Mariana Islands 519
Market Garden, Operation 586
Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of 16, 40, 295, 396, 514
Marpi Point 519
Marrakesh 314, 347–8, 351, 407, 457, 460, 469
Marseilles 458, 465, 492, 508, 538, 539, 578
Marshall, General of the Army George C.
background and family 10
education and early career 10–12, 23–6, 37
first marriage 11, 24
first encounter with Churchill (1919) 9–10
second marriage 24–5
first encounters with Roosevelt 26–8
appointed Army chief of staff 27–8, 30, 32–3
demands increases in military spending 32–3, 296–7, 352
comes to dominate War Department 34, 115
Riviera Conference (August 1941) 52, 54
work commitments 60–61
and Pearl Harbor 51, 67
Germany First policy 45, 69–70, 121, 156, 172, 231, 242
Arcadia (First Washington) Conference (December 1941–January 1942) 72–3, 74–5, 79–80, 88, 576
‘unity of command’ strategy 67–8, 79–80, 81, 88, 576
creation and operation of Joint Chiefs of Staff 71, 72, 96–7, 98–9
devises Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee 74–6, 77–8, 91, 576
suspicious of Britain 83–4
and Lend–Lease arrangements 86
and Operation Gymnast 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 121, 124, 166, 187, 198, 203
identifies importance of shipping 91–2, 93
reform of War Department 114–15
reduction of American contribution to potential operations in Europe 121–3
plans for an early invasion of France 5, 120, 128–9
Marshall Memorandum 123, 129–30, 131, 132–3, 137–9, 141, 143, 149, 152–3, 248, 255
mission to London (Modicum; April 1942) 123, 128–9, 130, 133, 137, 140–66, 364, 576
continues to favour early
Sledgehammer 167, 168–9, 177
and Roosevelt’s memorandum on future strategy (May 1942) 171, 172
appoints Eisenhower commander of US forces in Europe 174–5, 177–8
meetings with Molotov 175–6
and Roosevelt’s meetings with Mountbatten 180–81
Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference (June 1942) 1–3, 188, 190–96, 198, 200–207, 217–18, 219, 576
offers American armoured division for Middle East after fall of Tobruk 201, 206–7, 282–3
‘American Forces in the Middle East’ memorandum 205–6
inspection of troops at Fort Jackson 207–9
and Anglo-American Air Agreement (1942) 210
division of opinion with Roosevelt over early cross-Channel invasion 180–81, 219, 222
and Wedemeyer’s secret taping of
British Planning Staff 223–4
recommended as supreme commander of Operation Roundup 229–30, 244
puts forward Pacific alternative to
Operation Gymnast 229–35, 239–41
reading of Soldiers and Statesmen (Robertson) 235–7, 241
second mission to London (July 1942) 218, 222, 238, 242–59, 576
memoranda in favour of Operation
Sledgehammer 245–53
CCS 94 memorandum 68, 254–7, 258, 261, 331, 345
planning and preparation for
Operation Torch 260–63, 269–70, 274, 277, 280–82, 284–6, 288
on success of Operation Torch 291
and development of Mediterranean strategy after Operation Torch 300, 304–5, 306–7, 309, 312, 313–14, 576
Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 314, 317, 318, 320, 322, 324–5, 327–45, 576
Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 358, 360–61, 363–6, 367–73, 379, 576
communiqué to Stalin 374–5, 379
Algiers strategy talks (May–June 1943) 372–4, 377–8, 389, 577
plans for invasion of mainland Italy 385, 386, 390
Quadrant (First Quebec) Conference (August 1943) 394–5, 401–6
and appointment of supreme commander of Operation Overlord 395, 397–8, 414–15, 424, 448–9, 452–4
opposes Churchill’s plans to attack in
Dodecanese 411–13
First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 432–3, 435, 437–8, 439, 441–2
Teheran Conference (Eureka; November 1943) 443, 446–7, 479
Second Cairo Conference (December 1943) 452–3, 577
remains as chief of staff 452–4
commitment to Operation Anvil 457–8, 462, 464–5, 466–7, 475–6, 477–9, 491–2
rejects suggestion of political career 466
death of stepson 483–4, 493
admits lack of intelligence for D-Day 490
London Combined Chiefs of Staff talks (June 1944) 491–2
battles with British over Anvil 496–7, 500, 502, 504
broad-front strategy 510–11
opposes Churchill’s Balkan ambitions 516–17, 538–9
Octagon (Second Quebec) Conference (September 1944) 512, 516–17, 522–3, 524
and Communist insurgency in Greece 528
at Dill’s funeral 529
promoted to General of the Army 534
Malta Conference (Cricket; January–February 1945) 538, 539, 540–44, 577
Yalta Conference (February 1945) 546, 548–9, 551, 552, 577
and disagreement over Eisenhower’s plans for advance into Germany 564–5
Roosevelt’s funeral 568
post-war criticisms 544, 548–9
Secretary of State (1947–9) 11, 241, 375, 528, 544
at Coronation (1953) 584
Character & characteristics appearance 28, 142
his clique 95–6
codenames 93, 242–3
comparisons with Brooke 142, 163
correspondence with Roosevelt 30–31
courtliness 2, 28
diplomatic skill 30
exactitude 415
gentlemanliness 10, 253
integrity 146, 448
logic 10
memory 29
passion for cowboy fiction 93
political skill 30
reputation 414
reserve 33
ruthlessness 33
self-effacing 10, 33
selfless 142, 145
sense of humour 351
sportsman 11, 14
steely 2, 10
straight-talking 28
strategic sense 33, 138, 139
talented man-manager 99
temper 29
