Omar, Caliph, 282n–83n
omnes cives studiosi (all learned citizens), 131
On Avarice (Poggio), 21, 133, 138, 147
On Nobility (Poggio), 147
On Pleasure (De voluptate) (Valla), 222–26, 303n
“On some verses of Virgil” (Montaigne), 247
On the Excellence and Dignity of the Roman Court (Castiglionchio), 138–42, 144
On the Immense and the Numberless (Bruno), 239
On the Laws (De legibus) (Cicero), 155–56
On the Misery of Human Life (Poggio), 147
On the Nature of Things (De rerum natura) (Lucretius), see De rerum natura (Lucretius)
On the Republic (Cicero), 43
On the Unhappiness of Princes (Poggio), 214
On the Vicissitudes of Fortune (De varietate fortunae) (Poggio), 147, 294n
Opticks (Newton), 261
Orations (Cicero), 208
oratory, 31, 70, 93, 177–78
Order of St. Francis, 147–48
Orestes, 91, 92
Orsini family, 135
Osiris, 89
Ovid, 23, 43, 49, 52, 53, 54, 84
Oxford, University of, 172, 208, 243
Pachomius, Saint, 24–25
Pacuvius, Marcus, 23–24
Padua, 121, 239–40
paganism, 10, 13, 19, 53–54, 75–78, 86–108, 117–18, 123, 129, 150, 222–24, 258, 283n, 284n, 286n
pain, 8–10, 11, 26–27, 103–4, 195–98, 224–26, 228, 231
painting, 9, 10, 70, 104, 202, 252, 305n
Palatine Hill, 157, 275n
Palazzo della Signoria, 124
palazzos, 110, 124
Palestine, 67, 98
palimpsests, 43, 271n–72n
Palladas, 91
Palmer, Ada, 274n
Pan, 63
Pannelli, Lucia, 210
papacy, 18, 122, 135–36, 137, 139, 161, 165, 166, 205–6, 293n–94n
see also specific popes
papal bulls, 137
papal seals, 139
papal states, 135–36, 161
paper, 15, 40, 56
papyrology, 64–65, 71
papyrus, 28, 40, 54–59, 62–65, 71, 260, 280n
papyrus rolls, 28, 40, 54–59, 62–65, 68, 69, 71, 77, 82–83, 88, 260, 280n, 283n
parchment, 17–18, 28, 38, 39–40, 42–43, 62, 82, 260, 283n
Paris, 24, 160, 226
Paris, University of, 160, 172
Passover, 236
patriarchs, 163, 169
patrons, 70–72, 85, 233
Patro the Epicurean, 274n
Paul, Saint, 96
Paulus, Aemilius, 60
Pazzi conspiracy, 213
peasants, 36, 100, 111
Pedianus, Asconius, 209
Pedo, Albinovanus, 23–24
pens, 39, 85–86
Pergamum, 281n
perpetual motion, 244–45
Perpignan, 205
Perseus, King of Macedon, 60
Persia, 67
Peruzzi family, 113
Petrarch, 23, 29, 115, 116, 117, 119–21, 123, 124, 130–33, 157, 214, 288n, 289n
Philip, King of Macedon, 50
Philodemus, 58–59, 65–66, 71, 77
philology, 149
philosophy, 1–5, 28, 51, 58–59, 65–70, 71, 72–80, 91–95, 117, 120, 132, 182–202, 220–21, 252–54, 277n
pi, 87
Piaggio, Antonio, 58
Piazza della Signoria, 113, 219
Piero della Francesca, 218
Piero di Cosimo, 242
piety, 94–96, 114, 147–48
Piglio, Benedetto da, 162
pilgrims, 15, 45, 158–59
Pisa, University of, 250–51
Piso, Lucius Calpurnius, 65–66, 79
Pistoia, Zomino (Sozomeno) da, 162
Pitti family, 110, 113, 126
Pitti Palace, 126
Pizzolpasso, Francesco, 163
plague, 18, 113, 153, 196
planets, 239, 254
