6 Markus Wolf with Anne McElvoy, Man Without a Face (New York: Time Books, 1997), 285.
7 US Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities “Church Committee,” 1976, 129.
8 Testimony of E. Howard Hunt, January 10, 1976.
9 Ibid.
10 “Church Committee,” 130.
11 McCargar interview, 1985.
12 The KGB, or Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (Committee for State Security), came to life in 1954. Like the CIA, it evolved over the years through a series of acronyms, such as Cheka, NKVD, NKGB, and MGB.
13 “Soviet Use of Assassination and Kidnapping,” CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, February 1964.
14 “Albanian Operation—Plans for Assassination of Members of the Committee for Free Albania,” BGFIEND documents, December 2, 1949.
15 “EE-I Daily Report, Friday, 27 July,” BGFIEND documents, July 27, 1951.
16 Jon L. Lieb, interview with author, January 2014.
17 “Monthly Project Status Report, September 1951,” BGFIEND documents, n.d.
18 “BGFIEND Talks with [REDACTED] and [REDACTED] in Athens on 19 June and 2 July 1951,” BGFIEND documents, August 3, 1951.
19 “Operational Plan and Operational Clearance Request for Coup-de-Main Team Members,” BGFIEND documents, July 16, 1952.
20 “BGFIEND/Operational Hamdi Bogdani,” BGFIEND documents, December 11, 1952.
21 Hunt and Aunapu, American Spy, 112.
22 Ibid., 63–64.
23 “CIA’s Role in the Overthrow of Arbenz,” CIA Freedom of Information Act, May 12, 1975.
24 Ibid.
25 Nicholas Cullather, Secret History: The CIA’s Classified Account of Its Operations in Guatemala 1952–1954 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), 108.
26 “CIA’s Role in the Overthrow of Arbenz.”
27 Cullather, Secret History, 82.
28 Siegel, “The Use of Naval Forces in the Post-War Era.”
29 “Guatemala Briefing,” CIA Freedom of Information Act, June 5, 1954.
30 Cullather, Secret History, 110.
31 Ibid., 99.
32 “CIA’s Role in the Overthrow of Arbenz.”
33 Cullather, Secret History, 103.
34 W. Thomas Smith Jr., Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency (Facts on File, 2003), 99.
35 “Memorandum of a Conference with the President, White House, Washington, March 17, 1960, 2:30 p.m.” (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960), March 17, 1960.
36 Thomas, The Very Best Men, 95.
37 Ibid., 166–167.
38 Ibid., 88.
39 Ibid., 213.
40 “Daily Progress Report for Monday, 24 November 1952,” BGFIEND documents, November 24, 1952.
41 Brenda Fowler, “Banished for Their Fathers’ Sins,” New York Times (1923–Current file), May 17, 1992.
42 Elsie, “Abaz Ermenji.”
43 McCargar interview.
Epilogue
1 “James G. McCargar.”
2 Felix [McCargar], A Short Course in the Secret War, 299.
3 McCargar interview.
4 “Robert Low,” The New York Preservation Archive Project, July 16, 2002.
5 “Michael Burke Distinguished Intelligence Medal Citation,” Burke Collection, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University, n.d
6 Gratian M. Yatsevitch III interview.
7 “SHAM/OBOPUS Announcment by RNLUMPIT re His Withdrawal,” BGFIEND documents, April 29, 1954.
8 Jon L. Lieb interview.
9 Margueritte Ulmer-Power interview.
10 Richardson, “My Father, the Spy.”
11 John H. Richardson, My Father the Spy (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 282.
12 Hunt and Aunapu, American Spy, 202–203.
13 Ibid., 235.
14 “The Watergate Story; Key Players: Howard Hunt,” Washington Post, n.d.
15 Joan Cook, “Exhibition and Sale of Royal Jewels to Start Today,” New York Times (1923–Current file), April 1, 1959.
16 “Former King Zog of Albania Dead,” New York Times (1923–Current file), April 10, 1961.
17 “Hasan Dosti, 96, Dies; Ex-Official in Albania,” New York Times (1923–Current file), January 31, 1991.
