Apologia
Apul Met
Apuleius,
Metamorphoses
Arafat
K. W. Arafa
t, Pausanias’s Greece
Arr Alan
Arrian,
Order of Battle with Array
Arrian Alex
Arrian,
Campaigns of Alexander
Arrian Parth
Arrian,
Parthica
Arrian Peri
Arrian,
Periplus Ponti Euxini
Arrian Tact
Arrian,
Ars Tactica
Aul Gell
Aulus Gellius,
Noctes Atticae
Aur Vic
Aurelius Victor,
De Caesaribus
Bennett
Julian Bennett,
Trajan: Optimus Princeps
Birley
Anthony Birley,
Hadrian, the Restless Emperor
Birley Vind
Anthony Birley,
Garrison Life at Vindolanda
BMC III
H. Mattingly,
Coins of the Roman Empire in the British
Museum
, vol. 3
Bowman
Alan K. Bowman,
Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier
Brunt
P. A. Brunt,
Roman Imperial Themes
Burkert
Walter Burkert,
Greek Religion
CAH
Cambridge Ancient History
, vol. XI
Camp
J. M. Camp,
The Archaeology of Athens
CCAG
Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum
Char
Charisius,
Ars Grammatica
Cic Att
Cicero,
Epistulae ad Atticum (Letters to Atticus)
Cic Fam
Cicero,
Epistulae ad familiares (Letters to His Friends)
Cic Leg
Cicero,
Leges (Laws)
Cic Tusc
Cicero,
Tusculanae Quaestiones (Tusculan Disputations)
CIL
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
Clem
Clement of Alexandria,
Proteptious
Col
Keith Hopkins and Mary Beard,
The Colosseum (Wonders of the World)
Colum
Columella,
De re rustica (On Farming)
Digest
Digesta
(Justinian I)
Dio
Dio Cassius,
Roman History
Dio Chrys
Dio Chrysostom,
Oratio (Discourse)
21
Diod
Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheke (Library)
Dio Laer Epicurus
Diogenes Laertius,
Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers: Epicurus
Eck
Werner Eck, “The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View”
Ennius
Ennius,
Annales (Annals)
Ep de Caes
Epitome de Caesaribus (Summary of the Caesars)
Epict
Epictetus,
Discourses
Epiph
Epiphanius,
Weights and Measures
Eur Alc
Euripides,
Alcestis
Euseb Ch Hist
Eusebius,
Church History
Eutropius
Eutropius,
Historiae romanae breviarium
FIRA
Fontes Iuris Romani Antejustiniani
Florus Ep
Florus,
Epitome
Fronto Ad L Ver
Fronto,
Ad Lucium Verum (to Lucius Verus)
Fronto Ad M Caes
Fronto,
Ad Marcum Caesarem (To Marcus Caesar)
Fronto de bell Parth
Fronto,
De bello Parthico (On War with Parthia)
Fronto de fer Als
Fronto,
De feriis Alsiensibus
Fronto Princ Hist
Fronto,
Principia Historiae
Galimberti
Alessandro Galimberti,
Adriano e l’ideologia del principato
Gibbon
Edward Gibbon,
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Goldsworthy
Adrian Goldsworthy,
In the Name of Rome
Gray
William D. Gray, “New Light from Egypt on the Early Reign of Hadrian”
Greek Horo
Hephaestio of Thebes
Green
Peter Green,
Juvenal: The Sixteen Satires
Gyn
Soranus,
Gynaecologia
HA Ant
Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius
HA Ael
Historia Augustus, Aelius Caesar
HA Hadr
Historia Augusta, Hadrian
HA Marc
Historia Augusta, Marcus Aurelius
HA Ver
Historia Augusta, Aelius Verus
Herodian
Herodian,
History of the Empire After Marcus
Homer II
Homer,
Iliad
Hor Ep
Horace,
Epistulae (Letters)
Hor Epo
Horace,
Epodes
Hor Ser
Horace,
Sermones (Satires)
IG
Inscriptiones Graecae
ILS
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
Jer Chron
Jerome,
Chronicle
Jer Contra Ruf
Jerome,
Contra Rufinum (Against Rufinus)
Jer de vir ill
Jerome,
De viris illustribus (Of Famous Men)
Jer In Esaiam
Jerome,
In Esaiam (Commentary on Isaiah)
Johnson
Paul Johnson,
A History of the Jews
Jones
Brian W. Jones,
The Emperor Domitian
Jos AJ
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
Jos BJ
Josephus,
Jewish War
JRS
