reports on losses 178, 182
resignation 416
Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 364, 365
and United States’ entry into war 65
working relations with Churchill 44, 104
Powell, Anthony, The Military Philosophers 58–9
Pownall, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry xxxviii, 36, 37, 268, 413, 494
Prague 5, 569
Prague Spring (1968) 525
Prestwick 243
Prince of Wales, HMS 52, 54, 64–5, 169
Prinz Eugen (heavy cruiser) 102, 118
prisoners-of-war (POWs)
Allied 3, 184
Axis 64, 289, 349, 358, 367, 421, 463, 481, 508, 562
transfer 548, 551
Prohibition 9–10
propaganda films 61, 258
Protestant Ascendancy 12–13
Prussia 513, 551, 559, 577
Puerto Rico 30
Pyke, Geoffrey 405
Pykrete (composite material) 405, 406
Pyrenees 12, 14, 280
Qattara Depression 289
Quadrant (First Quebec) Conference (August 1943) 29, 391–8, 401–8, 409, 573, 577
Quebec 392
Château Frontenac hotel 392, 393, 514, 520
Citadel 395, 514, 515, 525
Quebec conferences see Octagon; Quadrant
Queen Elizabeth, HMS 169
Queen Mary (liner) 120, 358, 391, 392, 512, 513, 514, 518
Quetta 110
Quincy, USS 544
‘R’-class battleships 170
Rabat 325
Rabaul 320, 331–2, 334, 407
radar 588
radio broadcasts
Churchill’s 48, 63
de Gaulle’s 353, 487
German 3
Marshall’s 61
Wheeler-Bennett’s 363
railways 220, 307, 310, 352, 378, 476, 517, 551
Ramsay, Admiral Sir Bertram 348, 456, 482, 488, 491, 535
Ranfurly, Hermione, Countess of 553
Rangoon 117, 124, 192, 318, 329, 391, 436, 586
Rankin, Jeannette 63
Rankin plan 587
Rapido, River 435, 483
Rattenkriege 276
Ratweek, Operation 588
Ravenna 390
Ravensbruck concentration camp 183
Rawlings, Vice-Admiral Sir Bernard 523
Rayburn, Sam 296
Reade, William Winwood, The Martyrdom of Man 42
Recife 378
Red Army
advance on Berlin 549, 577
battle of Stalingrad 276
British admiration for 119, 215, 559
crosses Dniester 467
enters Bucharest 512, 517
‘Red Scare’ 485
Red Sea 124
refugees 38, 484
Reggio 389, 411
reparations 548, 550
Republican Party 34, 45, 53, 199, 290, 485, 528
Repulse, HMS 64–5, 169
Reynolds, David 268
Rheims 566
Rhine, River
aerial photographs of bombing 178
Allies’ crossing of 532, 541, 542, 552, 561, 562
Operation Plunder 542, 562–3
Rhodes 300, 373, 411, 412, 413, 425, 426, 440, 446, 538
Rhone Valley 458
Richard I, King 54
Richmond, Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of 203
Richmond, Virginia 363
Ridgway, General Matthew 95, 96
Riga Line 467
Rimini 429, 447, 481, 492, 498, 504, 517
Ritchie, Lieutenant-General Sir Neil 4, 179, 184, 217
River War 16, 23
Riviera Conference (Placentia Bay, August 1941) 52–4, 71, 513, 561
Robertson, Sir William, Soldiers and Statesmen 235–7, 241
Robinett, Colonel Paul 73–4, 79, 86–7
Rockbottom, Operation 588
Rockefeller, John D. Jr 363
Rogers, Elizabeth Pickman (later Pound) 43–4
Rome
Allies’ plans for capture 376, 388, 411, 423, 451, 517
bombing of 310, 378
Churchill’s desire for Allies to take 344, 359
falls to Allies 451, 486, 487
German defence of 459, 467
‘open city’ 310
Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin
Blitzkrieg campaign across France 214
Churchill’s admiration for 209
defeat at El Alamein 289, 291
disembarks in North Africa 116
forces Eighth Army into full retreat 217
Gazala 4, 89, 179
on offensive in North Africa 181–2, 182–3, 241, 262, 263
and Operation Torch 277
pushed back to El Agheila 62–3
recalled to Germany 358
reputation in Britain 264
taking of Tobruk 3, 200
victory at Kasserine Pass 352
Wedemeyer’s views on 324
