Melos, 19, 203–5, 208–9
Memnon, 477
‘Men from beyond the Hills’ (Athenian faction), 99, 101, 102, 122;
see also Peisistratids
Menidas, 491, 492
‘Men of the Coast’ (Athenian faction), 99, 101, 102, 122;
see also Megacles
‘Men of the Plain’ (Athenian faction), 99, 101, 102, 122;
see also Lycurgus (Athenian aristocrat)
‘Men of the Shore’ (Athenian faction), 104, 105;
same as ‘Men of the Coast’;
see also Megacles
Messene, refoundation of (364), 27, 28, 438
Messenia, 63, 75, 222;
conflict with Sparta, 55, 56;
Helot revolt, 233, 235, 270, 272;
see also Helots;
Messenian Wars:
First (730–710), 62–64;
Second (650), 56, 64–65, 71, 72, 78;
see also Helots
Mestrius Florus, 14
Metapontum, 31
Methone, Chalcidice, 35, 277, 452, 453, 454
Methone Decree, 277, 284–85, 296–97, 310
Methymna, Lesbos island, 198
metoicion, 288
Milesian colonies, as emporia, 31
Miletus, 31, 36, 37, 51, 300, 403
Miletus Decree, 190
Miltiades, 108, 134, 140, 141, 142;
Marathon, battle of, 141–42;
downfall and death, 142–43
Mindarus, 391–92
misthophoria (state pay), 243, 324
Morris, I., 44
Mount Athos peninsula, Chalcidice, 149
Mount Ithome, Spartans’ siege of Helots on,
see also Ithome Mount Pangaion, mines around, 104
Mount Pendeli, 127
Mussolini, B., 54
Mutilation of the Hermae affair, 264, 286, 371, 382, 401,
see also Alcibiades Mycale, 10, 13, 167, 170;
battle of, 164, 167–70
Mycalessus, 205
Myron, and Cleisthenes, 53
Myron of Priene, 64
Myrsilus (tyrant), 41
Mysia, Asia Minor, 1
Mytilene, Lesbos island, 1, 54;
revolt of, 195, 196, 198–203
Mytilenean debate, 20, 200–202
Mytileneans, 174–75
Naxos, 12, 31, 54, 108, 139, 229, 433;
and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 182, 183, 229, 290
Nemean Games, 113
Neon, battle of (349), 456
Nepos, 198
Nerva, emperor, 16
Nicias, 22, 134, 321;
and Archidamian War, 345, 346–47, 426;
pro-peace policy, 352, 355;
and Sicily, Athenian policy, 370, 373–78, 380;
see also Peace of Nicias (416)
Nicolaus of Damascus, 50
Nine Ways colony, 184, 219, 237
nomophylakia (guardianship of laws), 240
nomos (statute), 130
Northern Greece (369–367), 441–43;
see also Theban hegemony
Notium, 385;
battle of (401), 394
ochlos (mob), 325
Odrysian cavalry, 491
Oenoe, 137
Oenophyta, battle of (c.452), 185, 235, 266, 270, 322
Oetaea, 436
‘official tradition’ (Alexander the Great), 473, 477, 487, 494
oikemata (treasury-style buildings), 110
oikoi (families), 121
Olbia, colony at, 36
Old Oligarch, 3, 277
class terminology, 325;
on demagogues, 335–36;
on democracy and oligarchy, 3, 283, 289, 292, 293, 325;
judicial control of allies, 281, 282;
on naval power, 276, 277, 281, 310;
trade and empire, 277, 287, 310
oligarchic movement, Athens (411–410):
Four Hundred, 4, 21, 391, 402, 406–11;
Five Thousand, 4, 407, 408–9, 410, 411–13;
extreme oligarchs, 410–11;
revolution (406), 3, 5;
rise of oligarchy, 399–406
oligarchy, 292–93, 415–16
Oloros, 18
Olympic Games, 45, 112
Olympieia (in honour of Olympian Zeus), 114
Olynthus, 431, 454, 457
Onomarchus, 456
On the Laconian Constitution (Plutarch), 60
opportunism, political, 118, 119, 120, 226
Opuntian Locris, 271
Orchomenus, 360, 425, 430, 433, 436, 467
Orestes (son of Agamemnon), discovery of bones, 78
Orient, opening up to Greeks, 17
Oropus, 441
Orsippos of Megara, 49
Orthagoras of Sicyon, 43, 52, 72
Orthagorid dynasty, 53
