XVIII
TERMS OF SURRENDER
Before Adrianople
Cornet Agar had grown more animated with every mile, composing – and rehearsing – his book of travels as they rode through ancient Thrace in the footsteps of the legions. In particular he penned one arresting admonition: ‘None who know the history of these parts, neither Turk nor Russian, can approach Adrianople without wariness, respecting what happened here fifteen hundred years ago.’
Hervey did know. The events of 9 August 378, by the old Julian calendar, had stood in his mind since the schoolroom at Shrewsbury: the Emperor Flavius Julius Valens, whom some called ‘Ultimus Romanorum’, had met his death at the head of an army defending the Eastern Empire from the invading Goths. And one of the reasons he held the events in his mind (and much to his satisfaction, for Agar himself did not know this) was that Valens had been raised on his father Gratian’s estate near where he himself was raised, on the downs of Wiltshire. But in that battle – Hadrianopolis – there had been a most shameful affair, etched deep in his mind since first he had been made to translate the page of the Historiae in the classical remove: Valens had been deserted by his cavalry. Agar had brought with him a demy-size plan of the battle, copied in the Bodleian Library, and was sure they would be able to situate it accurately, declaring in his book of travels, and to his fellow travellers, that ‘The city is a hinge on which the fortunes of empires have hung.’
Fairbrother had been equally animated by the prospect. He was much taken by the notion of the ‘hinge of fortune’. Kulewtscha had been just such a battle, but Adrianople was honoured by the centuries. He had read a little of it himself, but Agar’s journal was true enlightenment:
Orestes, Agamemnon’s son, built the city at the confluence of the Tonsus and the Ardiscus with the Hebrus, which are rapid-flowing rivers over which magnificent stone bridges are now said to stretch. The emperor Hadrian, like Augustus in Rome, found the city brick and left it marble, whence its name of Orestias became Hadrianopolis. There, too, Licinius, Emperor in the East, was defeated by Constantine, Emperor of the West, before Valens’ defeat by the Goths, and a thousand years since then has not made Thrace peaceful: it is the most contested place on earth – Bulgars, Turks, Eastern Romans, and Crusaders all coveted its pleasantness (as do now the Russians). When the Ottomans finally captured the city from Byzantium, in 1365, they made it their capital until the fall of Constantinople ninety years later.
Adrianople still had the appearance of a seat of power. From their camp on one of the few pieces of elevated ground just beyond the range of cannon shot, Hervey could see the white minarets and the lead-roofed cupolas of the mosques, and the baths and caravanserais which stood proud of the endless flat roofs of the dwelling houses and the broad canopies of the plane trees, and the gilded crescents atop the domes and towers, which seemed to stand defiant against the blue sky. Without the walls were broad meadows and fields under crop stretching as far as the eye could see, broken only by groves of fruit trees and flourishing villages. A scene of pleasantness indeed – of peace and prosperity.
It was only on the rivers that the illusion of tranquillity was exposed. Hundreds of dazzling white sails – the feluccas which bore in and out the wealth of this second city of the Porte – strained to put distance between them and the threatened walls, or else (those which put confidence in walls) made for their safety. One way or the other, those making sail knew that if Adrianople fell, what could be otherwise than the same fate for Constantinople – ‘Stamboul’ to them – the very seat of the Porte? A hundred and fifty miles would be nothing to an army which had accomplished so much already, nor would the walls of the Golden Horn be too formidable to men who had crossed the Balkan, the bulwark of the empire. They had heard already the invader’s boast, Za-Balkanski (‘Through the Balkan’); and those who knew of the weakness of their city’s walls trembled.
When Hervey wrote to Princess Lieven of the army’s high spirits, it was to the honour of the general-in-chief. He was certain, both by study and his own experience, that no army could be in such spirits unless it possessed the greatest confidence in its general. But the material condition of the army was also a factor, and in the days of their closing on the city, the contemplation of its pleasantness had been enough to make the rekrut forget the danger, toil and deprivations he had suffered since the beginning of the campaign, and dream only of the comfortable quarters (even, perhaps, in the Sultan’s old seraglio), the abundant markets – and the other delights. The sick, of which there were yet growing numbers, hoped, too, for restoration within the city’s walls (though most were destined to find only a grave).
