72But the very name: Jones, Polynesians in America, 52.
72A museum in Lima: “Zoomorphic Polychrome Terracotta Vessel in Shape of Rooster, Peru, Vicus Culture, Pre–Inca Civilization, circa 100 B.C.,” The Bridgeman Art Library, accessed March 19, 2014, http://www.bridgemanart.com/en-GB/asset/512719.
73One Jesuit in the 1580s: Metcalf, Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil,152.
73By the close of the sixteenth: W. S. W. Ruschenberger, Three Years in the Pacific; Including Notices of Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, Peru (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard, 1834), 394.
73Bantu slaves from southern: Jones, Polynesians in America, 145.
73Those bones had: Lisa Matisoo-Smith, email message to author, 2013.
74“An ancient Polynesian haplotype”: Storey, “Radiocarbon and DNA Evidence.”
74When we eat and: Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 25.
75Gongora and others: Gongora et al., “Indo-European and Asian Origins for Chilean and Pacific Chickens Revealed by MtDNA,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, no. 30 (2008): 10308, doi:10.1073/pnas.0807512105.
75Matisoo-Smith, Storey: Alice A. Storey et al., “Pre-Columbian Chickens of the Americas: A Critical Review of the Hypotheses and Evidence for Their Origins,” Rapa Nui Journal 25 (2011): 5–19.
75An independent team of molecular biologists: Scott M. Fitzpatrick and Richard Callaghan, “Examining Dispersal Mechanisms for the Translocation of Chicken (Gallus Gallus) from Polynesia to South America,” Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no. 2 (2009): 214–23, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.002.
75Recent genetic work: Caroline Roullier et al., “Historical Collections Reveal Patterns of Diffusion of Sweet Potato in Oceania Obscured by Modern Plant Movements and Recombination,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 6 (2013): 2205–210, doi:10.1073/pnas.1211049110.
76Wind and current studies: Jones, Polynesians in America, 173.
76Historical records mention: Finney, Voyage of Rediscovery, 1994.
76Words, tools, ritual objects: A. Lawler, “Northern Exposure in Doubt,” Science 328, no. 5984 (2010): 1347.
76Island myths, many centered: W. D. Westervelt, Legends of Old Honolulu: Collected and Translated from the Hawaiian (London: Constable & Co., 1915), 230.
76Archaeologists working: Jones, Polynesians in America, 125.
77Looming in the distance: Maha’ulepu, Island of Kaua’i Reconnaissance Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Pacific West Region, Honolulu Office, February 2008; Edward Tregear, “ ‘The Creation Song’ of Hawaii,” The Journal of the Polynesian Society 9, no. 1 (March 1900): 38–46.
77The archaeologist David Burney: David Burney, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
78Now researchers are pulling DNA: Nicholas Wade, “Dead for 32,000 Years, an Arctic Plant Is Revived,” New York Times, February 20, 2012, accessed March 19, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/science/new-life-from-an-arctic-flower-that-died-32000-years-ago.html.
80“You end up with”: Peggy Macqueen, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
81Cockfighting was associated: William Ellis, Polynesian Researches during a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in the Society and Sandwich Islands (London: Bohn, 1853), 223.
82“The Pacific is a basket”: Alan Cooper, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
82Cooper’s team extracted DNA: Ibid.
83By 1200 BC, when Ramses: Paul Wallin and Helene Martinsson-Wallin, eds., The Gotland Papers: Selected Papers from the VII International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific: Migration, Identity, and Cultural Heritage (Gotland University, Sweden: Gotland University Press 11, 2007), 210.
83There they remained until Samoa and Tonga: Jared M. Diamond, Natural Experiments of History (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011), 48.
83The last burst of movement: Neil Asher Silberman and Alexander A. Bauer, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 660.
84Archaeologists call it Lapita: Ibid., 210.
84One view is that the Lapita: Ibid., 592.
84Cooper’s team has intriguing: Vicki Thomson et al., “Using Ancient DNA to Study the Origins and Dispersal of Ancestral Polynesian Chickens across the Pacific,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, March 24, 2014, 113, no. 13 (2014): 4826.