Plato, 62, 73, 91, 96, 98, 175, 221, 252, 284n, 304n
Platonism, 96
Plautus, 94, 95, 300n
pleasure, 8–10, 11, 75–80, 82, 103–9, 195–98, 222–26, 228, 231
plenary indulgences, 158, 159
Pliny the Younger, 48
poetry, 2–3, 50, 54, 59, 68–69, 70, 80, 104, 121–22, 132, 198, 200, 201–2, 221, 247, 259–60
Poggio Bracciolini, Gian Francesco:
antiquities collected by, 210–11, 212
as apostolic secretary (secretarius domesticus), 141–42, 154, 155–58, 161, 170, 180, 181, 205–15, 221, 224, 269n
in Arezzo, 112–13
attacks against, 111, 112–13, 133, 142–45, 210, 212, 213, 215, 221–22
avarice as viewed by, 21, 133, 138, 147
background of, 111, 144–45, 212
at Baden, 173–76, 177
as bishop of Winchester’s secretary, 206–8
in Bologna, 113, 214
books and manuscripts recovered by, 11–15, 22, 23–24, 29, 30, 31–36, 40, 42–43, 47–49, 53, 54, 62, 86, 88, 130, 131, 152–54, 176–81, 206–11, 212, 215, 218, 228, 300n
Bruni’s relationship with, 172–73, 178, 205, 210, 216, 295n
Catholicism of, 29, 44, 75–76, 137–38, 172–73, 176, 177–78, 179, 182–84, 217–18
as chancellor of Florence, 215–17
childhood of, 111–12, 122
children of, 210, 212–13, 215
at Cluny abbey, 176–77
coat of arms of, 111
competitiveness of, 34–38, 44, 112–13, 144–45
at Constance, 15, 19–20, 31, 34, 162–78, 180, 206, 294n
correspondence of, 13, 20, 21, 33, 34, 44, 45–46, 130, 137–38, 150–54, 172–73, 178–81, 203, 207–9, 268n, 295n
cynicism of, 133, 142–54, 291n–92n
death of, 217–18, 291n
De rerum natura copy of, 49–50, 203–5, 208–10, 225, 300n
De rerum natura discovered by, 11–13, 22, 23–24, 49–50, 62, 65, 88–89, 93, 109, 181, 182–85, 202, 203–5, 218, 221–22, 225, 226, 231, 244, 256, 262
education of, 112–13, 121–22, 138–41
in England, 206–8
essays of, 21, 133, 138, 147–49, 150, 212–13, 214, 216–17, 294n
family of, 112, 113, 137, 206, 210, 212–14
finances of, 20–22, 113, 121–22, 141–42, 151, 179, 207, 208, 210–11, 212, 215, 301n
in Florence, 20–21, 22, 34, 49, 110, 113–34, 162, 210–18
at Fulda abbey, 44–50, 181
German travels of, 14–21, 31, 33–34, 35, 36, 44–50, 173–77, 206
handwriting of, 112–13, 115–16, 121, 130, 135, 155–56, 179
as humanist, 18–19, 23, 24, 29, 30, 33–34, 46–47, 48, 51, 54, 120–34, 138–54, 162–63, 172–73, 178–79, 204, 205–6, 208, 210, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 221–22
illegitimate children of, 210, 213
Italian background of, 17, 21–22, 30, 31, 34, 43, 45, 111, 174, 176, 210–18
Jerome of Prague’s execution witnessed by, 172–73, 177–79
as Latinist, 18, 19, 31–32, 49, 52, 112–13, 120–22, 130, 131–34, 135, 149, 155, 179, 180, 182, 206, 217, 221–22
as layman, 29, 44, 137–38, 179
legal background of, 113, 122, 136–37
letters of recommendation of, 45, 113, 134
as linguist, 31
marriage as viewed by, 127–29, 133, 212–13, 214, 215
marriage of, 212–14, 301n
