Dagome Iudex 526
Danelaw 26, 385–6, 490, 495, 496
‘Danubian’ style 229, 254, 275, 313, 322
Darfur conflict 213
dating systems 103–4
Decius, Emperor 110, 123, 127
Dengizich 222, 223, 232, 259
Denmark 520
conversion to Christianity 567
and international trade networks 574
and Jelling dynasty see Jelling dynasty
and slave trade 548
state formation in 537–8, 545, 573–4
Deorham, battle of (577) 272
development
and migration 28–35, 355–9
Dio Cassius 95, 96, 98, 107, 127, 131
divine favour (heilag) 69–70
DNA evidence 275–6, 284, 488, 491, 585
Dnieper, River 394, 415, 466, 469, 472, 493
Domesday Book 23, 267, 292, 298, 327, 350, 486
Dorestad 506
Dublin 464–5, 487
Dulcinea 447
dynasties, emergence of new 531–9
economic migration 1–2, 28–30, 33–4, 597–8, 615
Edeco 228, 239
Edington, Battle of (878) 459, 460
Egil’s Saga 504
Ejsbol Mose 43–5, 46–7, 49, 52, 78, 79–80, 126
Elbe Slavs 555–6, 557, 558, 559–60, 562, 568–9, 571
elite transfer model 23, 24, 267, 290, 329, 579, 580–1
and Franks 305, 324
and Norman Conquest 298, 329–30, 580, 614
England
Viking raids and settlement 96, 455–6, 458, 459–62, 464, 490, 496, 502, 510, 583
Ermenaric 162, 163, 215
Ethelred the Unready 574
Eugenius 179, 194
Eunapius 209
Euric 339, 348
Eutropius 112, 196
Falklands War 337
farming see agriculture Faroes 10, 464, 488, 491, 500
Feddersen Wierde 50, 57, 73–4, 77, 139
fields of information 32–3, 591–2
and Anglo-Saxon migration 286–7
and Frankish migration 326
and Germanic migration 134–6, 168, 591
and post-Hunnic Empire migration 260–2
and Slavic migration 446, 591
and Viking migration 500–2, 591
Flavius Constantius 214
Flonheim-Gutlingen burials 322
Flonheim-Reutlingen group 321
foederati 248, 314
France
Viking inroads 456, 457, 463
Frankish migration 246–7, 318–29, 348
and collapse of Roman Empire 332
different levels of 328–9
economic motivations 331–2
and elite transfer model/cultural emulation 305, 324
and fields of information 326
and furnished burial sites 327–8, 330–1
inclusion of women and children 326
influence of political structures on 325–6, 327
linguistic evidence 324–5, 327, 328–9
motivations for 325–6, 347
place-name evidence 325, 327
role played in process of Roman dissolution in Gaul by pre-Merovingian 313–17
size of units 326–7
and social-stress explanation 327–8
and spread of inhumation cremation during Merovingian period 319–24, 326
unequal development as responsible for 331–2
Franks 20, 37, 42, 71, 181, 186, 235, 305–29, 363–70
Charlemagne’s conquests 367–8
Clovis’s unification of 358
conflict with the Magyars 369
division of kingdom into two zones and differences between 310–13
empires of 361–70
expansion of territory 308–10, 364, 365, 372, 382
reassertion of independence of groups within empire of 366
recruitment into Roman army 306
restructuring of politics 309
takeover of Alamannic kingdom 365, 372
transformations in northern kingdom of 311–12
under Otto I 369
Visigothic campaign 309, 310, 360
war with Vikings 460–1, 463 see also Carolingians; Meringovians
Fredegar 408, 444
freedmen 166, 240, 297, 311, 326–7
freeman class 66, 68, 70, 164, 166, 172, 187, 206, 240, 327
Frénouville (Calvados) 319, 324, 328
Frigidus, battle of the (394) 179, 194, 195
Frisians 367
Fritigern 151, 159, 160, 193
fur trade 445, 470–1, 499, 548, 564–5
furnished inhumation 295, 296, 298, 305, 312–14, 319–23
Gainas 192
Gallic Chronicle 280, 296
Gallienus, Emperor 111
Gaul 280, 341
contestants for power in 317
efforts to maintain imperial control in northern 316