18 “Ex-Albanian Envoy Seized with Revolver on Plane,” New York Times (1923–Current file), March 1, 1971.
19 “Abas Kupi, 75, Was Leader of Resistance in Albania,” New York Times (1923–Current file), January 11, 1976.
20 “Said Bey Kryeziu,” New York Times (1923–Current file), May 19, 1993.
21 Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia (Stanford University Press, 2001), 155.
22 Neil Tweedie, “Kim Philby: Father, husband, traitor, spy,” Telegraph, January 23, 2013.
23 Will Stewart, “One of the greatest of Soviet spies,” Daily Mail Online, December 12, 2011.
Bibliography
BGFIEND Documents
The CIA has declassified a large amount of operational documents related to its operations in Albania, ranging between 1947 and 1960. They are available at the National Archives and Records Administration, Archives II, at College Park, Maryland, under the heading “Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, Record Group 263, OBOPUS/BGFIEND.” The documents are located in boxes 45 to 52 and grouped thematically in thirty-two volumes, based on the project or subproject that they cover. The following list provides a brief overview of the volumes.
Volume 1: Country plan for Albania.
Volume 2: Project outline, reviews, termination.
Volume 3: Subproject OBLIVIOUS related to the National Committee for Free Albania.
Volume 4: Subproject JBPARSON related to the Albanian Labor Services Company 4000 and the CIA cover training facility in West Germany.
Volume 5: Activities of the first BGFIEND team parachuted in Albania in November 1950.
Volume 6: Activities of the BGFIEND Apple Team infiltrated in Albania in May 1952. Its members were arrested by the Sigurimi shortly after and played back against the CIA between June 1952 and October 1953.
Volume 7: Activities of the BGFIEND Willow Team, which operated in Albania with minor success, but without major losses between 1952 and 1953.
Volume 8: Activities related to BGFIEND-VALUABLE leaflet drops.
Volume 9: Subproject OBTUSE related to the propaganda campaign, including the NCFA newspaper Shqipëria.
Volume 10: Subproject OBTEST related to broadcasts into Albania from Greece of clandestine radio Voice of Free Albania.
Volume 11: Subprojects OBHUNT and OBSIDIOUS, which were minor infiltration missions that the CIA continued to conduct in 1954 after the debacle of Apple Team became public.
Volume 12: Subproject BGSPEED, related to purchasing and fitting a yacht in the Mediterranean for offshore propaganda missions.
Volumes 13–30: Detailed operational records for BGFIEND.
Volume 31: Photographs of Albanian agents in training at the CIA covert school in Germany.
Volume Obdurate: Records of projects OBSTACLE and OBDURATE to control the BKI political group between 1954 and 1956.
The alphabetical listing of the BGFIEND documents referenced in the book follows.
“1954 Operations.” Box 46, volume 2, file 2 of 2. February 1, 1954.
“22 Oct 51 FIEND/VALUABLE Meeting.” Box 49, volume 18, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“24 October Report.” Box 49, volume 18, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“25 October Report.” Box 49, volume 18, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“Agenda for Rome Conference.” Box 49, volume 18, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“Aggression Actions.” Box 52, volume 25, file 2 of 2. June 30, 1953.
“Aide-Memoire 21 July 1949.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. July 21, 1949.
“Air Support Aircraft.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. June 9, 1950.
“Albania.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. May 23, 1949.
> “Albania.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. June 7, 1951.
“Albania Deception Operation.” Box 46, volume 4, file 2 of 2. November 13, 1954.
“Albania Plan—Meeting between Abdyl Sula and State Department and OSO Representative.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. April 28, 1949.
“Albania, 31 August 1953.” Box 51, volume 24, file 1 of 2. August 31, 1953.
“Albania, 8 August 1953.” Box 51, volume 24, file 1 of 2. August 8, 1953.
“Albania: Possibility of Overthrowing Present Regime.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. May 27, 1949.
“Albanian Operation—Activities of Personnel of the Committee for Free Albania.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. November 15, 1949.
“Albanian Operation—Albanian IS Activities in Connection with the Committee for Free Albania.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. December 21, 1949.