melancholy of, 49, 133, 142–57, 216–17
mistress of, 210, 213
monks as viewed by, 36–37, 180
as moralist, 146–47, 178–79
Niccoli’s relationship with, 126–34, 137–38, 151, 152–54, 176, 203, 207–10, 211, 212, 213, 221
as notary, 122, 135, 137
official fees charged by, 21
in papal curia, 18, 19–21, 22, 31, 33, 36–37, 44, 45, 135–41, 144, 150–
58, 161, 162–63, 165, 168–69, 170, 171, 180, 181, 205–6, 269n
patrons of, 19–21, 33–34
personal freedom of, 137–38, 153–57
personality of, 31–32, 36–37, 41, 137–38, 142–52, 208–9, 213
physical appearance of, 14–15, 268n
political influence of, 19–21
property holdings of, 211
provincial background of, 111, 112–13, 135
ransom paid by, 212
in Ravensburg, 15
reputation of, 34–35, 111, 112–13, 138–45, 210, 212, 213, 215–18, 221–22
retirement of, 151
rheumatism of, 173–76
in Rome, 121–56, 205–12
in Rome insurrection (1433), 211–12
in St. Gall monastery, 34–35, 177, 178–79, 180
Salutati’s relationship with, 122–26, 130, 131, 152
as scholar, 116, 128–29
as scribe, 32–33, 37–38, 49, 112–13, 115–16, 121, 130, 133–34, 135, 152, 154, 155–56, 173–77, 179, 206, 296n
scribes employed by, 33, 35, 50, 179
script used by, 38, 84, 121, 130
sense of humor of, 20, 31, 36–37, 142–45
sexuality as viewed by, 174–76
social position of, 14–22
statue of, 217–18
taxes of, 22, 210, 215
Terranuova as birthplace of, 34, 111, 218
Terranuova palazzo of, 22, 210–18
tomb of, 271, 218
translations by, 145–46, 217
Valla’s relationship with, 149–50, 213, 215, 221–26, 303n
wealth of, 20–22, 113, 151, 210–11, 215, 301n
writings of, 21, 133, 138, 142–45, 146, 147–49, 150, 152, 212–13, 214, 216–17, 291n–92n, 294n
poison, 159–60, 170–71
politics, 8, 11–12, 91–93, 122–27, 150, 154, 215–16, 228–33, 263
Pollaiolo, Antonio, 217
Pollio, Gaius Asinius, 61, 275n
Polycleitus, 290n
polytheism, 89, 100
Pompeii, 54–59
Pompey, 61, 247, 281n
Ponte Vecchio, 111
Pope, Alexander, 15–16
Porticus Octaviae, 275n
poverty, 147–48, 219
Prague, 167, 239
prayer, 17, 24–25, 27, 37, 41, 45, 250–51
“prayerful reading,” 24–25, 27, 37
priests, 31, 134, 137–38, 141, 143, 145, 179, 199, 210
Prignano, Bartolomeo, 293n–94n
Primavera (Botticelli), 10
Prime Mover, 96
printing press, 32, 38–39, 204, 219, 248–50, 256, 262, 279n
Pro Archia (Cicero), 24
Procida, 158
Propertius, 23, 24
prophesies, 67, 226–27
prostitutes, 140, 158, 164
Protestants, 144, 149, 173, 237–38, 250, 253, 289n
protokollon (“first glued”), 56
Providence, 96, 101, 230–31
Psalms, 24, 43
psalters, 43, 96
Ptolomaic dynasty, 87, 88, 280n
Ptolomey II Philadelphus, King of Egypt, 88
Ptolomey III Euergetes, King of Egypt, 280n
Pulci, Luigi, 225
pumice stones, 40
punishment, 26, 27–28, 75–76, 103–6, 170, 240, 230–31, 255
Purgatory, 46, 158, 159
Puritans, 257, 259
Pythagoreans, 100
Qenoanda, 82
