Unfair

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Unfair Page 60

by Adam Benforado


  Gross, Samuel R., and Michael Shaffer. Exonerations in the United States, 1989–2012. National Registry of Exonerations, June 2012.

  Hamzelou, Jessica. “Brain Scans Reduce Murder Sentence in Italian Court.” New Scientist, September 1, 2011.

  Howland, Arthur C., ed. Ordeals, Compurgation, Excommunication, and Interdict. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1901.

  Innocence Project. “DNA Exonerations Nationwide.” Accessed March 18, 2014. http://www.innocenceproject.org/​Content/​DNA_Exonerations_​Nationwide.php.

  Innocence Project. “DNA Exoneree Case Profiles.” Accessed March 18, 2014. http://www.innocenceproject.org/​know/.

  Innocence Project. 200 Exonerated, Too Many Wrongfully Convicted. New York: Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University.

  Innocence Project. “Unreliable or Improper Forensic Science.” Accessed May 28, 2014. http://www.innocenceproject.org/​understand/​Unreliable-Limited-Science.php.

  Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011.

  Kang, Jerry. “Trojan Horses of Race.” Harvard Law Review 118 (2005): 1489–1593.

  Kassin, Saul M., Steven A. Drizin, Thomas Grisso, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, Richard A. Leo, and Allison D. Redlich. “Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendations.” Law and Human Behavior 34 (2010): 3–38.

  Kerr, Margaret H., Richard D. Forsyth, and Michael J. Plyley. “Cold Water and Hot Iron: Trial by Ordeal in England.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22, no. 4 (1992): 573–94.

  Kuran, Timur, and Cass R. Sunstein. “Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation.” Stanford Law Review 51 (1999): 683–768.

  Lancaster, Roger N. “Sex Offenders: The Last Pariahs.” New York Times, August 20, 2011.

  Lea, Henry Charles. The Ordeal. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1973.

  Leeson, Peter. “Justice, Medieval Style: The Case That ‘Trial by Ordeal’ Actually Worked.” Boston Globe, January 31, 2010.

  Leeson, Peter T. “Ordeals.” Journal of Law and Economics 55 (2012): 691–714.

  Levenson, Jill S., and Leo P. Cotter. “The Effect of Megan’s Law on Sex Offender Reintegration.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 21, no. 1 (2005): 49–66.

  Loewenstein, George F., Elke U. Weber, Christopher K. Hsee, and Ned Welch. “Risk as Feelings.” Psychological Bulletin 2 (2001): 267–86.

  McAlhany, Joseph. Monodies and On the Relics of Saints: The Autobiography and a Manifesto of a French Monk from the Time of the Crusades. Translated by Jay Rubenstein. New York: Penguin, 2011.

  “Megan’s Law Website.” Pennsylvania State Police. Accessed November 2, 2014. http://www.pameganslaw.state​.pa.us/​History.aspx?dt=.

  National Conference of State Legislatures. State Statutes Related to Jessica’s Law. Accessed November 3, 2014. http://www.leg.state.vt.us/​WorkGroups/​sexoffenders/NCSLs_Jessicas_Law_Summary.pdf.

  Palmer, Robert C. “Trial by Ordeal.” Michigan Law Review 87 (1989): 1547–56.

  Pilarczyk, Ian C. “Between a Rock and a Hot Place: The Role of Subjectivity and Rationality in the Medieval Ordeal by Hot Iron.” Anglo-American Law Review 25 (1996): 87–112.

  Prichard, James C. The Life and Times of Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims. London: A. A. Masson, 1849.

  Rottenstreich, Yuval, and Christopher K. Hsee. “Money, Kisses, and Electric Shocks: On the Affective Psychology of Risk.” Psychological Science 12 (2001): 185–90.

  Rubenstein, Jay. Guibert of Nogent: Portrait of a Medieval Mind. New York: Routledge, 2002.

  Sample, Ian. “US Courts See Rise in Defendants Blaming Their Brains for Criminal Acts.” Guardian, November 10, 2013.

