers—436, Folder #8, HSP, “El president de la república Mexicana a las tropas que vienen enganchadas en el ejército de los Estados Unidos de Norte América,” Aug. 14, 1847, Folder XI/481.3/2613, AHSDN.
9. John Kreitzer Journal, Apr. 21, 1847. HSP; John Jacob Oswandel, Notes of the Mexican War (Philadelphia: N.p., 1885), 145.
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