Rooney, Mickey 546–7
Roosevelt, Eleanor 2, 398, 514
Roosevelt, Elliott ‘Bunny’ 316, 321, 324, 325, 375, 396
As He Saw It 442–3, 454
Rendezvous with Destiny 382
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
background 17
education and career 17–20, 188, 324–5
first encounter with Churchill (1918) 9, 35
New Deal 19, 25, 35, 53, 453
affair with Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd 27
first encounters with Marshall 3, 26–8 1940
election 45
domestic politics 59
Riviera Conference (August 1941) 52–4, 513, 561
and Pearl Harbor 63
Germany First policy 45, 69–70, 122, 156, 242
Arcadia (First Washington) Conference (December 1941–January 1942) 70–71, 74, 79, 84, 87, 576
and ‘unity of command’ strategy 67, 81, 88, 576
and setting up of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 96, 97
and creation of Combined Chiefs of Staff system 75, 576
and Operation Gymnast 87, 121, 124, 165–6, 186–7, 202–4, 212, 223, 238–9, 242
naval construction programme 92
reduction of American contribution to potential operations in Europe 121–3
proposes dividing world into British and American areas of responsibility 124
and Marshall’s and Hopkins’ first mission to London (Modicum; April 1942) 123, 128, 129–30, 150–51, 165–6
memorandum on future strategy (May 1942) 171–2
meetings with Molotov 175–6, 177, 229, 270, 350
and with Mountbatten 180–81, 202, 211, 250
Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference (June 1942) 1–3, 188, 189, 194, 196, 197–207, 216, 219, 576
and Anglo-American Air Agreement (1942) 209–10
division of opinion with Marshall over early cross-Channel invasion 180–81, 219, 222
clarification of terms of proposed
Allied operations 228–9
and question of supreme commander 229–30
rejects Marshall’s Japan First alternative 232–4, 239–40
reading of Soldiers and Statesmen (Robertson) 235, 241
and Marshall’s and Hopkins’ second mission to London (July 1942) 239–40, 242–3, 247–8, 251–2, 252–4
supports CCS 94 memorandum 257
planning and preparation for
Operation Torch 260, 262–4, 269, 277, 280–88, 295–6
development of Mediterranean strategy after Operation Torch 299, 307, 313–14
Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 314, 316, 317, 321–2, 323, 324–5, 327, 335, 339, 341–5, 349, 576
unconditional-surrender policy 343, 344, 476, 550
visits Marrakesh with Churchill 347–8
Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 358–60, 361–2, 365, 370, 371, 372, 576, 579
Algiers strategy talks (May–June 1
943) 372–3, 577
and Marshall’s communiqué to Stalin 374–5
proclamation to Italian people 383
plans for invasion of mainland Italy 386, 387
Quadrant (First Quebec) Conference (August 1943) 393–5, 403, 407, 577
and appointment of supreme commander of Operation Overlord 397–8, 414, 423–4, 448–9, 452–4, 577
opposes Churchill’s plans to attack in Dodecanese 411–13, 432
insists on Italian plebiscite on monarchy 430
First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 421, 429–30, 431–4, 437, 439, 443
Teheran Conference (Eureka; November 1943) 429, 443, 445–6, 450, 458–9, 491
Second Cairo Conference (November 1943) 452–4, 570
failing health 465–6, 481, 516, 549–50, 561–2
joint telegram to Stalin about date of Overlord 478
policy towards Soviet Union 485–6
sides with Marshall over Operation Anvil 496–7, 498–500
opposes Churchill’s Balkan ambitions 499, 511
Morgenthau’s plan to deindustrialize post-war Germany 513, 525
