Year Zero

Home > Nonfiction > Year Zero > Page 40
Year Zero Page 40

by Ian Buruma

concentration camps, 4, 13, 76, 89, 94, 95, 133–34, 179, 226, 309

  Auschwitz, 93, 133, 161, 163, 182, 183, 206, 228, 229, 231, 232

  Bergen-Belsen, see Bergen-Belsen

  Birkenau, 163, 206, 228

  Buchenwald, 133, 226, 231, 232, 241–42, 252, 280

  Dachau, see Dachau

  Dora-Mittelbau, 163

  Eisenhower’s visit to, 226–28

  films and newsreels on, 227, 279–80, 320

  hunger in, 55

  Ohrdruf, 226–27

  see also displaced person camps; extermination camps

  Connolly, Cyril, 248, 254, 290

  Constantine I, King, 107

  Copeau, Pascal, 198–99

  Cossacks, 145, 146, 148–49, 151–53, 168

  Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA), 247–48

  Coward, Noël, 275

  Croatia, 102, 103, 145–49

  Culala, Felipa, 188–89

  Cultural Association for the Democratic Renewal of Germany (Kulturbund), 284, 285

  Czechoslovakia, 62, 253, 335

  Communist Party in, 97

  German prisoners in, 75

  Germans forcibly returned to Germany from, 154–60

  revenge against Germans in, 95–98

  Revolutionary Guards in, 96–97

  Soviet Union and, 97

  Czernowitz, 158

  Dachau, 71, 76, 77, 165, 166, 226

  SS guards killed at, 76

  Daily Herald, 19, 21, 320, 323

  Daily Mirror, 64, 227

  Dalton, Hugh, 271, 273

  Damascus, 323–25

  Dam Yehudi Nakam, 99

  Dantzig, Rudi van, 27

  Danzig, 158

  Davies, “Rusty,” 152–53

  Dayang Dayang, 188–89

  Death Mills, 279–80

  de Bary, William Theodore, 35–36, 186–87

  Debussy, Claude, 332

  Declaration of St. James’s, 233

  de Gaulle, Charles, 18, 19–20, 50, 124, 125, 137, 170–71, 198–99, 201, 221, 222, 252–53, 255, 271, 292, 295, 324

  democratization:

  of Germany, 173, 177, 178, 276, 280–81, 287, 289

  of Japan, 175–76, 185, 276, 279, 287, 295, 298, 302–5

  Denier, Albert, 123

  De Patriot, 135

  Deutsche Allgemeine Nachrichtenagentur, 232

  Deutsche Bank, 182, 183

  displaced people, 131–33

  in Asia, 131

  return home of, see homecomings

  displaced person (DP) camps, 6, 13, 71, 76, 160

  Bergen-Belsen, see Bergen-Belsen

  birthrates in, 31–33

  Jews in, in 1945, 160

  see also concentration camps; extermination camps

  Döblin, Alfred, 72–73, 279, 293

  Doenitz, Karl, 17

  “Don’t Let’s Be Beastly to the Germans” (Coward), 275

  Dora-Mittelbau, 163

  Drau Valley, 145–46

  Dresden, 180

  Driving Out the Tyranny (Norel), 136

  Dulles, Allen, 312

  Dulles, John Foster, 312, 313, 324, 328, 329

  Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 318

  Dunston, Charles, 182

  Duras, Marguerite, 138–39, 252–53

  Dutch East Indies, 111, 114

  see also Indonesia

  Dutch Mennonites, 2

  Dutch National Socialist Movement (NSB), 218, 220

  East Germany, 180, 271–72, 335–36

  Eden, Anthony, 150–51, 168, 321

  Ehrenburg, Ilya, 79

  Eichmann, Adolf, 206, 228

  Eighty Years’ War, 14

  Einstein, Albert, 313

  Eisenhower, Dwight, 17, 18, 42, 71–72, 181, 305, 312

  concentration camps and, 226–28

  Eisenhower, Mamie, 226–27

  Elisohn, Herr, 4

  Enlightenment, 276, 311, 322

  Entertainment Committee of the Netherlands, 24

  Erasmus, 311

  Ernst, Earl, 300

  Eumenides (Aeschylus), 209–10, 225

  Europe:

  division of, 335

  united vision of, 253–57, 295, 310–11

  European Union, 9, 273, 294, 306

  Evatt, Herbert, 321

  extermination camps:

  Treblinka, 89–90

  see also concentration camps; displaced person camps

  fascism, 175, 236

  communism in resistance to, 102–3, 109, 175

  Fassbinder, Rainer Werner, 141

  Fateless (Kertész), 133–34

  Father Tiger, 117

  Federal Council of the Churches of Christ, 312

  Fierlinger, , 155

  Finkielstejn, Chaja, 89

  Flanders, 102

  Flick, Friedrich, 181, 183

  Flood, Daniel J., 64–65

  Foot, Michael, 320, 323, 325

  For a Lost Soldier (Dantzig), 27

  Foulkes, Charles, 16

  Four Freedoms, 314, 323

  Fragebogen, 177

  France, 57–58, 101, 102, 106, 252–53, 335

  Algeria and, 121–24

  black market in, 58

  Britain and, 255, 325

  brothels in, 201

  collaborators in, 84–86, 101, 103

  Communist Party in, 50, 84, 102, 198, 199, 252, 272, 328

  culture in, 290–94

  economic restructuring in, 252, 253, 255

  food supplies in, 58

  German occupation of, 26–27, 28, 50, 84–86, 201

  Germany occupied by, 292–95

  homosexuals in, 26–27

  Indochina and, see French Indochina

  Japan and, 120

  Jews in, 220

  liberation of, 20, 50, 85, 120, 171

  Middle East and, 325

  Netherlands and, 220

  Paris, see Paris

  POWs returning to, 137–39

  purges in, 198–201

  resistance in, 170–71, 199, 201, 252, 253

  Syria and, 323–25

  United Nations and, 326, 328, 329

  Franco, Francisco, 176, 244

  Frank, Anne, 29, 55–56

  Frank, Hans, 231

  Frankische Presse, 331

  French Indochina, 111, 120, 124, 253, 324

  hunger in, 121

  Vietnam, 102, 106, 120–22, 124–27

  French Revolution, 197–98, 199

  Friedeburg, Hans-Georg von, 15, 18

  Fritz-Krockow, Libussa, 91–92, 94

  Frost, John, 16n

  Fujin Gaho, 38

  Fujiwara Sakuya, 69

  Fulbright, J. W., 313

  Furtwängler, Wilhelm, 4

  Gandhi, Mahatma, 310

  , 158

  George II, King, 109

  German culture, 278, 283, 289, 294

  British culture and, 278

  destruction of, 158–60, 282

  reeducation and, 277–95, 297

  German Democratic Republic, 180, 271–72

  Germans:

  absence of attacks by other Germans on, 77

  Czechs’ revenge against, 95–98

  falsely accused of having been Nazis, 93, 94

  in former German lands invaded by Soviets, 91, 92

  fraternization with, 24, 39–43, 45

  French collaborators with, 84–86, 101, 103

  Jewish Brigade and, 98–99

  Kovner’s plot against, 99–101

  Poles’ revenge agai
nst, 90–95

  prisoners in Czechoslovakia, 75

  soldiers’ return home, 139–41, 144

  Soviets’ revenge against, 79–80, 82–84

  German-speaking refugees, 62–63

  Germany, 39–43, 59–60, 62, 64, 70, 72–73, 253, 335

  Aachen, 281–82, 302

  Allied Control Council in, 287–88

  Allied occupation of, 39–43, 45–46, 48, 65, 276, 279–95

  banking system in, 182

  Berlin, see Berlin

  black market in, 71, 179, 288

  books in, 288, 289, 293

  Cologne, 60, 180, 282, 288

  communists in, 50–51, 66, 67, 180

  demilitarization of, 276, 279

  democratization of, 173, 177, 178, 276, 280–81, 287, 289

  denazification in, 276, 279, 281, 288, 289, 293

  East, 180, 271–72, 335–36

  economy of, 66, 180, 181

  education in, 178–79, 279, 281–82, 293, 294

  food supplies in, 61, 63–65, 67–68

  France occupied by, 26–27, 28, 50, 84–86, 201

  French occupation of, 292–95

  Germans forcibly returned to, 154–60

  Hollywood movies in, 286–87, 290

  Hungary and, 206

  magazines in, 286

  newspapers in, 288–89, 293

  planners in, 256

  Poland occupied by, 87–88

  prostitution in, 42–43

  purge of former Nazis and collaborators in, 172–73, 176–83, 279

  relief to, 65–66

  resistance and, 169, 171–72

  retreat from Soviet Union, 79

  Silesia and, 92–93

  Soviet occupation of, 39, 42, 67, 82–84, 284–85, 292

  surrender of, 17–18

  West, 183, 271, 272, 282, 336

  Germany Year Zero, 40, 242

  Gide, André, 290

  Gilbert, Martin, 20

  Gilbert and Sullivan, 300

  Gimborski, Cesaro, 94

  Girl, Watch Out for Yourself, 47–48

  Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 201

  Globocnik, Odilo, 145

  Goering, Hermann, 231

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 241, 278, 279, 283, 284

  Gogol, Nikolai, 284

  Gomułka, Władisław, 159

  Gone With the Wind, 286, 287

  Gonin, Lieutenant Colonel, 30

  Goudsmit, Siegfried, 134–35

  Gracey, Douglas, 126

  Grass, Günter, 280, 287

  Great Britain, see Britain

  Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 187–88

  Greece, 102, 106–11, 191, 207–9

  Athens, 106, 108–9, 209

  cattle thieving in, 207–8

  civil war in, 107–11

  communism and, 109, 110

  EAM/ELAS in, 106–10, 207, 209

  liberation of, 208, 209

  Soviet Union and, 110

  trials in, 207

  Turkey and, 155

  Green Cross Corporation, 212

  Grese, Irma, 228, 230

  Grew, Joseph, 296

  Gromyko, Andrei, 327

  Groult, Benoîte, 25–26, 27, 40, 43, 51

  Groult, Flora, 25

  Gruppe Neubeginnen, 242

  Haayen, Maria, 22–23

  Habe, Hans, 280

  Hailey, William Malcolm Hailey, Baron, 326

  Hama, 323

  Hampton, Lionel, 19

  Hanoi, 120, 121, 124–27

  Harrison, Earl G., 167

  Hartglass, Apolinari, 165

  Hatta, Mohammed, 114–15, 119

  Hayek, Friedrich, 250–51

  Healey, Denis, 253–54

  Heine, Heinrich, 2

  Hen in the Wind, A, 141

  Herbert, A. P., 277

  Hess, Rudolf, 231

  Hessel, Franz, 309

  Hessel, Stéphane, 252, 309, 322

  Het Parool, 50

  Heuss, Theodor, 178–79

  Heute, 286

  Heymont, Irving, 71, 162, 163–64, 166

  Himmler, Heinrich, 181, 220, 225, 226, 230

  Hirohito, Emperor, 174–75, 176, 301, 304

  Hiroshima, 60, 66, 271, 296, 298, 304, 309, 312–13

  Hiss, Alger, 327

  Hitler, Adolf, 8, 71, 78, 92, 95, 107, 132, 146–48, 159, 161, 166, 171, 172, 175, 178, 183, 235, 251, 282, 298, 312, 335