ostracism, 117, 131, 143;
in 480s, 132–36;
of Aristides, 135, 145;
Cleisthenes’ motives for introduction, 133–34;
of Cimon, 220;
of Hyperbolus, 134, 321;
method and rules, 132–33;
of Themistocles, 214, 230;
of Thucydides, son of Melesias, 326
ostrakon (piece of pottery), 132,
see also ostracism
Otanes, 137
Oxyrhynchus Historian, 7–8, 392, 423
Paeonia, 452–53
Paeonians (army unit), 478, 484, 485, 491, 492
Pallene, battle of, 104, 105
Pamphyloi tribe, 52
Panactum, 358, 359
Panathenaic vases, 113
Parallel Lives (Plutarch), 14–18, 60
Parmenion, 468, 474, 477, 481, 494
Paros, island of, 142–43
Pausanias, King of Sparta, 60, 395, 397, 416, 419, 420;
anti-Ephors, 59;
condemnation, 424;
influence on ‘third century revolution’, 59;
and Spartan foreign policy, 424;
trial, 61
Pausanias, (Spartan regent), 19, 57, 228, 315;
arrogant behaviour, 171, 178, 226;
plots with Persians and Helots, 217;
Plataea, battle of, 167
Pausanias (writer), 45, 46, 47, 60–61, 113, 435, 467;
and Sparta 60–61, 64, 70, 151, 468
Peace of Antalcidas (King’s Peace 387/1), 429;
autonomy guaranteed in, 431;
sources, 5, 8, 24, 25, 28;
terms, 430–31;
and Thebes, 432, 434, 440
Peace of Callias (444), 268, 385, 387
Peace of Nicias (416), 206, 225, 355–57, 358;
and Archidamian War, ending of, 331, 352;
breaches, Athenian, 379;
and Corinthians, 308;
failure, reasons for, 357, 381;
sources, 19, 21, 22;
terms, 355, 356, 363;
see also Nicias
Peace of Philocrates (346–340), 458, 460, 461, 462
Peisander (Athenian oligarch), 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407
Peisandros, 419
Peisistratids, 3, 101–16;
buildings, 109–12;
fall of (505), 9, 40, 114–16;
‘Men from beyond the Hills’ under, 99, 101, 102, 122;
Probalinthos deme, removal from stronghold, 127;
regime of, 119;
religious festivals, 112–14;
rise of Peisistratus, 101–4;
rule of, 104–9;
tyranny of, 4, 99;
water supply, improvement, 111–12
Peisistratus:
and Cleisthenes’ reforms, 120;
foreign policy, 108;
non-interference policy, 106;
poor, supportive policies for, 106–7;
rise of, 101–4;
tyranny of, 103
pelatai, identity of, 85
Pelopidas, 27, 437, 440, 442
Peloponnese region:
constitution of Peloponnesian League, 223–26;
evolution of Peloponnesian League, 222–23;
map of, 448, 449;
Sparta see Sparta, hegemony of Peloponnese region;
Thebes, foreign policy (370–365), 437–41;
Thebes, foreign policy (364–362), 445–46;
Peloponnesian League, 178, 225, 357, 358, 361, 433;
and Archidamian War, 339;
break-up (366/5), 222, 364, 441;
Congress, 310;
constitution, 223–26, 301;
and Delian League, 172–73, 175–76;
evolution, 222–23;
and ‘Lycurgan’ reforms/rise of Sparta, 77, 80, 81;
and prelude to Peloponnesian War, 313–14;
and Thebes, 440
Peloponnesian War (431–404), 55, 152, 234, 309, 415;
Archidamian War (431–421), 337–52;
Athens and Sparta, ultimate responsibility, 316–20;
background (446/5–430), 300–302;
causes, 5, 17, 196, 299–320, 328;
grounds of complaint (aitiai), 299, 302–13;
Ionian War (413–404), 384–97;
literary sources, 3, 4, 12;
map, 350–51;
Megarian Decree, 309–13;
outbreak of, 19;
prelude to, 313–16;
Peace of Nicias, 354–57;
‘suspicious truce’ (421–414), 355–65;
Thucydides on, 19–33, 40, 299;
victory of Spartans, 57;
The Peloponnesian War (Thucydides), 19–23, 178, 299, 356, 364, 382
penetes (poor), 325
pentacosiomedimnoi (500 Bushellers),