unpompous 29
views on Brooke 141, 145, 163, 213, 402
views on Churchill 150
views on diary-keeping 23
views on military responsibility 575
views on Montgomery 541
working methods 29, 30–32
working relations with Brooke 201, 212, 216–18, 226, 368, 575
working relations with Churchill 80, 374
working relations with Dill 77–8
working relations with Roosevelt 30–33, 205, 239, 274, 281
working relations with Stimson 33–4
Marshall, Katherine 24–5, 28, 61, 96, 169, 304, 352, 483, 484
Together: Annals of an Army Wife 10
Marshall, Lily 11, 24
Marshall, Stuart 11
Marshall Islands 130, 320, 332, 333, 371, 404
Marshall Memorandum (April 1942) 123, 129–30, 131, 132–3, 137–9, 141, 149, 152–60, 248, 255
Marshall, Operation 588
Marshall Plan 375, 414
Martin, John 84, 188, 199, 257, 443
Massif Central 462
Matruh 200, 217
Maxse, Major-General Sir Ivor 15
Mayne, Charles, Infantry Fire Tactics 15
Mayo, Admiral Henry T. 162
Mediterranean Sea
in ‘British area of responsibility’ 124
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British Mediterranean Fleet 3, 44, 539
closed by Axis forces 4
‘soft underbelly’ of Europe 166, 215, 223, 272, 299, 328, 347, 410, 549
Menzies, Robert xxxv
Messina 389, 403
Straits of 385, 389
Meuse, River 36, 93, 533, 535
Miami 84, 314
Middle East
‘American Forces in the Middle East’ (Marshall’s memorandum, June 1942) 205–6
British interests 84, 90
fear of pincer movement on 127
and Marshall Memorandum on early
Second Front 156–7, 159, 164
oil 4, 84, 127, 155, 160, 168, 191, 242, 263, 447
reinforcement 124, 127, 154
supplies to 65
threatened by Axis 4, 127, 241, 242, 263
Middle East Command (British) 266, 268–9, 277
midget submarines 563
Midnight Follies at the Metropole (cabaret act) 43
Midway, battle of (1942) 179, 190, 241–2, 437
Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw 557
Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania 95
Military Intelligence (British) 277, 383
Military Intelligence (United States; G-2) 73, 262, 490
Miller, Major Glenn 348
Millin, Piper Bill 232
‘mission-creep’ 346, 580
Mix, Tom 93
Modicum Conference (Marshall’s mission to London, April 1942) 123, 128–9, 130, 137, 139, 140–66, 364, 576
Mohican, Operation 251, 586
Molotov, V. M. 173, 175–7, 229, 270, 277, 350, 440
Molotov–Ribbentrop (Nazi–Soviet) non-aggression pact (1939) 119, 215, 278, 304, 451
Moltke, Helmuth von, ‘the Elder’ 196
Mongolia 551
Monroe Doctrine 555
Montcalm, Louis-Joseph, Marquis de 395
Monte Cassino, battles of (1944) 355, 408, 426, 435, 459, 461, 464, 465, 467, 472, 481, 501
Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard (later 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein)
and Allies’ crossing of Rhine 561
Americans’ suspicious of 531, 564
and Ardennes Offensive (1944–5) 534–5
and British Expeditionary Force (1939–40) 23, 36, 37
and broad-front strategy 510, 511, 516, 529, 541–2, 577
Brooke’s letters to 409
character 10, 398, 452, 510, 530
at Chartwell 42
command of Overlord land forces 57, 456, 482, 501, 510
complains about Eisenhower’s strategy 531, 577
and deputy commander post 560
in Dill’s clique 95
Eisenhower’s views on 529
El Alamein 265, 289, 291, 293, 381–2, 541
Italian campaign 423
made field marshal 512
Marshall’s views on 541
Normandy campaign 501
Operation Husky 356
opposition to Marshall’s land strategy 162
plan ‘to assist Russia through action in France’ 141
proposed as Eisenhower’s land commander 538
and ‘race for Berlin’ 561
relations with Brooke 530–31
reputation 265, 578
takes over command of Eighth Army 265–9
temporary command of US First and Ninth Armies 534, 563–4
unconditional surrender of German forces in north 570
Montreal 181
Moonshine, Operation 588
Moran, Charles Wilson, 1st Baron
Algiers strategy talks (May–June 1943) 377–8
on Brooke 113, 247, 326–7, 397
on Churchill 42, 197, 213, 277
and Churchill’s relations with Roosevelt 545
diaries xxxviii, 82, 113, 361
on Dill 82
First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 440–41
on Hopkins 440
in Marrakesh 347
on Marshall 10, 82, 351, 377–8, 441
and Marshall Memorandum 158
on postponement of Overlord 580
Quadrant (First Quebec) Conference (August 1943) 573
and Roosevelt 373, 574
Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 360, 361
‘two most anxious months of war’ 286
visits Florida with Churchill (1942) 84
Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 197, 326–7
Morgan, General Sir Frederick 382, 386, 394, 403, 423, 427, 566
Morgenthau, Henry xxxviii, 26, 32, 70, 344, 373, 513
Morgenthau Plan 513, 525
Morison, Rear-Admiral Samuel Eliot 139, 161–2, 215, 221, 312, 517
Morocco 85, 120, 122, 211, 229, 242, 259, 296, 298, 299
see also Casablanca
Morrison, Herbert (later Baron Morrison) 81, 183, 351, 354
Moscow 54, 55, 270–72, 406, 546, 571
Moscow Conferences
First (Bracelet; August 1942) 264, 270–72, 277, 278, 283–4, 304, 585
Second (Tolstoy; October 1944) 526–7
Moselle, River 533, 562
Mosley, Leonard 165, 214, 232, 273, 334
Mosul 263
Mountbatten, Lord Louis (later 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma)
appointed to Chiefs of Staff Committee 103
Masters and Commanders Page 90