Journal of Roman Studies
Julian Caes
Julian,
The Caesars
Justin Apol App
Justin,
Apologia Appendix
Justin First Apol
Justin,
First Apologia
Juv
Juvenal,
Saturae (Satires)
Lambert
Royston Lambert,
Beloved and God
Levine
Lee I. Levine,
Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period
Livy
Livy,
Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome)
Lucian Philospeud
Lucian,
Lover of Lies
Lucr de Rerum Nat
Lucretius,
De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things)
MacDonald
William L. MacDonald and John A. Pinto,
Hadrian’s Villa and Its Legacy
Macr
Macrobius,
Saturnalia
Malalas
John Malalas,
Chronographia
Marc Aur
Marcus Aurelius,
To Himself (Meditations)
Mart
Martial,
Epigrammata (Epigrams)
Mart Lib de Spect
Martial,
Liber de Spectaculis (Show Book)
MLP
Minor Latin Poets
, Loeb Classical Library
Mommsen
Theodor Mommsen,
A History of Rome Under the Emperors
Naor
Mordecai Naor,
City of Hope
Oliver
J. H. Oliver,
Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors from Inscriptions and Papyri
Opper
Thorsten Opper,
Hadrian—Empire and Conflict
Paus
Pausanias,
Description of Greece
Petr
Petronius,
Satyricon
Phil
Saint Paul,
Letter to the Philippians
Philo Apoll
Philostratus,
Life of Apollonius of Tyana
Philo Her
Philostratus,
Heroicus
Philo v. Soph
Philostratus,
Lives of the Sophists
Pindar Dith
Pindar,
Dithyrambs
Plato Symp
Plato,
Symposium
Plaut Curc
Plautus,
Curculio
Pliny Ep
Pliny the Younger,
Epistulae (Correspondence)
Pliny NH
Pliny the Elder,
Naturalis Historia (Natural History)
Pliny Pan
Pliny the Younger,
Panegyricus
Plut Crass
Plutarch,
Life of Crassus
Plut Mor
Plutarch,
Moralia (Essays)
Plut Per
Plutarch,
Life of Pericles
Plut Pomp
Plutarch,
Life of Pompey the Great
Pol Physio
Polemon,
De Physiognomia
POxy
Oxyrhyncus Papyri
Quint
Quintilian,
Institutio Oratoria
RIC
H. Mattingly and E. A. Sydenham,
The Roman Imperial Coinage
Rossi
Lino Rossi,
Trajan’s Column and the Dacian Wars
Script Phys Vet
Scriptores Physiognomoniae Veteres
Sen Contr
Seneca,
Controversiae
Sen Ep
Seneca,
Epistulae (Correspondence)
Shakespeare, A & C
Shakespeare,
Antony and Cleopatra
Sherk
Robert K. Sherk, ed.,
The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian
Smallwood
E. Mary Smallwood,
Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian
Speidel
M. P. Speidel,
Riding for Caesar
Stat Silv
Statius,
Silvae
Strabo
Strabo,
Geographica
Suet Aug
Suetonius,
Augustus
Suet Cal
Suetonius,
Caligula
Suet Dom
Suetonius,
Domitian
Suet Nero
Suetonius,
Nero
Suet Vesp
Suetonius,
Vespasian
Syb
Sybilline Oracles
Syme Tac
Ronald Syme,
Tacitus
Syncellus Chron
Syncellus,
Chronographia
Tac Agric
Tacitus,
Agricola
Tac Ann
Tacitus,
Annals
Tac His
Tacitus,
Historiae (Histories)
Tert Apol
Tertullian,
Apologeticum (Apology)
Thuc
Thucydides,
History of the Peloponnesian War
Veg
Vegetius,
De re militari (On Military Affairs)
Virg Aen
Virgil,
Aeneid
Xen Anab
Xenophon,
Anabasis (The Persian Expedition)
Xen Hunt
Xenophon,
Hunting with Dogs
Yadin Bar-K
Yigael Yadin,
Bar-Kokhba
Yoma
Babylonian Talmud Yoma
PREFACE
“the fair prospect of universal peace”
Gibbon, p. 36.
“persisted in the design”
Ibid., p. 37.
“repellent” and “venemous”
Mommsen, p. 340.
INTRODUCTION
Full information on Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli can be found in the site guidebook and MacDonald.
“And in order not to omit anything”
HA Hadr 26 5.
I. INVADERS FROM THE WEST
Main literary source—
Historia Augusta
born on the ninth day
HA Hadr 13.
“exceedingly miserable place to live”
Strabo 312.
“Turdetania … is marvelously blessed”
Ibid., 324.