  “Sex Laws Unjust and Ineffective.” Economist, August 6, 2009.

  Slovic, Paul. “ ‘If I Look at the Mass I Will Never Act’: Psychic Numbing and Genocide.” Judgment and Decision Making 2 (2007): 79–95.

  Slovic, Paul. The Perception of Risk. London: Earthscan, 2000.

  Slovic, Paul. “Perception of Risk.” Science 236 (1987): 280–85.

  Slovic, Paul, John Monahan, and Donald G. MacGregor. “Violence Risk Assessment and Risk Communication: The Effects of Using Actual Cases, Providing Instruction, and Employing Probability Versus Frequency Formats.” Law and Human Behavior 24 (2000): 271–96.

  Slovic, Paul, and Ellen Peters. “Risk Perception and Affect.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 15 (2006): 322–25.

  Slovic, Paul, and Daniel Västfjäll. “The More Who Die, the Less We Care: Psychic Numbing and Genocide.” In Behavioural Public Policy, edited by Adam J. Oliver. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

  Sunstein, Cass R. “Book Review: Misfearing: A Reply.” Harvard Law Review 119 (2006): 1110–25.

  Sunstein, Cass R. “Terrorism and Probability Neglect.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 26 (2003): 121–36.

  Tewksbury, Richard, and Matthew Lees. “Perceptions of Sex Offender Registration: Collateral Consequences and Community Experiences.” Sociological Spectrum 26 (2006): 309–34.

  U.S. Department of Transportation. Traffic Safety Facts: 2012 Data: Children. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2014.

  U.S. Sentencing Commission. Sentence Length in Each Primary Offense Category. 2011.

  United States v. Garsson. 291 F. 646 (S.D.N.Y. 1923).

  “Witch Village.” Monty Python and the Holy Grail. DVD. Directed by Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones. Culver City, CA: Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, 2001.

  Youth Villages. “In Child Sex Abuse, Strangers Aren’t the Greatest Danger, Experts Say.” Science Daily, April 13, 2014. http://www.sciencedaily.com/​releases/​2012/04​/120413100854.htm.

  Zgoba, Kristen. Megan’s Law: Assessing the Practical and Monetary Efficacy. New Jersey Department of Corrections, 2008.

  1. THE LABELS WE LIVE BY ~ THE VICTIM

  Accuracy Project. “David Rosenbaum.” Last modified January 1, 2012. http://www.accuracyproject.org/​cbe-Rosenbaum​,David.html.

  Adams, Cindy. “Trayvon Martin Killing to Be Investigated by Federal Authorities.” Examiner.com, March 19, 2012. http://www.examiner.com/​article/​trayvon-martin​-killing-to-be-investigated-​by-federal-authorities.

  Alter, Adam. “Why It’s Dangerous to Label People.” Psychology Today, May 17, 2010. http://www.psychologytoday.com/​blog/​alternative-truths​/201005/why-its-dangerous-label-people.

  Blockshopper.com. “3824 Harrison Street NW in Washington-Friendship Heights Sold for $1,000,000.” December 18, 2006. http://dc.blockshopper.com/​sales/​cities/washington-friendship_heights/property/18510064/3824_​harrison_street_nw/1351355.

  Brainline.org. “What Is the Glasgow Coma Scale?” Accessed February 13, 2014. http://www.brainline.org/​content/​2010/10/​what-is-the-glasgow​-coma-scale.html.

  Briggs, Steven, and Tara Opsal. “The Influence of Victim Ethnicity on Arrest in Violent Crimes.” Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law, and Society 25, no. 2 (2012): 177–89.

  Callan, Mitchell J., Rael J. Dawtry, and James M. Olson. “Justice Motive Effects in Ageism: The Effects of a Victim’s Age on Observer Perceptions of Injustice and Punishment Judgments.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48 (2012): 1343–49.