Frankish migration into see Frankish migration
imperial dissolution in 307, 313, 315, 316–17
invasion of by Huns 214
Geiseric, King 176, 351
Gepids 115, 124, 125, 207, 221–2, 224, 225, 226, 234, 240, 245, 258, 261, 401
Germani/Germanic Empire 5–6, 7, 8, 36–93, 363, 384
and age sets 68
agriculture and food production 5, 7, 8, 48–50, 51–2, 73–4, 91, 106, 146
burial practices 56, 58, 65, 109
collapse of culture by sixth century and reasons 371–7, 384, 413, 431, 438, 440–1, 606
contingents of in Attila’s empire 228, 229–30, 230
creation of fourth-century confederations 70–2, 81, 107, 121
and cult leagues 39
death of 371–7
economy 48, 75
excavation of settlements 49–51
expansion and development 47–55
extent of in late Roman era 371
fighting against Romans and cross-border raids 81–2, 89, 92, 94–6, 107–8, 109–11
glass production 54
and globalisation 91–3
and group identities 19–20, 41–3, 243, 244
growth in inequalities 55–7, 66, 67, 78, 81, 138, 240
increase in economic wealth 52, 54, 64, 79, 138
and inherent migration 593
interaction with Romans 599–600
kings and power of 38, 66, 67, 78, 91, 92, 141–2
languages 46, 75
limitations to power of military kings 67–70
management of by Romans and methods used to keep under control 81–9, 91–2
and Marcomannic War see Marcomannic
War metal production and working 52–4
militarization of and military capabilities 47–8, 52, 59–60, 89–90
military interventions against by Romans and impact of 86, 87–8
politics and political systems 37–43, 57–72, 150, 520
population increase 52, 64
power struggles between and within tribes 43
recruitment of into Roman army 61, 74–5, 84, 90, 91
resentments against Rome 88–9, 90, 92
rise of military kingship 43–7, 90, 92
and Roman subsidies 86–7, 91
settlements 49–51
slaves and slave trade 46, 55, 66, 75, 78, 81, 91, 139
society and social stratification 64–71
socioeconomic patterns in late Roman period 432–3
struggles over control of new wealth 79–81
trade and exchange networks with Romans 61–2, 72–81, 91, 138, 139, 564
transformation of society by contact with
Rome 86–7, 91–2
transformations in material cultural systems 104–5
transport 77 see also Alamanni; Tervingi
Germanic migration 9, 113, 114–20, 122–48, 147, 265, 603–4
alliances forged 187, 188
archaeolo
gical evidence for 119–21
call for military manpower when moving into frontier zone 142–3
carried out by subgroups 125–7
and creation of Cernjachov system 117–19
departure from invasion-hypothesis model 123–4
differences between east and west and effect of Roman frontier structures 136–7
economic motivations 137–42, 149–50, 168, 599, 600–1
and fields of information 134–6, 591
flow of 123–34
Gothic in 376 see Gothic migration
impact of Roman immigration policies on 136
and inherent mobility 146–7, 168, 172, 184–5, 593
inner and outer peripheries 134–42
invitation by Romans argument 337
as major factor in reconstruction of Roman frontier 148–9
and mixed groups 143–4
motivations 137–40, 178–86, 188
participation of women and children 130–2, 133, 143, 145–6, 150, 171–2, 600–1
political motivations 125, 134, 135–6, 141–2, 185–6
pressure from Huns to move 184, 186
prompting of by developments within
Empire 178–80
relationship between incoming migrants and indigenous populations 165–7
resistance to by Romans 175, 187, 188
scale and size of 127–9, 132, 133, 142–3, 145–6, 149, 154, 174–6
second bout of (406 onwards) 173–88, 336, 383
triggering of by Roman withdrawal of troops from frontier argument 179, 181–2