  Abs and, 182

  Horthy and, 206

  Mussert and, 219–21

  reeducation and, 278, 280, 281

  Hitler Youth, 2, 115

  Ho Chi Minh, 121, 126, 127, 315, 323

  Hodge, John R., 265–67

  Hoenisch, Josef, 93

  Hokkaido, 297

  Holland, see Netherlands

  Hollywood movies, 286–87, 290, 320

  homecomings, 131–68

  of author’s father, 6, 132–33, 139

  of British and American soldiers, 144–45

  Germans forcibly returned to Germany, 154–60

  of German soldiers, 139–41, 144

  of Japanese soldiers, 139–44

  of Jewish survivors, 134–36

  of POWs to France, 137–39

  Russians forcibly returned to Soviet Union, 150–53

  Zionism and, 161–68

  Homma Masaharu, 188, 213

  Homs, 323

  Honecker, Erich, 51

  Hoover, Herbert, 297

  Horizon, 248, 254, 290

  Horthy, Miklós, 205–6

  Ho Yin-chin, 195

  Huijer, P. J G., 119

  Hukbalahap, 188–91

  Hull, Cordell, 225, 235

  Humanité, 200

  human rights, 322

  Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 309, 322

  Hungary, 205–7, 253, 335

  Germans forcibly returned to Germany from, 154–60

  trials in, 205, 206–7

  hunger, 53–59, 61–65

  in Algeria, 121, 122

  in concentration camps, 55

  in Germany, 61, 63–65, 67–68

  in Netherlands, 53–55

  in Indochina, 121

  in Japan, 61–62, 63, 67–68, 298

  in Soviet Union, 79

  Hunger Plan, 79

  Hupka, Herbert, 158

  Hurley, Patrick J., 192

  Ibuka, Masaru, 72

  Ikor, Roger, 137

  Imperial Rule Assistance Association, 184

  Imrédy, Béla, 206

  India, 167

  Indochina, see French Indochina

  Indonesia, 102, 111, 112, 114–20, 122, 125

  bersiap in, 116–18

  communists purged in, 120

  independence of, 114, 119–20

  Japan and, 111, 114–16

  pemuda in, 116–19

  Information Control Division, 288

  Inter-Allied Commission on the Punishment of War Crimes, 233

  Intervues Imaginaires (Gide), 290

  Iran, 312

  Iraq, 131, 325

  Ishii Shiro, 210–12

  Islam, Muslims, 113, 121–22, 155

  Isorni, Jacques, 199

  Israel, 100, 161–68

  Italy, 102–6, 108

  communism and, 105–6, 272

  fascists in, 102–6

  moral panic in, 49

  revenge in, 105, 106

  Jackson, Robert H., 236–37

  Jacobs, G. F., 114

  Jakarta, 116, 117

&nb
sp; Japan, 8, 9, 34–39, 61, 64, 70, 72, 106, 111, 257–62, 272, 273, 332

  Allied army food in, 67–68

  Allied occupation of, 35–38, 43–48, 65, 260, 276, 279, 295–306

  American culture in, 290

  American fraternization with women in, 44–47

  armed forces of, 306

  black market in, 68–70, 140

  business and industrial elites in, 185–87

  China and, 102, 112, 184, 192–97, 299

  communism and, 102, 272, 305

  constitution of, 305–6

  democratization of, 175–76, 185, 276, 279, 287, 295, 298, 302–5

  economic control in, 260

  disease in, 61

  education in, 301–2

  feudalism in, 175, 185, 186, 188, 299, 300, 302, 305, 332

  France and, 120

  Hiroshima, 60, 66, 271, 296, 298, 304, 309, 312–13

  hunger in, 61–62, 63, 67–68, 298

  Indonesia and, 111, 115–16

  Korea and, 262–67

  MacArthur and, 35, 37, 65, 66, 174–76, 183–86, 191, 211, 261, 296–301, 304

  Malaya and, 112

  Manchukuo and, see Manchukuo

  military police (Kempeitai) in, 183–84, 188, 214, 259

  Nagasaki, 271, 296, 298, 309, 327

  Omi, 302

  patriotic organizations in, 184

  Pearl Harbor attacked by, 188, 216, 314, 316

  Philippines invaded by, 188–90

  prostitution in, 34–38, 45

  purge of wartime bureaucracy and political establishment in, 172–76, 183–87

  rebuilding of, 261–62

  reform bureaucrats in, 251, 259, 260

  relief to, 65–66

  resistance and, 169, 171, 172

  rule in Southeast Asia, 112, 115

  Soviet Union and, 66–67, 69, 80, 297

  surrender of, 262, 265, 271

  Tokyo, 60, 61, 62, 69

  U.S. military operations in, 303

  writing system in, 301–2

  Japanese:

  in China, 79, 80–81

  kamikaze pilots, 140, 141–42

  letters to MacArthur from, 174–75, 185

  MacArthur’s view of, 296–97

  soldiers’ return home, 139–44

  Soviets’ revenge against, 80

  war criminals, trials of, 212–18

  Western masculinity and, 40–41, 45

  Japanese culture, 296, 297, 299

  Kabuki theater, 300, 301, 332

  reeducation and, 276, 287, 295–306

  Shinto, 263, 300–301

  Japanese Tragedy, The, 304

  Japan Times, 332

  Java, 118

  jazz, 289–90, 291

  Jebb, Gladwyn, 308, 320–21, 327

  Jefferson, Thomas, 286

  “Jerusalem” (Blake), 249–50

  Jewish Agency, 168

  Jewish Brigade, 98–99, 161

  Jewish Chronicle, 162

 

‹ Prev