  Cohen, Claudia E. “Person Categories and Social Perception: Testing Some Boundaries of the Processing Effects of Prior Knowledge.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40, no. 3 (1981): 441–52.

  D’Amato, Erik. “Mystery of Disgust.” Psychology Today, January 1, 1998. http://www.psychologytoday.com/​articles/​200909/mystery-disgust.

  Darley, John M., and Paget H. Gross. “A Hypothesis-Confirming Bias in Labeling Effects.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44, no. 1 (1983): 20–33.

  D.C. Fire and Medical Services Department v. D.C. Office of Employee Appeals. 986 A.2d 419 (D.C. 2010).

  Dean, Michael Allan. “Images of the Goddess of Justice.” Last modified April 1, 2
013. http://mdean.​tripod.com/​justice.​html.

  District of Columbia Task Force on Emergency Medical Services. Report and Recommendations. Washington, DC: January 27, 2007.

  Dooley, Pamela A. “Perceptions of the Onset Controllability of AIDS and Helping Judgments: An Attributional Analysis.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25, no. 10 (1995): 858–69.

  Duggan, Paul. “Report Scolds D.C. Agencies in Response to Assault.” Washington Post, June 17, 2006.

  Eberhardt, Jennifer L., Nilanjana Dasgupta, and Tracy L. Banaszynski. “Believing Is Seeing: The Effects of Racial Labels and Implicit Beliefs on Face Perception.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003): 360–70.

  Fisher, Marc. “Doctor’s Deposition Details Fatal Night at Howard ER.” Washington Post, April 6, 2008.

  Gamboa, Suzanne, and Sonya Ross. “Prosecutor in FL Shooting Known as Victim Advocate.” Foxnews.com, April 12, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/​us/​2012/04/12/prosecutor​-in-fl-shooting-known-as-victim-advocate/.

  Ganim, Sara. “Alleged Jerry Sandusky Victim Leaves School Because of Bullying, Counselor Says.” Patriot-News, November 20, 2011. http://www.pennlive.com/​midstate/​index.ssf/2011​/11/alleged_jerry_sandusky_victim.html.

  Goldstein, Joseph. “F.B.I. Audit of Database That Indexes DNA Finds Errors in Profiles.” New York Times, January 24, 2014.

  Goodwin, Geoffrey P., and Justin F. Landy. “Valuing Different Human Lives.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143, no. 2 (2014): 778–803.

  Gorman, James. “Survival’s Ick Factor.” New York Times, January 23, 2012.

  Green, Susan. “George Zimmerman Makes First Court Appearance at Bond Hearing.” Examiner.com, April 12, 2012. http://www.examiner.com/​article/​george-zimmerman-makes-​first-court-appearance​-at-bond-hearing.

  Harris, Lasana T., and Susan T. Fiske. “Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low: Neuroimaging Responses to Extreme Out-Groups.” Psychological Science 17, no. 10 (2006): 847–53.

  Inbar, Yoel, and David Pizarro. “Grime and Punishment: How Disgust Influences Moral, Social, and Legal Judgments.” Jury Expert 21, no. 2 (March 2009): 12–18.

  Innocence Project. “DNA Exonerations Nationwide.” Accessed February 15, 2014. http://www.innocenceproject.org/​Content/​DNA_Exonerations_​Nationwide.php.

  Innocence Project. “51% of 300 DNA Exonerations Involved Use of Improper/Unvalidated Forensic Science: Breakdown by Discipline.” Accessed February 15, 2014. http://www.innocenceproject.org/​docs/​FSBreakdownDiscipline.pdf.

  Janofsky, Michael. “Official Washington Pays Tribute to Reporter Who Was Killed.” New York Times, January 14, 2006.

  Janofsky, Michael. “Suspect Said to Confess Killing Times Reporter.” New York Times, January 13, 2006.

  Jones, Cathaleene, and Elliot Aronson. “Attribution of Fault to a Rape Victim as a Function of Respectability of the Victim.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 26, no. 3 (1973): 415–19.