The Aelii were friendly with the Ulpii
For this paragraph and the next, see Syme Tac, p. 603.
four hundred active senatorial families
CAH, p. 222.
“should be not younger than twenty”
Gyn 2 19.
Paulina appointed a woman called Germana
See CIL 14 3721 for an inscription about her.
“Should I express wonder at gilded beams”
Stat Silv 13 35–37.
“they grow up lying around in litters” and “broad daylight of a respectable school”
Quint 127–9.
Now thirty-two
Eutropius 852 reports that Trajan died in his sixty-third year. It follows that he was born in
A.D
. 53. Other literary sources suggest different years of death, but most modern scholars follow Eutropius.
Tall and well made
For Trajan’s appearance, see statues and Pliny Pan 47.
“setting foot on rocky crags”
Pliny Pan 81 1.
liked having sex with young men
Although biographers such as Bennett write of Trajan’s bisexuality, the emperor may have been exclusively homosexual, although most Romans appear not to have specialized.
II. A DANGEROUS WORLD
Main literary sources—
Historia Augusta;
Xenophon and Arrian on hunting
the celebrated Quintus Terentius Scaurus
HA Ver 25 identifies Scaurus as “Hadrian’s
grammaticus.”
It has been argued that this simply means a
“grammaticus
of the age of Hadrian,” but the context implies that a personal teacher is meant.
obiter
Char 13 271.
“he preserved my chastity”
Hor Ser 16 82–84. Although Horace wrote in the first century
B.C
., there is no reason at all to believe that children’s safety improved under the empire.
“require that he take”
Juv 7 237–41.
manum subducere ferulae
Op. cit. 1 15.
“that genius”
Sen Contr 1 Praef 11.
“An orator, son Marcus”
Sen Contr 1 Praef 9.
“happiest days of my life”
Pliny Ep 2 18 1. This citation from Pliny and the one that follows
date from the early second century, but there need be little doubt that they are equally relevant to educational attitudes in Hadrian’s youth.
the slightest hint
In HA Hadr after the sentence recording Hadrian’s father’s death, we read
“imbutusque impensius Graecis studiis”
—“and he steeped himself rather enthusiastically in …” The
que
, or “and,” could imply a connection.
his guardian’s new wife, Plotina, encouraged him
A persuasive speculation in Galimberti, pp. 21–22.
“When Greece was taken”
Hor Ep 21 156–57.
“Like Indians under the British Raj”
Green, p. 316.
“from this day, from this moment”
Sherk 168, p. 217.
casting an emperor’s horoscope was high treason
Ulpian,
De Officio Proconsulis
7.
“moribus antiquis
” Ennius 467.
singling out for bravery
Pliny NH 8 11.
celebrated his fifteenth birthday
Hadrian’s coming of age is an assumption that convincingly explains his visit later in the year to the family estates in Spain, a natural step for their new owner to take.
Hadrian had visited Baetica once before
It is argued in Birley 19 that “returned,”
rediit
, HA Hadr 21, is probably a way of saying “went back to the old plantation” without meaning that Hadrian had been there before. Possibly so; but there is no reason not to take the word literally.
a
collegium
in the province of Africa
See inscription in
L’année epigraphique
, Paris 1888ff., 1958.
We can safely assume
The following section on hunting makes use of Xenophon’s and Arrian’s monographs,
Hunting with Dogs
.
“Surely everyone is liable to make mistakes”
Pliny Ep 9 12 1.
“these Graeculi”
Ibid., 10 40 2.
III. YOUNG HOPEFUL GENTLEMAN
Main literary source—Quintilian,
Institutio Oratoria
“The man who can really play his part”
Quint 1 p. 10.
one likely candidate is Lucius Licinius Sura
A helpful speculation in Birley, p. 27.
“The (person) who has the stars”
Greek Horo pp. 79–80.
“your antiquated vocabulary”
Martial 7 47 2.
“gave orders respectfully”
Sherk 173 A.
Tombstones from the early empire
Sherk 173 B to Z.
“has a lovely family”
Sen Ep 41 7.
“all the flower of the colonies”
FIRA I 43 Col II lines 2–4.
perhaps 17 percent of its six hundred members
Lambert, p. 26.
“Robbers of the world”
Tac Agric 30 4–5.
IV. CRISIS OF EMPIRE
Chief literary sources—Suetonius on Nero, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian; Josephus and the Talmud
“There were people”
Suet Nero 57 1.
“Even now everyone wishes [Nero] to be alive”
Dio Chrys 21
On Beauty
10.
“The Greeks alone are worthy”
Ibid., 22 3.
Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome Page 39