and warbands 126–7, 133
Gesimund 358
Gibbon 156, 210
Gildas 277, 278, 280, 282, 285, 287, 289
The Ruin of Britain 267–8, 272, 278–9
glass production, Germani 54
global warming 213
globalization
and Germani 91–3
and new states 563–72
Gnezdovo 480, 493
Godfrid 461, 509, 548–9, 574
Godlowski, Kasimierz 120, 373 [Kazimierz p. 373]
Goffart, Walter
Barbarian Tides 178
gold 236
Gorm 538–9
Gorodishche 551
Gothic Christians 60, 164
Gothic migration 116, 118, 123–5, 127, 584, 587–8
(376) 151–73, 175, 180, 185, 186, 336, 339, 345
and inherent mobility 168, 185, 195
motivations 167–70
participation of women and children in 171–2
and political structures 171
relations with indigenous populations brought about by migration 165–7
threat of Huns as motive for 157, 159–60, 161–3
after Alaric rebellion and motives 190–1, 195–202, 203
and Greece (295–7) 190, 195, 196
into Black Sea 141, 143, 157, 169–70, 173, 586
and Italy 190, 196, 198, 595
settlement in Gaul (412–15) 197, 198
Goths 20, 60, 106, 109, 112–14, 130, 153–5, 157–8, 182, 223–4, 233
agreement with Romans (418) 197, 198, 201
Amal-led see Amal-led Goths
attack on by Huns 162–3, 208, 209
attacks upon Roman Empire 109–10, 111, 127, 338
conflict with Slavs 442
contingent within Attila’s Empire 222–3, 231, 233
defeat by Claudius 111, 127
emergence of domination of and reasons for 112–14, 115
gaining access to the wealth of frontier zone 141
negotiations with Romans over revisions of treaty 195–6
participation in Roman civil wars 194
rebellion of under Alaric (395) 190, 191–3, 194–5
recruitment into Roman army 135, 171, 194
social stratification 164
and sociopolitical reorganization 113–14
treaty with Romans (382) and relations with 190, 192–3, 194, 195–6, 357
unification of Alaric’s 205
unifications of groups and forging of group identity 199–201, 244 see also Greuthungi; Osogoths; Tervingi; Visigoths
Gotland 505
Grand Narrative 10–12, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 34, 98
Gratian, Emperor 183
Great Eurasian Steppe 209–10, 212
Great European Plain 3, 5, 6
Great Hungarian Plain 208, 217, 218, 376, 401, 444
Great Migration Debate 12–21
Greece 404
Greenland 452, 464, 490, 582
Gregory of Tours 282, 308, 309, 310, 311–12, 318
Greuthungi 60, 116, 151, 152, 154, 160, 199, 338, 357
attack on by Huns 162
exclusion from Roman Empire 169, 170, 336
peace with Romans (382) 180, 189
seeking refuge inside Roman Empire (376) 163, 217
unification with Tervingi 199–200
group identity 12–15, 17, 18, 24–6, 27, 28, 34, 240–3, 343–5, 356–7
and Alaric’s Goths 199–201
constraining of individuals 24–5
and Germani 19–20, 41–3, 243, 244
and Goths 199–201, 244
and Hunnic Empire 227–38, 255, 263
malleability of 20
and migration 34
post-Attilan groups 240–4
renegotiation of due to rise and fall of Hunnic Empire 244–5, 263
and Rhine invaders 204–5
Gundilas 244
Gundobad 308
Gundomadus 41, 89
Habyarimana, President Juvénal 1
Hadrianople 199, 200
Hadrianople, battle of (378) 189, 193, 357
Hadrian’s Wall 139, 271
Halsall, Guy 160, 179, 294, 295, 296, 314, 316
Harold Bluetooth 509, 517, 521, 522, 525, 530, 537, 539, 567
Hasding Vandals 131, 173, 175, 176, 188, 189, 204, 338, 383
Healfdan 458
Henry I 523, 554, 555, 556, 569
Henry II 519
Henry, King of the east Franks 368–9
Heraclius, Emperor 379, 402, 403, 405
Hernac 223, 259
Heruli 111, 115, 124, 222, 224, 225–6, 251, 254, 258, 343–4
defeat of by Lombards (508) 225, 226, 242, 257
and Gepids 250, 259, 261