  Jones, Dan. “The Depths of Disgust.” Nature 447, no.14 (June 2007): 768–71.

  Jordan v. United States. Brief for Appellant. 18 A.3d 703 (2011) (No. 07-CF-340), 2010 WL 7359337.

  Jordan v. United States. Brief for Appellee. 18 A.3d 703 (2011) (No. 07-CF-340), 2010 WL 7359345.

  Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011.

  Kassin, Saul M., Itiel E. Dror, and Jeff Kukucka. “The Forensic Confirmation Bias: Problems, Perspectives, and Proposed Solutions.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2 (2013): 42–52.

  King, Colbert I. “The Death of David Rosenbaum.” Washington Post, February 25, 2006.

  Kiume, Sandra. “Disgust and Social Tolerance.” Psych Central. Accessed February 15, 2014. http://psychcentral.com/​blog/​archives/2007​/01/04/​disgust-and-social-tolerance/.

  Lange, Nick D., Rick P. Thomas, Jason Dana, and Robyn M. Dawes. “Contextual Biases in the Interpretation of Auditory Evidence.” Law and Human Behavior 35 (2011): 178–87.

  Lemonick, Michael D. “Why We Get Disgusted.” Time, May 24, 2007.

  Mamet, David. Faustus. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 2007.

  McGreal, Chris. “Somalian Rape Victim, 13, Stoned to Death.” Guardian, November 2, 2008.

  McNerney, Sam. “A Nauseating Corner of Psychology: Disgust.” Big Think, December 9, 2012. http://bigthink.com/​insights-of-genius/​a-nauseating​-corner-of-psychology-disgust.

  MedlinePlus. “Do Not Resuscitate Orders.” Last modified February 3, 2014. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/​medlineplus/​ency/patientinstructions​/000473.htm.

  Milk, Leslie, and Ellen Ryan. “Washingtonians of the Year 2007: The Rosenbaums.” Washingtonian, January 1, 2008.

  Morales, Andrea C., and Gavan J. Fitzsimons. “Product Contagion: Changing Consumer Evaluations Through Physical Contact with ‘Disgusting’ Products.” Journal of Marketing Research 44, no. 2 (May 2007): 272–83.

  National Institute of Justice. “What Is CODIS?” Last modified July 16, 2010. http://nij.gov/​journals/​266/Pages/​backlogs-codis.aspx.

  Noble, Andrea. “D.C. Fire Chief’s Changes Ignore Earlier EMS Task Force Recommendation.” Journal of Emergency Medical Services, August 28, 2013.

  Penn, William. Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims. London: Freemantle, 1901.

  Pennsylvania Attorney General. “Child Sex Charges Filed Against Jerry Sandusky; Two Top Penn State University Officials Charged with Perjury and Failure to Report Suspected Child Abuse.” News release. November 5, 2011. http://www.​attorneygeneral.gov/​press.aspx​?id = 6270.

  Purdum, Todd S. “David Rosenbaum, Reporter for Times Who Covered Politics, Dies at 63.” New York Times, January 9, 2006.

  Randall, Eric. “Bullies Force an Alleged Sandusky Victim to Leave His High School.” Wire, November 21, 2011. http://www.theatlanticwire.com/​national/​2011/11​/bullies-forced​-alleged-sandusky-victim-​leave-his-high-school/45267/.

  Riedel, Marc. “Homicide Arrest Clearances: A Review of the Literature.” Sociology Compass 2, no. 4 (2008): 1150–59.

  Roberts, Aki. “The Influences of Incident and Contextual Characteristics on Crime Clearance of Nonlethal Violence: A Multilevel Event History Analysis.” Journal of Criminal Justice 36 (2008): 61–71.

  Robinson, Amanda L., and Meghan S. Chandek. “Differential Police Response to Black Battered Women.” Women and Criminal Justice 12 (2000): 29–61.

  Rosenbaum v. District of Columbia. Complaint for Damages. 2006 CA 008405 M (D.C. Super. Ct. dismissed Nov. 30, 2007).