But despite his confident assertion that his next letter would be from Constantinople, there remained a doubt – as doubt there must be in the mind of any commander who was not to be found leading suddenly with the wrong foot: was the army coming to the end of the war, or the beginning of its own destruction? They stood before the walls of Adrianople twenty thousand strong. Their intelligence – not least by secret emissaries from the Orthodox clergy tolerated within – told them the city could raise at least that number in its own defence, and that the Sultan’s troops dispersed in the Balkan mountains were even now, in their scattered cohorts, marching towards them; and a fresh army was hastening from Sofia. There were reports (which General Diebitsch was inclined to believe) that Mustapha, the Pasha of Scodra in Albania, an old Janissary, was bringing forty thousand Arnauts to the fight. And even if the Turks had no mind to defend the city, willing to surrender its trophies and its stores, there was nothing to prevent the soldiers of the Mansure from marching south to Constantinople, ten or perhaps fifteen thousand strong, to join in the defence of that place. On the other hand, he, Diebitsch, could only spare two thousand cavalry to menace such a retreat. The strongest card he had to play, in truth, was the Turks’ incredulity that he could have marched so far with so few, that they were indeed ‘as the leaves of the forest’. His spies were already telling him that Halil Pasha, the commander of the garrison, believed the Russians stood before Adrianople with five times the number that in fact he possessed. But spies had a habit of bringing welcome news.
Since Silistria, Hervey had had almost free run of the headquarters, and after Kulewtscha, Diebitsch had spoken with him on terms of uncommon intimacy. Now, before this mansio, this way-station on the road to the fabled capital of emperors, the general-in-chief confided in him that their situation demanded the greatest prudence. It was the first Hervey had heard of the word in his headquarters, and he confessed to being disappointed – until Diebitsch revealed that their situation was so perilous that it begat a paradox: the greatest prudence required the greatest boldness.
Hervey grasped the paradox at once: Za-Balkanski’s course of victories was like a slope on which it was not possible to stand still. But it did not alter the material point, he would argue. ‘The final act of the campaign, if I may thus liken it to a play, General, is one which in truth requires an entirely new army. If you will permit me, it seems to me that no general, no matter how deserving, could count on the continuing good fortune of his enemy fighting in so irresolute and inexpert a manner as the Turk has so far. And we now cross the threshold of his home, so to speak.’
‘I know it, Hervey,’ Diebitsch had said. ‘But the bones of many fine men lie whitening on the hillsides of the Balkan. I cannot turn them from my mind and surrender all now. I shall give Halil Pasha an ultimatum. If he refuses, I shall attack the city. Yet I tremble to do so, for although we should take the walls, twenty thousand men in the labyrinth of a city of four times that number, whose circumference is ten miles, would cease being an army.’
Hervey commiserated: the storming of Badajoz was an object lesson still.
Diebitsch nodded. ‘The occupation of cities, without previous agreement, is a problem for the solution of which history offers few precedents.’
And so Za-Balkanski sent an ultimatum to Halil Pasha. In the afternoon of the 19th �
�� and to his barely concealed astonishment – Turkish delegates came to the Russian headquarters to negotiate safe conduct to Constantinople. General Diebitsch expressed himself not unwilling to allow the exit of the Turkish corps – which he could hardly, in any case, prevent (not that the Turks had any inkling of the fact, evidently) – but he took a chance and imposed certain conditions, in effect a parole: they could leave the city and return to their homes, but not march to Constantinople. In return he promised protection of the inhabitants of the city, their property and religion. And he made this conditional – Hervey observed that here was the true genius – on receiving an answer to these terms by nine o’clock the following morning, a little over twelve hours. For the military, civil and religious leaders had plainly lost their heads; it would not do to give them time to collect their senses again. Moreover, if the city were not surrendered the following morning, he would be obliged to storm it, and he did not wish to risk discovery of his weakness by a longer delay.