and group identity 242, 243
migration and motives 115, 116, 250
Scandinavian mission 242–3, 251, 261, 408, 430
split in caused by defeat (508) 225, 251, 256
Hildegesius 408
hillforts 544, 572
Historia Augusta 99, 107
Histria 109, 127, 141
Honorius, Emperor 278
Horic II 510, 511
Hunnic Empire 263, 359
absence of Slavs in 394
assertion of independence by subject groups 207, 224, 234, 237, 238–9, 259, 263
collapse 207, 208, 223, 226, 238, 249, 316–17, 359
demographic impact of 264
detaching subject peoples from by Romans 231–2
Gothic contingent 222–3, 234, 231, 233
and group identity 227–38, 255, 263
incorporation of non-Hunnic contingents 221–2, 231, 263
instability of 231–4
migration and rise and fall of 157, 159–60, 161, 245, 254–6, 335, 346, 375, 383, 587
migration within 221–7
multicultural nature of 237
relations and conflicts between subject peoples and Huns 231–3, 236–7, 245
Hunnic migration 258, 259, 260
and climate change 212–13
economic reasons and inequalities of wealth as reasons for 213–15, 221
growth in size of groups in second stage of 216–17
and inherent mobility 219
involvement of women and children 219
motivations 209, 212–15, 217, 221
reasons for gaps between two main p
hases of 219
size of groups 217–18
triggering major sociopolitical restructuring by 220–1
warbands (376–80) 215–16, 218
Huns 99, 151, 152, 153, 157, 161, 177, 207–65, 262, 340, 384
attacks on Goths 162–3, 208, 209
dearth of information on 208–9
ferocity of 209
impact of on migration of other groups 153, 157, 159–60, 161–3, 184, 207, 209
language of 209
mercenary service with Roman Empire 214
originally nomads thesis 209–12
raids on Roman Empire 163, 174, 213–14, 219
relations with Roman Empire 213–14, 220
seeking asylum in east Roman Empire (mid-460s) 223, 224, 258, 259
sweeping away of system of ranked kings 220, 235–6
weaponry 217–18
Iazyges 98, 102, 114
Ibn Fadlan 468, 472, 477, 566
Iceland 10, 26–7, 500, 582, 585, 596
colonization of by Vikings 464, 488–9, 491, 508–9
identity 24–8 see also group identity
Igor 535, 541
Ine’s Law 275, 301, 302, 303
information availability see fields of information
inherent mobility 184–5, 205–6, 593–4
and Germanic migration 146–7, 168, 172. 184–5, 593
and Hunnic migration 219
and post-Hunnic Empire migration 259–60
and Slavic migration 446, 593
and Tervingi 594
invasion hypothesis 17–18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 34, 119, 122, 133, 143, 155, 251, 295, 330, 578–9, 615–16
modifications needed to 585–91
Ireland
Viking raids and settlement 455, 457–8, 462–3, 484, 487, 497
Irish Republic, migration from 1–2
iron 74, 79, 91
Islam 378, 379–81, 385, 403, 465
Islamic Empire 380–2, 465, 474, 477
isotope analysis 276–7
itineration 63–4
as key mechanism of government in new entities 529–30
and new states 529–30, 551, 610
Iuthungi 124, 129
Ivar the Boneless 458, 483
Jelling dynasty 509, 517, 520, 524, 528, 529, 538–9, 573–4
Jones, H.M. 175
Jordanes 113, 114, 119, 122, 123, 124–5, 133, 157, 209, 222, 223–4, 239, 394, 395, 396–7, 442, 586, 587
Julian, Emperor 62, 73, 84, 306, 326
Justinian, Emperor 361, 364, 378, 379, 401, 403
Kablow 57
Khazaks 211
Khazars 465
Khusro II, King 378
Kiev 466, 467, 479–81, 493, 517, 549, 551
kingship
rise of military kingship amongst Germani 43–7
Korchak system 288, 389, 393, 395–6, 403–4, 408–11, 414, 417, 418, 419, 421–2, 423, 442, 448–9, 582
Korosec 389
Korstrzewski 392
Kosovan Albanians 1
Kossinna, Gustav 16–18, 103, 105, 390
Empires and Barbarians Page 94