  Rozin, Paul, Larry Hammer, Harriet Oster, Talia Horowitz, and Veronica Marmora. “The Child’s Conception of Food: Differentiation of Categories of Rejected Substances in the 16 Months to 5 Year Age Range.” Appetite 7 (1986): 141–51.

  Rozin, Paul, Maureen Markwith, and Clark McCauley, “Sensitivity to Indirect Contacts with Other Persons: AIDS Aversion as a Composite of Aversion to Strangers, Infection, Moral Taint and Misfortune.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103 (1994): 495–504.

  Schaffer, Amanda. “The Moral Dilemmas of Doctors During Disaster.” New Yorker, September 13, 2013.

  Schnall, Simone, Jonathan Haidt, Gerald L. Clore, and Alexander H. Jordan. “Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (2008): 1096–1109.

  Selena Walker v. D.C. Fire and Emergency Medical Services. OEA Matter No. 1601-0133-06 (D.C. June 26, 2007).

  Sherman, Gary D., Jonathan Haidt, and Gerald L. Clore. “The Faintest Speck of Dirt: Disgust Enhances the Detection of Impurity.” Psychological Science 23 (2012): 1506–14.

  Silverman, Elissa. “Don’t Split Department, Task Force Tells Fenty.” Washington Post, September 21, 2007.

  Simon, Dan. In Doubt: The Psychology of the Criminal Justice Process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.

  Situationist Staff. “The Situation of Donations.” Situationist, May 29, 2011. http://thesituationist.wordpress.com/​2011/​05/29/the�
�-situation-of-donations/.

  Smith, Douglas A., Christy A. Visher, and Laura A. Davidson. “Equity and Discretionary Justice: The Influence of Race on Police Arrest Decisions.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75, no.1 (1984): 234–49.

  Sommers, Sam. Situations Matter. New York: Riverhead, 2011.

  Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. “Appendix B: Tables of Model-Based Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia).” Accessed February 15, 2014. http://www.oas.​samhsa.gov/​2k8state/​AppB.htm#TabB-9.

  “Sudan: Gang Rape Victim Found Guilty of ‘Indecent Acts.’ ” Sudan Tribune, February 21, 2014.

  “Suspect in Northern Liberties Shooting ID’d.” ABC.com, November 18, 2011. http://abclocal.go.com/​wpvi/​story?section​=news/crime&id=8437751.

  Thompson, Tisha, and Rick Yarborough. “I-Team: Seeing Through the Smoke.” NBC Washington, August 27, 2013. http://www.nbcwashington.com/​investigations/​I-Team-Seeing​-Through-the​-Smoke-220734681.html.

  USHistory.org. “Brief History of William Penn.” Accessed February 8, 2014. http://www.ushistory​.org/​penn/​bio.htm.

  Vergano, Dan. “Jamestown Cannibalism Confirmed by Skull from ‘Jane.’ ” USA Today, May 1, 2013.

  Wilber, Del Quentin, and Debbi Wilgoren. “Medical Condition Suspected at First in Journalist’s Fall.” Washington Post, January 10, 2006.

  Williams, Clarence, and Allan Lengel. “Report Faults Response to Assault.” Washington Post, June 16, 2006.

  Willoughby, Charles J. Government of the District of Columbia, Office of the Inspector General. Summary of Special Report: Emergency Response to the Assault on David E. Rosenbaum. June 2006.

  Zagefka, Hanna, Masi Noor, Rupert Brown, Georgina Randsley de Moura, and Tim Hopthrow. “Donating to Disaster Victims: Responses to Natural and Humanly Caused Events.” European Journal of Social Psychology 41 (2011): 353–63.

  2. DANGEROUS CONFESSIONS ~ THE DETECTIVE

  Black, Lisa, and Ruth Fuller. “3rd Life Sentence for Girl’s Murder.” Chicago Tribune, June 26, 2009.

 

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