property class, 92, 93
Pentecontaetia (The Fifty-Years), 7, 19, 172;
Thucydides on, 177–78, 196, 211, 266
Perdiccas, King of Macedon, 296, 348, 451
Periander, 49, 51
Pericles, 16, 197, 286, 321, 355;
and Archidamian War, 337, 338, 343, 344, 348;
building programme, 190, 286–87, 323–24, 327;
career from 444/3 to 424, 326–32;
career to 444/3, 322–26;
defensive strategy, 338, 343, 344, 348, 368;
and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 180, 189;
democratic reforms see Pericles,
democratic reforms;
last speech to Athenians, 22–23;
Megarian decree, 310, 312, 315;
opposition to, 328–32;
war strategy of, 320, 337–39
Pericles, democratic reforms, 215, 244, 245, 413;
Areopagus council, 239–42;
political background, 237–38
Periesesthai (‘win through’), 337;
see also Pericles, war strategy of
Perinthus, 464, 465
Perioeci, 58, 61, 65,
see also Sparta
Perrhaebia, Thessaly, 453
Persai (Aeschylus), 148, 150
Persia:
from 431 to 409, 385–87;
from 413 to 399, 385–87;
Athens’ defeat in Egypt (449), 185–87;
Cimon’s campaign, 273;
Delian League, 181–83, 267, 273, 185;
Ionian Greece and the Spartan betrayal, 414, 426–27, 428, 429;
Peace of Callias, 268, 385, 387;
see also Alcibiades, and Peace of Antalcidas, and Pharnabazus, and Tissaphernes
Persian War (480–479), 9, 10, 12, 132;
Athenians’ success in, 227;
and dual hegemony policy, 214;
Greek strategy and Spartan leadership, 151–70;
literary sources, 5, 147–49;
Mycale, 169;
naval strategy of Greeks, 152–53;
Plataea see Plataea;
preparations for war (484–481), 149–51;
Salamis, 160–63;
Spartans and Athenians, friction between, 212;
and Tempe, 154;
Thermopylae and Artemisium, 155–60
Persica (Ctesias), 148
pezetairoi (Macedonian phalanx), 476
Phalaecus of Phocis, 458
phalanxes:
hoplite, 42, 43, 152;
Macedonian soldiers, 476, 481, 489, 493
Phalerum, bay of, 141
Phanios of Lesbos, 17
Phantocles, 285
Pharnabazus:
and Persian-Greek relations/Ionian War, 387, 388, 391, 392, 393;
and Spartan foreign policy, 392, 393, 397, 417–18, 419, 426
Pharsalus, Thessaly, 421, 441, 442
phauloi (vulgar), 325
Phayllus, 456
Pheidias, attack on, 329–30
Pheidon of Argos, 45, 46, 64;
tyranny of, 41, 43–47, 72
Pherae, Thessaly, 421, 441
Philaid family, 106, 113, 140
philia (political friendship), 321
Philip II of Macedon, 3, 451–71;
achievements, 470–71;
assassination of (331), 472;
consolidation and relations with Athens, 451–55;
Sacred War, 460 66;
and Demosthenes, 458, 461–66;
sources, 2, 5, 6
Philippica (Theopompos), 3, 6
Philistides, 464
Phillidas, 432
Philochorus, 116, 229, 240
Philocypris (ruler of Cyprus), 10
philodemos (demos-lover), 327, 334
Philomelus, 456
philopolis (city-lover), 335
Philotas, 474, 478
Phlius, 431
Phocaea, 31
Phocaeans, 39, 173
Phocians, 156, 455–56, 458, 460, 461
Phocion (Athenian general), 466
Phocis, 271, 425, 435, 436, 455
Phoebidas, 432
Phoenicia, Greek alphabet, derivation, 13
Phoenicians, 13
phoros (tribute), 177, 180, 190, 250, 400
phoros-payers, 183, 184, 203
Photius, Bishop, 148
phratries (brotherhoods), 120, 122, 128
phrourarch (garrison commander), 188, 279
Phrygia, 439
Phrynichus, 390, 405, 408,
Phylarchus, 59, 60
phyles (tribes), 121
Pinarus, River, 482, 484
Piraeus, fortification of, 140–41
Pisatans, pre-Dorian, 45, 52, 445
Pissouthnes of Sardis, 23, 385
Pithecusae, 36