“Quadratus” manuscript, 204
Quarrie, Paul, 248–49
Quevedo, Francisco de, 250
Quintillian, 23–24, 95, 177, 178–79, 270n, 283n, 296n
Rabanus, Maurus, 46–47, 49, 272n
Rabelais, François, 142
Rabirius, Gaius, 23–24
Ralegh, Walter, 8
rape, 148, 170, 191, 286n
Raphael, 9, 252
Raudense, Antonio, 222–24
reading, 24–29, 37, 61–62
reading rooms, 61–62
Redondi, Pietro, 255, 306n
Reformation, 144, 149, 173, 237–38, 250, 253, 289n
relics, 15, 45–46, 90
religion, 62, 67–68, 71, 75, 98–99, 150, 183, 184, 193–97, 199, 249, 299n
see also Catholic Church
reliquaries, 90
Renaissance, 7–13, 110–24, 129–31, 135, 159, 219–21, 240–41, 290n
Republic (Plato), 175
republicanism, 114, 124–25, 134
resurrection, 98–101, 120, 171, 231–32
rhetoric, 24, 28–29, 31, 97, 119–20, 177
Richental, Ulrich, 162, 164, 165, 168–69, 173, 295n
Robert of Geneva, 293n, 294n
Roman Curia, 18, 19–21, 22, 31, 33, 36–37, 44, 45, 135–41, 144, 150–58, 161, 170, 180, 181, 205–6, 205, 269n
Roman Empire, 18, 24, 28, 47, 48–49, 53, 59–60, 62, 63, 67–68, 69, 75, 81, 84–85, 89–108, 116–22, 129, 131, 132–33, 151, 156–57, 194–95, 275n, 289n
Roman Forum, 63, 85, 156
Roman Republic, 67, 79–80, 129–30, 178
Rome, 11, 18, 20, 21, 34, 63, 85, 90, 94, 97, 122, 125, 137, 151–52, 156–59, 161–62, 240, 293n
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 9, 242–43
Romulus Augustulus, Emperor of Rome, 94
Roncalli, Angelo, 171
Rothenburg ob der Tauber, 15
Rowland, Ingrid D., 233
Rucelli family, 110, 301n
Rudolph of Saxony, 163
Rule of St. Ferreol, 38
rules, monastic, 24–28, 37, 38, 43, 47, 103, 147–48, 270n, 272n
Rustici, Cencio, 162
Sack of Rome (1413), 11, 49, 161–62
sacrifices, 90, 101, 183, 184, 194, 298n
St. Gall monastery, 34–35, 177, 178–79, 180
St. Mark monastery, 176
St. Peter’s Basilica, 46, 156, 240
saints, 10, 15, 93, 129
see also specific saints
Salutati, Coluccio, 120, 122–26, 130, 131, 134, 135, 214, 289n
Sammonicus Serenus, Quintus, 60–61
Samos, 72–73
San Clemente basilica, 90
San Marco convent, 110, 290n
Santa Croce basilica, 111, 217, 218
Santa Maria del Carmine church, 111
Santa Maria Novella church, 110
Santayana, George, 186
Santo Spirito church, 111
satire, 138–41, 233–36
satyrs, 63, 195
Savonarola, Girolamo, 219–21, 252
Scaevola, Mucius, 295n
Schaffhausen, 170, 174
Schofield, Michael, 277n
School of Athens (Raphael), 252
schools, 28, 59, 91, 104, 151, 211, 226
science, 8, 59, 60–61, 71, 73–75, 87, 239, 253, 254–57, 261–63
Scipio, 274n
scribes (scribae), 17–18, 32–33, 35, 37–41, 47, 49, 50, 84–86, 88, 109, 112–16, 121, 130, 133–34, 135, 152, 154, 155–56, 173–77, 179, 206, 296n
script, 38, 84, 121, 130
scriptoria, 38–41, 109
scrolls, 39–40, 89
sculpture, 9, 104, 129
secretarius domesticus (apostolic secretary), 141–42, 154, 155–58, 161, 170, 180, 181, 205–15, 221, 224, 269n