Octagon (Second Quebec) Conference (September 1944) 512, 514–15, 516, 519–20, 521–2, 5241944
election 526, 528
and Communist insurgency in Greece 527–8
promotes Marshall to General of the Army 534
Malta Conference (Cricket; January–February 1945) 537, 542, 544–5
Yalta Conference (February 1945) 546, 548, 549–50, 551–2, 554–5, 559, 577
death 566–8, 577
Character & characteristics appearance 9, 189, 342, 347
charm 2, 27, 216, 439
correspondence with Churchill 34, 316, 431, 537, 545
correspondence with Marshall 30–31
courage 35
impulsiveness 203
judgement of personality 25
poliomyelitis 1, 19, 20, 35
political skill 583
secrecy 77
self-confidence 80
strategic sense 18–19, 97, 126–7, 583
strength 9
style of government 72, 77–8, 574
talented sailor 18
views on Stalin 126, 557, 559
weakness for snap decisions 97
well-mannered 100
working methods 72, 77–8
working relations with Marshall 30–33, 205, 239, 274, 281
Roosevelt, Franklin Jr 321
Roosevelt, James 188
Roosevelt, Theodore 17, 18
Roosevelt, Theodore Jr 28–9
Rose, Kenneth 22
Rose, Norman 165
Rosebery, Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of 34
Rosenman, Samuel 344
Rossdale (Eden’s physician) 298
Rostock 170
Roumania 360, 387, 415, 485, 526, 548, 556, 558, 559
oil fields 303, 367, 371, 579, 588
Roumanian army 276
Roundup, Operation 143, 587
alternative to Sledgehammer 129–30
British caveats 154, 157, 164
British commitment to 159–60, 166, 217
British oppose early operation 137, 141, 146, 158, 163, 166
British preference for Mediterranean strategy 307–8
clarification of terms 228–9
discussions at Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 318, 322–3, 324, 333, 335, 344
discussions at Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 361, 369–70
division of opinion between Roosevelt and Marshall 180–81, 219, 222
impracticality of 306
influence of Great War experiences on British strategy 214
need for supreme commander 172–3, 174, 192, 229–30
and Operation Torch 255, 256–7, 262, 269, 284–6, 306
pushed back at Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference 192, 197, 202, 204
role of Free French 168
scale of 309–10
shortage of shipping for 303, 318
size of American and British contingents 144, 168–9, 170, 207–8, 229
‘Super-Roundup’ 173, 174
see also Overlord, Operation
Royal Air Force (RAF)
Bomber Command 4, 47, 178, 482
bombing campaign against Germany 116, 170, 178, 183–4, 338
bombing of European railway system 352, 476
Dieppe Raid (August 1942) 273
and escape of Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen 102, 118
losses 178
pilots trained in United States 50
projected size of 342
Staff College, Andover 110
Royal Artillery xxxix
Royal College of Defence Studies 21
Royal Engineers 14, 94, 103
Royal Field Artillery 14
Royal Flying Corps 104
Royal Horse Artillery 15
Royal Marines 435, 443, 444
Royal Military Academy, Woolwich xxxix, 14, 94
Royal Military College, Sandhurst 15, 55, 110
Royal Navy
battle of the Atlantic 92–3, 160
convoys to Soviet Union 553
Dieppe Raid (August 1942) 273
and escape of Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen 102, 118
fleet in Ceylon 117, 470
major losses 169, 178
Mediterranean Fleet 3, 44, 539
Norwegian campaign 47
and Pacific campaigns 510, 519–25, 553–4
‘R’-class battleships 170
resists unified command structure 79
sinking of French fleet (1940) 282
Royal School of Artillery, Larkhill 21
Ruhr
Allied advance on 162, 529, 530, 532, 539, 562, 564
bombing of 338
Masters and Commanders Page 92
