by Ian Buruma
Soong, T. V., 326
Soviet soldiers, 79
Cossacks, 145, 146, 148–49, 151–53, 168
in Poland, 88, 91, 92
revenge against Germans by, 79–80, 82–84
revenge against Japanese by, 80
Soviet Union, 9, 17, 18, 54, 64, 66, 103, 254, 272, 323, 325, 330
atomic bomb of, 313
China and, 80–82, 195–97
Cold War and, 9–10, 103, 270, 272, 294, 303, 327–28
Czechoslovakia and, 97
death toll from World War II, 78–79
former Nazi Party members and, 180–81
German reeducation and, 284–85
German retreat from, 79
Germany occupied by, 39, 42, 67, 82–84, 284–85, 292
Germany’s recovery and, 181
Greece and, 110
Japan and, 66–67, 69, 80, 297
Korea and, 264, 266–69
Manchuria invaded by, 66–67, 69, 195
Nuremberg trials and, 233–34
Poland and, 88, 91, 92, 319–22, 323, 328
Russians forcibly returned to, 150–53
starvation in, 79
United Nations and, 316, 318, 319, 321, 328–29
Speer, Albert, 258
Spender, Stephen, 58, 60, 226, 281–83
Spengler, Oswald, 288
Spinelli, Altiero, 311
Stalin, Joseph, 8, 17, 18, 20, 91, 97, 106, 132, 147, 149, 150, 154, 155, 170, 195, 199, 205, 210, 243, 272, 316–20, 327–28, 330, 335
benign view of, 150, 154, 308
Stalingrad, 60
Stalin Organs, 4, 5
Stars and Stripes, 41, 143
starvation, see hunger
Stettinius, Edward R., Jr., 321, 327
Stilwell, Joseph, 191–92
Stimson, Henry, 65–66
Storm, Wim, 50
Strachey, John, 57
strategic trust territories, 325
Streicher, Julius, 231
Sudetenland, 95, 155, 157, 158, 253
Suharto, 120
Sukarno, 111, 114–16, 119, 120, 189, 315, 323
Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Duke de, 311
Sumatra, 114, 118
Sumitomo, 187
Supreme Court, U.S., 216
Surabaya, 116, 118–20
Syahrir, Sutan, 115
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 325
Syria, 323–25
Szabad Nép, 206–7
Szálasi, Ferenc, 206
Takami Jun, 44, 46–47, 304
Tanaka Kakuei, 102
Taruc, Luis, 188, 190, 191
Tarvisio, 98
Teheran Conference, 154, 210, 316, 329
Templer, Gerald, 65
Terakoya, 300
Teveth, Shabtai, 165
Thatcher, Margaret, 273
Thimonnier, René, 293
This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen (Borowski), 76
Thorez, Maurice, 50, 199
Threepenny Opera (Brecht), 283–84, 285
Tilhaz Tizi Gesheften (TTG), 98–99
Time, 143, 219, 221–22, 321
Times (London), 41, 145, 227, 228, 229, 277, 314, 326
Tito, Josip Broz, 103, 145, 146, 148–51
Togliatti, Palmiro, 272
Tojo Hideki, 212
Tokyo, 60, 61, 62, 69
Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, 185, 234
Toynbee, Arnold, 308, 309, 310, 314
Transjordan, 325
Treaty of Lausanne, 155
Treblinka, 89–90
Treitschke, Heinrich von, 288
trials, 233
in Greece, 207–9
People’s Courts, 203–7, 267
see also war crimes trials
Truffaut, François, 309
Truman, Harry, 18, 154, 166, 167, 296, 297–98, 319, 323
Tsingtao, 193–94
Tsuneishi, Warren, 266
tuberculosis, 61, 165
Tuohy, John, 154
Turkey, 155, 311
typhoid, 61
typhus, 29, 56, 61, 81, 165, 228
Ukraine, 156, 168, 170, 319
United Nations, 9, 31, 308–9, 312–30
Bretton Woods Conference, 317–18
Charter of, 310, 313, 314, 322, 326
Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 318
Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 64, 316–17
San Francisco Conference, 310, 312–14, 318–27
Syrian crisis and, 323–24
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 309, 322
Urquhart, Brian, 15, 16, 21, 29, 31, 307–9, 321
Ustaša, 102, 145, 149
Utrecht, 48
Utrecht University, 2–3, 6–7
Valéry, Paul, 286
van Berkum, Carla, 118–19
van Berkum, Peter, 117–18
Varkiza Agreement, 208–9
V-E Day, 17–22, 48
Velouchiotis, Aris, 108
vengeance, see revenge
Venizelos, Eleftherios, 107
Ventotene Manifesto, 311
veterans:
return home, 139–45; see also homecomings
violent acts committed by, 144
Vian, Boris, 291
Vietminh, 120–21, 124, 312
Vietnam, 102, 106, 120–22, 124–27
Vietnam War, 142, 303
War, The (Duras), 138–39
Warburg, Sigmund, 182
war crimes trials, 210–37
at Bergen-Belsen, 228–30, 234
of Homma, 213
in Hungary, 206–7
of Ishii, 210–12
of Japanese war criminals, 212–18