“Albanian Operation—Fate of VALUABLE Teams in Albania Ref. SO DB-20024.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“Albanian Operation—Fate of VALUABLE Teams in Albania SO DB-20064.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. November 4, 1949.
“Albanian Operation—Plans for Assassination of Members of the Committee for Free Albania.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. December 2, 1949.
“Albanian Operations.” Box 51, volume 24, file 1 of 2. August 31, 1953.
“Alleged AIS Training Camp for Albanian Agents at Munich.” Box 46, volume 4, file 1 of 2. December 10, 1951.
“Annex C Plan for Albanian Coup.” Box 45, volume 1, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Annihilation of BGFiend Olive Team.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. August 14, 1951.
“Apostol Tenefi.” Box 51, volume 24, file 1 of 2. March 23, 1953.
“Apple CE Review.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. November 13, 1953.
“Apple Resupply Briefing.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. January 31, 1953.
“Apple Security 19 March 1954.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Apple Security Feb 10 1954.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Apple Team Operational Plan—BGFiend.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. April 29, 1952.
“Apple Tree Team Resupply Missions.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. September 12, 1952.
“APPLETREE BGFIEND/SHAM.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. June 1952.
“Appraisal of Intelligence Material.” Box 49, volume 16. January 4, 1951.
“Attached Letter.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. May 21, 1951.
“Basic Policy—Department of State.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“BGFIEND Apple W/T Traffic.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. October 21, 1952.
“BGFIEND Daily Progress Report June 16/17 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“BGFIEND Daily Progress Report, 10 September 1951.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“BGFIEND HSTEIN Status Report.” Box 46, volume 2, file 2 of 2. May 20, 1952.
“BGFIEND Status Report for Consultants Meeting.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. August 15, 1951.
“BGFIEND Status Report, 9 January 1951.” Box 49, volume 16. January 9, 1951.
“BGFIEND Talks with [REDACTED] and [REDACTED] in Athens on 19 June and 2 July 1951.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. August 3, 1951.
“BGFIEND/Operational Hamdi Bogdani.” Box 51, volume 23, file 2 of 2. December 11, 1952.
“BGFIEND/Rome Monthly Survey Report 28 November 1952 to 6 January 1953.” Box 46, volume 3. January 6, 1953.
“BGFIEND-OPC Action against Shipping in Albania.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. May 19, 1950.
“Brief Summary of Medical Activities in HBBASIS from May 15 to 1 September 1951.” Box 46, volume 4, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Cable 2037Z 5 Jul 56.” Box 46, volume 3. n.d.
“Cable 2306.” Box 46, volume 5. May 9, 1953.
“Cable 2306Z 6 Nov 53.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. November 6, 1953.
“Cable 2354Z 30 Apr 56.” Box 46, volume 3. 1956.
“Cable DIR 03050.” Box 46, volume 5. May 5, 1953.
“Cable FRAN 9580.” Box 46, volume 4, file 2 of 2. December 13, 1952.
“CE Review of Apple Trial.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. May 18, 1954.
“CIA Information Report No 00-B-8501-49.” Box 48, volume 13, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“Communications Comments re APPLETREE CE Review.” Box 46, volume 6, file 1 of 2. January 13, 1954.
“Composition of Polish Aircrew—BGFIEND.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. August 29, 1950.
“Conference with [REDACTED] on 16 and 17 September 1949 re Albanian operation.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. October 3, 1949.
“Conversation between King Zog and [REDACTED] on 26 and 27 October.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Conversation with Department of State on 18 October 1951—Current Status of BGFIEND.” Box 49, volume 18, file 2 of 2. October 17, 1951.
“Conversation with King Zog at Meeting on Wednesday, 12 September 1951.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. September 18, 1951.
“Conversation with King Zog of Albania.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. August 23, 1951.
“Conversation with King Zog of Albania on 17 August 1951.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. August 23, 1951.
“Conversation with King Zog of Albania on 30 August 1951.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. September 24, 1951.
“Conversation with State Department Representatives concerning Albanian and Bulgarian Operations.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. April 3, 1951.
“Conversations with Albanian Leaders in the United States.” Box 49, volume 14, file 1 of 2. October 4, 1949.