self-discipline, 6, 28, 37, 41, 77, 78–79, 94–97, 104–9, 195, 228, 244, 285n–86n
Seneca, 43, 77
Septuagint, 88
Serapeon, 88, 89, 90, 280n–81n
Serenus, Septimus, 272n
Severus, Cornelius, 23–24
sexual intercourse, 99–100, 109, 143–44, 197–98, 247
sexuality, 1–2, 75–78, 99–100, 109, 143–44, 147, 166, 197–98, 247
Shakespeare, William, 3, 9, 75, 76, 77, 206, 233, 242–43
sheep, 40, 42, 156
shepherds, 68–69
“Should an Old Man Marry?” (An seni sit uxor ducenda) (Poggio), 212�
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shrines, 15, 129, 158
Siena, 10
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, 161, 162, 168, 169, 170
signs, 43–44
silence, rule of, 27–28, 43, 47
silent reading, 27–28
Silius Italicus, 48, 208
sillybos (tag), 63
simony, 170
sin, 16, 95, 104–5, 118, 119, 138
sine law, 239
Sisyphus, 76
Sixteen Standard-bearers of the Militia, 127
skepticism, 30, 94–95, 244–46, 261–62
slaves, 37, 53, 67, 72, 84–86, 94, 104, 113, 125, 230–31
Smith, Martin Ferguson, 2–3, 299n–300n
social hierarchy, 14–20, 71, 73, 110, 113–15, 135
Socrates, 246, 295n
sodomy, 171, 219
Sofia, 233–36
Sophocles, 58, 61, 81, 280n
sorcery, 17, 18–19
soul, 11, 19, 46, 73–76, 96, 98, 136, 171, 192–93, 196–97, 220, 231–32, 249, 251, 288n
space, 186–89, 196–97, 237, 239, 244, 256
Spain, 11–12, 87, 113, 122, 136, 160, 163, 164, 205, 249–50
Spenser, Edmund, 243, 260–61
Spinoza, Baruch, 10, 68
spirits, 62, 194–95
Starace, Tommaso, 64
statues, 55, 62, 63, 88, 90, 117, 158, 209, 211, 212
Stobaeus, Joannes, 82
Stoicism, 69, 82, 96, 104–5, 240, 244
Strozzi family, 113, 301n
Suetonius, 275n
suffering, 75–76, 101, 103, 106–9, 183, 195–98
suicide, 53–54, 94, 109
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 273n, 275n
superstition, 2, 6, 10–11, 18–19, 36, 72, 74–75, 183, 184, 193–97, 199, 249, 299n
Suso, Henry, 108
swerve (clinamen) principle, 7–13, 188–89, 297n
Switzerland, 29, 152, 162, 206
Symeon Stylites, Saint, 68
Symonds, John Addington, 146
synagogues, 91
Syria, 62, 67
Tacitus, 63
Tantalus, 76
Tasso, Torquato, 242
taxation, 15, 22, 33, 49, 56, 111–12, 126, 287n, 289n
telescopes, 239
Temple of Apollo, 275n
Temple of Daphne, 62
Temple of Jupiter, 156
Temple of Peace, 275n
temples, 62, 67, 88, 89, 90, 156, 275n
Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 54
Teresa, Saint, 108
Terranuova, 34, 111, 211, 210–18
Terranuova Bracciolini, 218
Tertullian, 47–48, 99–100, 101, 284n, 285n, 300n
Teutonic knights, 14, 15
Theodosius I, Emperor of Rome, 89–90
theology, 16, 17, 27, 65, 75–76, 94–108, 120, 136–37, 163, 208, 252–54, 282n–83n, 285n
Theophilus, 90, 91
Theophrastus, 304n
Thirty Years’ War, 14–15
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 252–53
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