5. Thrilla in Manila
86The World Slasher Cup: Rolando Luzong, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
91Filipinos raise “large cocks”: Alfredo R. Roces, Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation (Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub., 1978), 1591.
91When the hungry and: Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan’s Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation, ed. and trans. Raleigh Ashlin Skelton (New York: Dover Publications, 1994), 65.
91Pigafetta was one of: Donald F. Lach, The Century of Discovery of Asia in the Making of Europe, vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 639.
92The first three attempts at colonization: Luis Francia, A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos (New York: Overlook Press, 2010), 55.
92That lucrative trade: Southeast Asia: Ooi Keat Gin, ed., A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004), s.v. “Spanish Philippines.”
92Scattered populations were: Francia, A History of the Philippines, 64.
92“The sight is one”: Fedor Jagor, Travels in the Philippines (London: Chapman and Hall, 1875), 28.
93According to some historians: Ricky Nations, “The ‘Gypsy Chickens’ of Key West,” The Southernmost Point (blog), October 14, 2013, accessed March 19, 2014, http://nationssouthernmostpoint.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-gypsy-chickens-of-key-west.html.
93As early as the 1700s: Attorney-General, ed., Official Opinions of the Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands Advising the Civil Governor, the Heads of Departments, and Other Public Officials in Relation to Their Official Duties (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 1903), 638.
93Cockpit licenses combined with game-fowl: Charles Burke Elliott, The Philippines to the End of the Military Regime (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1916), 263.
93In 1861, Madrid’s revenues: Ibid., 263.
93“It being a vice, the laws permit”: Frank Charles Laubach, The People of the Philippines, Their Religious Progress and Preparation for Spiritual Leadership in the Far East (New York: George H. Doran, 1925), 403.
93“To the cockpit went”: José Rizal, Noli me tangere (Touch Me Not), ed. and trans. Harold Augenbraum (New York: Penguin, 2006), 302.
94Cockfighting is forbidden: “Republic Act No. 229,” Official Gazette 44, no. 8, August 1948, accessed March 19, 2014, http://www.gov.ph/1948/06/09/republic-act-no-229/.
94“How can a people”: Alan Dundes, The Cockfight: A Casebook (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994), 139.
94Kincaid was an American lawyer: Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War: 1910 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1911), 421.
94“Cockfighting has spread to such”: Ibid., 415.
94“Baseball is a tremendous”: Edward Thomas Devine, ed., The Survey 37 (October 7, 1916): 19.
95When the American author Wallace Stegner: Wallace Stegner, Collected Stories (New York: Penguin, 2006), 372.
95Fearful of large gatherings: “Philippine Law: Cockfighting Law of 1974,” Gameness til the End (blog), accessed March 19, 2014, http://gtte.wordpress.com/2011/06/19/philippine-law-cockfighting-law-of-1974/.
95His wife, Imelda: Luzong, interview.
95Then, in 1997: Ibid.
96Some sources say that: Philippines Free Press 62, no. 14–26 (1969), 68.
97Animal-rights activists claim: Victoria Maranan, “Gamefowl Breeders Convention Ruffles Feathers,” KXII, August 11, 2011, accessed March 24, 2014, http://www.kxii.com/news/headlines/Humane_society_accuse_gamefowl_breeders_association_for_illegal_activity_127567283.html; Animal Fighting Prohibition Enforcement Act of 2005: Hearing on H.R. 817, May 18, 2006, Before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, 109th Cong., (2006), 20.
97Police arrested game-fowl: Ngoc Nguyen, “Ind. Man Arrested After Story in Filipino Cockfight Magazine,” New America Media, August 10, 2010, accessed March 19, 2014, http://newamericamedia.org/2010/08/ind-man-arrested-after-story-in-filipino-cockfight-magazine.php.
98Some 15 million game fowl: Rolando Luzong, “Bantay-Sabong Special Report,” Bantay-Sabong’s Facebook page, July 14, 2012, accessed March 19, 2014, https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=398215130241725&story_fbid=494144780601019.