“Current Status of Project BGFIEND, with Particular Reference to OPC Organization.” Box 49, volume 14, file 1 of 2. August 16, 1949.
“Cypress Debriefing.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. August 31, 1951.
“Daily Log, 5 January 1954.” Box 52, volume 27, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Daily Log, 8 February 1954.” Box 52, volume 27, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Daily Log, 8 January 1954.” Box 52, volume 27, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Daily Progress Report 10 October 1951.” Box 49, volume 18, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“Daily Progress Report for Monday, 24 November 1952.” Box 51, volume 23, file 2 of 2. November 24, 1952.
“Daily Report—Tuesday 3 July 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“Danger of GNA continuing pursuit of guerrillas across Albanian border.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. July 21, 1949.
“Debriefing of Pine Tree Team—Part I - BGFiend.” Box 51, volume 22, file 2 of 2. July 7, 1952.
“Development Concerning Albanian Plan.” Box 45, volume 1, file 1 of 2. September 4, 1953.
“Discussions of 9 May 1950.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. May 11, 1950.
“Disposal of Yacht ‘Juanita.’” Box 48, volume 12. February 28, 1955.
“Draft Memorandum of 21 October 1949.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. October 21, 1949.
“EE-1 Daily Report, 16 October 1951.” Box 49, volume 18, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“EE-1 Daily Report, Friday, 27 July.” Box 49, volume 17, file 2 of 2. July 27, 1951.
“EE-1 Daily Report, Monday July 30, 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“EE-1 Daily Report, Tuesday 7 August 1951.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“EE-1 Daily Report, Tuesday July 24, 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“EE-1 Daily Report, Wednesday 15 August 1951.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Employment of Albanian Refugees for Intelligence Purposes.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. February 21, 1949.
“Events Leading up to the Premature Arrival of BGFIEND Covert Aircraft in Greece.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. October 9, 1950.
“Excerpt from Top Secret Cable 10 December 1951.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Extract from Monthly Progress Report, EE-1, f
or April 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Extract from Monthly Progress Report, EE-1, for May 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Extract from Report of Operations for the Quarter Ended 30 June 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Extract from Report of Operations for the Quarter Ended 31 March 1951.” Box 49, volume 16. n.d.
“Fiend Daily Report 2 June 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“Fiend-Valuable 25 September 1951.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. n.d.
“First Operational Commo Flight - HBPixie.” Box 46, volume 5. November 16, 1950.
“First Team Drop into HBPixie, 11–12 November 1950.” Box 46, volume 5. November 13, 1950.
“Fiscal Year 1954 Operational Program for Albania.” Box 46, volume 2, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“Fiscal Year 1955 Operational Program for Albania.” Box 46, volume 2, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“Formal Statement.” Box 46, volume 3. n.d.
“FY 1953 Program.” Box 46, volume 2, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“Greek Knowledge of Albanian Operation.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. August 6, 1949.
“Guidance for 1954 Operational Season.” Box 46, volume 2, file 2 of 2. February 18, 1954.
“History of OPC/EE-1.” Box 48, volume 13, file 2 of 2. n.d.
“Identification of W/T Operators.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. November 17, 1952.
“Intelligence Operations against Albania from Italy and Greece.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. May 3, 1949.
“Intelligence Report No. 5635.140.” Box 52, volume 26, file 1 of 2. November 18, 1953.
“Intelligence Summary No. 10.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. April 4, 1951.
“King Zog of Albania.” Box 52, volume 25, file 2 of 2. July 24, 1953.
“King Zog’s Offer to Help Penetrate the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.” Box 51, volume 23, file 1 of 2. September 23, 1952.
“Kraja-Shyti-Mersini D/A Operation.” Box 45, volume Obdurate. December 20, 1954.
“LCBATLAND Leaflet Material.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. August 7, 1951.
“Leaflet Drop Schedule to Albania.” Box 47, volume 8. n.d.
“Letter from Red Team.” Box 46, volume 5. April 24, 1952.
“Letter to Chief of Mission in Frankfurt.” Box 46, volume 4, file 2 of 2. August 14, 1953.
“Letter to Pilgrim.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. August 10, 1949.
Operation Valuable Fiend Page 34