of Laval, 200, 218–25, 229
of Mussert, 218–21, 222–24
new legal categories devised for, 234, 322
Nuremberg, 183, 185, 216–18, 226, 228, 230–37, 244, 322, 331
Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, 185, 234
of Yamashita, 212–17, 218
Warsaw, 60–61, 75–76, 256
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 161
Webster, C. K., 322, 327
Westerling, Raymond “Turk,” 119–20
West, Rebecca, 232
West Germany, 183, 271, 272, 282, 336
White, E. B., 310, 320, 326
White Paper, 167
Whitney, Courtney, 176
Willoughby, Charles, 176, 211
Wilson, Edmund, 57, 59, 104, 106, 107, 110, 246–47
Wilson, Harold, 271
Winwood, Major, 230
Wolf, Friedrich, 284
Wolf, Markus, 284
Wollheim, Richard, 31
Woman in Berlin, A, 42, 83
women:
independence of, 8, 23
voting rights for, 51, 85, 186
see also sexuality
Worden, William L., 295
world government, 309–11, 327, 329–30
Atlantic Charter and, 314–15, 323, 324
atomic bomb and, 313
British Empire as model for, 310
League of Nations and, 9, 308, 309, 314, 316, 318, 322
United Nations and, see United Nations
Yalta Conference, 92, 151, 155, 316, 319–20, 322, 327–29
Yamashita Tomoyuki, 40, 212–17, 218
Yank, 61, 72, 154, 159, 214, 215–16, 226, 265, 266, 281, 320
Yasuda, 187
Yediot Ahronot, 161
Young Hearts (Hatachi no Seishun), 38
Yo Un-hong, 266
Yo Un-hyong,
263–64, 266, 267
Yugoslavia, 102, 103, 146–50
Tito and Partisans in, 103, 145, 146, 148–51
Zaaijer, J., 223
zaibatsu, 186–87, 260, 261
Zangen, Wilhelm, 182
zazous, 291
Zeineddine, Farid, 320
Zhukov, Georgy, 17–18, 21, 79
Zionism, 99, 100, 161–68, 244
Zuckmayer, Carl, 40, 60, 71, 179
IMAGE CREDITS
1: Courtesy of the author.
2: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-E0406-0022-018.
3: Image bank WW2–Resistance Museum Amsterdam. VMA 113642.
4: © IWM (EA 65799).
5: Associated Press/Charles Gorry.
6: Image bank WW2–IOD. NIOD 187641.
7: Image bank WW2–NIOD. NIOD 95246.
8: Associated Press/British Official Photo.
9: Nationaal Archief/Spaarnestad Photo/Wiel van der Randen.
10: © IWM (5467).
11: © IWM (69972).
12: © IWM (6674).
13: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-M1205-331.
14: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-S74035.
15: With permission from the National Archives and Records Administration.
16: Associated Press.
17: Associated Press.
18: Associated Press/Peter J. Carroll.
19: © Bettmann/Corbis.
20: © Bettmann/Corbis.
21: AFP/Getty Images.
22: Nationaal Archief/Spaarnestad Photo/Photographer unknown.
23: Image bank WW2–Resistance Museum South Holland. VMZH 131931.
24: © IWM (CF 926).
25: Image bank WW2–NIOD. NIOD 61576.
26: © IWM (HU 55965).
27: Associated Press.
* To avoid confusion, I should mention that Dutch Mennonites are very different from their American brethren. Dutch Mennonites tend to be rather progressive, open to other faiths, and not at all reclusive. The opposite tends to be true of American and German Mennonites, which caused a certain degree of awkwardness when bearded figures in old-fashioned black suits turned up on formal visits to my grandfather in Nijmegen.
* In fact, the operation in its planning stages was commonly referred to as “the party.” One of the most famous officers in the Battle of Arnhem, Colonel John Frost, had even planned to bring his golf clubs to Holland.
* In 1988, the mayor of Nagasaki, a Christian named Motoshima Hitoshi, stated that Emperor Hirohito should have borne some responsibility for the war. He became a target of the far right. Two years later, a hit man shot him in the back.
* These buildings are still there. Their bombastic style appealed to the Chinese Communists. The transition seemed entirely natural: the former Kwantung Army building is now the Communist Party headquarters, and so on.
* George Bancroft (1800–1891), American historian and statesman.
* His chief aide was Brigadier John Profumo, the politician who was eventually brought down by his liaison with the call girl Christine Keeler.