98The flamboyant buttercup: “History of Breeds,” University of Illinois Extension, Incubation and Embryology, accessed March 19, 2014, http://urbanext.illinois.edu/eggs/res10-breedhistory.html.
99The research provided: Freyja Imsland et al., “The Rose-comb Mutation in Chickens Constitutes a Structural Rearrangement Causing Both Altered Comb Morphology and Defective Sperm Motility,” PLoS Genetics 8, no. 6 (2012): E1002775, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002775.
99In northern Thailand, for: “Trance Dancing and Spirit Possession in Northern Thailand,” Sanuk (blog), November 19, 2010, accessed March 19, 2014, http://sanuksanuk.wordpress.com/2010/11/19/trance-dancing-and-spirit-possession-in-northern-thailand/.
100One of the earliest recorded: Robert Joe Cutter, The Brush and the Spur: Chinese Culture and the Cockfight (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1989), 10.
100“Thus from which”: Ibid., 14.
100In a tomb just outside: J. Maxwell Miller and John H. Hayes, A History of Ancient Israel and Judah (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986), 422.
100Another seal with a fighting: K. A. D. Smelik, Writings from Ancient Israel: A Handbook of Historical and Religious Documents (Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991), 140.
100Philistines in the nearby port: Paula Hesse, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
100A Chinese Daoist: Louis Komjathy, “Works Consulted and Further Reading,” in “Animals and Daoism,” Advocacy for Animals (blog), September 26, 2011, accessed March 20, 2014, http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2011/09/daoism-and-animals/.
100At the same time, in ancient Greece: Judith M. Barringer, The Hunt in Ancient Greece (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 90.
101The birds adorned the high: Fredrick J. Simons, Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994), 154.
101In India, British officers: Linda Colley, Captives: Britain, Empire and the World, 1600–1850 (London: J. Cape, 2002), 349.
101An English visitor to China: R. P. Forster, Collection of the Most Celebrated Voyages and Travels from the Discovery of America to the Present Time, vol. 3 (Google eBook: 1818), 321.
101A European visitor to early: Eric Dunning, Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation (London: Routledge, 1999).
101King Henry VIII built: Sarah Stanton and Martin Banham, Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 72.
102James I was a cocker: Joseph Strutt and William Hone, The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England: Including the Rural and Domestic Recreations, May Games, Mummeries, Shows, Processions, Pageants, and Pompous Spectacles, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time (London: printed for Thomas Tegg, 1841), 282.
102“Can this cock-pit”: Albert Rolls, Henry V (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010), 251.
102The Globe Theatre: “Entertainment at Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre,” No Sweat Shakespeare, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/resources/globe-theatre-entertainment/; William Shakespeare, The Yale Shakespeare, Wilbur L. Cross and Tucker Brooke, eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1918), 122.
102The diarist Samuel Pepys: Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys (New York: Croscup & Sterling, 1900), 385.
102“It is wonderful to see the courage”: Edward Walford, Old and New London: A Narrative of Its History, Its People, and Its Places (London: Cassell, 1879), 375.
102A Scottish writer in: William Edward Hartpole Lecky, A History of England in the Eighteenth Century, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 1878), Online Library of Liberty, accessed March 20, 2014, http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=2035&chapter=145242&layout=html.
102At Newcastle upon Tyne: Tony Collins et al., eds., Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports (London: Routledge, 2005), s.v. “Cockfighting.”
102William Hogarth’s 1759: Frederic George Stephens and M. Dorothy George, eds., Catalogue of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum (London: By Order of the Trustees, 1870), 1223.
102When Parliament banned: “Police Magistrates, Metropolis Act 1833,” Animal Rights History, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-law/romantic-legislation/1833-uk-act-police-metropolis.htm.
103“The old story about”: Robert Boddice, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013; see Rob Boddice, A History of Attitudes and Behaviours toward Animals in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain: Anthropocentrism and the Emergence of Animals (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2008).
103The British Parliament: Boddice, A History of Attitudes and Behaviors, 22.