Pittacus (tyrant), 41, 54
Plataea, 11, 165–67, 170, 341, 433, 467;
battle of (474), 10, 147, 151, 164, 215, 231
Plato, 1, 41, 85, 292;
Laws, 31, 58
Pleistoanax, King of Sparta, 22, 68;
invasion of Attica (441), 195, 235, 236, 274;
leader of Spartan doves, 236, 301, 352, 355, 395
Plemmyrium, 378, 379
plethos (multitude), 85
Pliny the Elder, 5
Plutarch, 145;
on Alexander the Great, 494;
on Athenian Empire, 277, 284;
on Athenian politics, 216;
criticism of, 73–74, 211;
and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 173, 182;
On the Laconian Constitution, 60;
life and career, 14;
Life of Alexander, 473;
Life of Artaxerxes, 148;
Life of King Agis IV, 73;
Life of Lycurgus, 58, 59, 60, 65, 68, 69, 76;
Life of Pericles, 15, 180, 211, 323, 326;
Life of Solon, 4, 84;
literary sources, 15, 17, 28;
Lives of Agis and Cleomenes, 59;
Lives of Cimon and Themistocles, 211;
Lycurgus, 73;
on Megarian Decree, 328, 329;
Parallel Lives,14–18, 60;
on Pentecontaetia, 178–79;
and Solon’s reforms, 86, 95, 98
polemarch (archon), func
tion of, 92, 115, 129, 142, 260, 497
‘polis’ (city-state), 30, 32
politeia (citizenship), 126
political equality, 130, 131, 140
see also isonomia
Politics (Aristotle), 2, 44;
on archons, 93, 96;
on Areopagus, life membership, 93;
and Athenian politics and ostracism, 133–34;
and class warfare, 293, 294,
and Peisistratus’ rule, 101;
and Solon’s reforms, 84, 93, 96;
and Sparta, 63, 66, 68–70, 73, 74–75;
and Sparta, criticism of, 58–59, 74–75;
and tyranny, 41, 45, 46, 52, 53, 215
Polyaenus, 480
Polybius, 483
Polycrates, 9, 80
Polydamas of Pharsalus, 434
Polydorus, King of Sparta, 64, 68, 70, 72
Pompeius Trogus, Philippic Histories, 187
poneroi (worthless), 325
Potidaea, Athens’ treatment of, 306–9, 454
pottery:
black-figure, Athenian, 97;
Chigi vase, 44;
Panathenaic vases, 113;
piece of (ostrakon), 132;
produced by Corinthians, 49
power blocs, regional, 126
Priene, war over, 196, 300
Probalinthos, deme of, 127
probouleuma (preliminary motion), 250, 251, 254–57,
see also Boule probouloi, 402
Prodromoi (army unit), 478, 484, 485, 491
property classes, division of people into, 97
see also Solon prophasis, 299
Propontis sea, 457, 464
Propylon (entrance to a temple), 111
proschema (pretext), 172
proxenoi, 214, 279, 280–81, 296, 497
prytanies, Athenian year divided into, 132, 248, 251, 252, 253, 256, 264
Psammetichus of Corinth, 49, 51
Ptolemy, Macedonian general, 442, 473, 477
public law, 97
Pydna, 454
Pylos, 357, 358, 361, 369, 386
Pylos command, 20
Pythian Apollo, 111
Pythian Festival, 461
Pythian Games, Delphi, 112
Pythodorus, 369
Python of Byzantium, 462
Quadruple Alliance, 28, 361, 422, 425, 426, 427;
and Corinthian War, 414, 424
Quintus Curtius Rufus, 473, 483, 487, 494
reforms, Athenian:
Areopagus council of see Areopagus (aristocratic council);
Cleisthenes, 5, 117–31;
of Ephialtes see Ephialtes, democratic reforms (462/1–446/0);
of Pericles see Pericles, democratic reforms;
of Solon see Solon, reforms of
Republic (Plato), 41, 58
Revolt of the Messenian Helots (Second Messenian War), 56, 64–65, 71, 72, 78;
see also Helots
Rhamnous, 127
Rhegium, 367, 371, 373
Rhianos of Bene, 64
Rhodes, 403, 423, 444, 455, 465
Rhoesaces, 482
Roman Greece, Classical Greece distinguished, 16
Royal Stoa, 110
Sacred War:
Aspects of Greek History (750–323BC) Page 76