103Though cockfighting: “Hunting Act 2004,” The National Archives, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/37/contents.
103After dining in Williamsburg: George Washington, The Daily Journal of Major George Washington, in 1751–2, ed. Joseph M. Toner (Albany, NY: J. Munsell’s Sons, 1892), 76.
103That same year, the capital’s: Ed Crews, “Once Popular and Socially Acceptable: Cockfighting,” Colonial Williamsburg, Autumn 2008, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn08/rooster.cfm.
103The Virginia General Assembly: Gerald R. Gems et al., Sports in American History: From Colonization to Globalization (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2008), 1; Proceedings of the First Provincial Congress of Georgia, 1775: Proceedings of the Georgia Council of Safety, 1775 to 1777; Account of the Siege of Savannah, 1779, from a British Source (Savannah, GA: Savannah Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1901), 7.
104In 1782, a twenty-eight-year-old: “Third Great Seal Committee—May 1782,” accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.greatseal.com/committees/thirdcomm/.
104Thomas Jefferson avoided: Encyclopedia Virginia, s.v. “ ‘Life of Isaac Jefferson of Petersburg, Virginia, Blacksmith’ by Isaac Jefferson (1847),” last modified May 3, 2013, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/_Life_of_Isaac_Jefferson_of_Petersburg_Virginia_Blacksmith_by_Isaac_Jefferson_1847; Fawn McKay Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, an Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), 63.
104“His passions are terrible”: H. W. Brands, Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times (New York: Doubleday, 2005), 97.
104He is quoted as saying: T. F. Schwartz, For the People: A Newsletter of the Abraham Lincoln Association, Springfield, IL, Spring 2003, 5:1.
104Mark Twain watched a match: Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, The Writings of Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Bros., 1915), 340.
104The media magnate William Rand
olph Hearst: William Randolph Hearst, William Randolph Hearst, a Portrait in His Own Words, ed. Edmond D. Coblentz (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1952), 239.
104Not until 2008: Ed Anderson, “Louisiana’s Ban on Cockfighting Takes Effect Friday,” The Times-Picayune, August 12, 2008, last modified October 12, 2009, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/08/louisianas_ban_on_cockfighting.html.
105Two large cockpit: “The Newport Plain Talk—Print Story,” The Newport Plain Talk, accessed March 20, 2014, http://newportplaintalk.com/printstory/10546.
105Thomas Farrow, who led: J. J. Stambaugh, “Strategy, Stealth Key for FBI in Cocke County Investigative Work,” Knoxville News Sentinel, October 5, 2008, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/Oct/05/a-tough-case-to-crack/.
105In 2013, a Tennessee: Hank Hayes, “Subcommittee Kills Bill to Raise Cockfighting Fine in Tennessee,” Kingsport Times-News, April 14, 2011, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.timesnews.net/article/9031289/subcommittee-kills-bill-to-raise-cockfighting-fine-in-tennessee.
105“Slavery also is a”: Jon Lundberg, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
105More than a century and a half: Sam Youngman and Janet Patton, “Cockfighting Enthusiasts Angry with McConnell for Supporting Farm Bill That Stiffens Penalties,” Lexington Herald Leader, February 19, 2014.
105Bevin attended a pro-cockfighting rally: John Boel, “Politicians at Cockfighting Rally Caught on Video,” April 24, 2014, last modified June 8, 2014, accessed May 15, 2014, http://www.wave3.com/story/25336346/politicians-not-chicken-to-support-the-right-to-cockfight#.U1nZ1fxJLqA.twitter.
105His attendance and comments: Page One, “Everything About Bevin Is a Giant Contradiction,” April 29, 2014, accessed May 15, 2014, http://pageonekentucky.com/2014/04/29/everything-about-bevin-is-a-giant-contradiction/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+PageOne+(Page+One).
106But today, high-tech drugs: Congressional Record, V. 153, PT. 6, March 26, 2007, to April 17, 2007, 7644.
106On the outskirts: Lorenzo Fragiel, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? Page 33