And so what the Turk believed was a Russian army, but which did not muster more than would a corps on paper, passed that night under arms, wondering (with the rekrut’s simple faith in God, and his general) what the morning would bring. Their repose was not helped by the commotion within the walls, with torches and lanterns flitting this way and that all night, which gave the impression of a garrison readying for battle. An hour before daybreak, therefore, Diebitsch gave the order for what passed for – remained of – the 2nd and 4th Corps to form two columns of assault, while the equally depleted 7th Corps, with the greater part of the cavalry and horse artillery, made preparations to advance to Iskender, six miles to the south-east of the city, to cut off any retreat on Constantinople.
But Hilal Pasha did not wait on his allotted time. At seven o’clock, two hours after sunrise, when the Russians’ offensive intentions were observable from the walls – if not their paucity of numbers – two envoys approached from the threatened gates to treat for more favourable terms. Hervey heard the supplication and expected Diebitsch to concede, in the customary manner of eastern bargaining, but instead he heard only the baldest refusal and the order for the assault columns to close to the advance siege-works.
His heart sank. He had seen blood enough – Russian and Turk.
But none had reckoned on what terms the citizens of Adrianople sought: before the envoys had even regained the walls, the gates were flung open and the people spilled out in a great mass, Turk, Christian and Jew alike, to tender submission, bring peace-offerings – wine, sweetmeats, fruit and bread, so that soon the maidan looked like a vast fairground. Then the troops themselves came out and threw down their muskets, abandoning the defence-works before any formalities of a treaty were concluded.
It was over; and Hervey could only ponder on whether, had it come to a fight, ‘Valens’ would have prevailed, or the Goth. ‘A victory is twice itself when the achiever brings home full numbers’; Hervey felt uncommon relief, a surge like the racing tide. He was half-done with fighting.
That night they dined in the seraglio’s marbled hall off gold and silver-gilt, with the choicest food of the palace kitchens and the finest wines of the Christian cellars, and slept on soft divans to the sound of tinkling fountains in the courtyard-garden. It was paradise but for the recollection that in due time, perhaps sooner than later, they would have to rise from their cushions, and leave the sound of stillness, for the siege of sieges.
Next morning, Agar begged leave to explore the Selimiye, the mosque which one of the sons of Suleiman the Magnificent had built. Hervey was content to grant it – he would have gone himself were there not despatches to write – but with Corporal Acton accompanying, for Johnson had already set the other dragoons to ‘making and mending’. ‘And tomorrow, if there is no movement of the army, I should like to see the ground where Valens was undone.’
Fairbrother had already declared his intention to do nothing but sit in the shade of the seraglio’s courtyard, uncomprehending of all languages spoken about him and therefore able with perfect concentration to finish reading – strange as it seemed to Hervey – Guy Mannering, which had lodged several days unopened in his small pack, with a mark at the beginning of the second part.
‘What moved you to choose it?’ asked Hervey when they were alone, more disposed to humour him of late.
‘It was in that bundle I bought as a single lot at your bookseller’s. I wanted the Hazlitt, principally, and the others looked engaging.’
‘I confess I’ve not read it.’
‘You ought to. Mannering’s a colonel.’
‘I imagine it is Scotch?’
‘There, and Holland, and India.’
Hervey was taking his ease over yet more coffee. ‘You know, I read Waverley, for he’d caught the rebellion very well, said those who knew about it, but I confess I was not greatly drawn to Scotland. I can’t think but that its wildness is mean, or melancholy – though I wouldn’t mind seeing Culloden.’
Fairbrother picked another fig from the silver dish which one of the servants of the seraglio had brought. ‘Well, I must say that I’m intrigued by the place – at least as Scott portrays it.’ He smiled. ‘They have an abundance of laws, of which they seem inordinately proud, and lawyers enough to people the whole of Edinburgh, and yet nothing is settled but by the knife. I should rather like to see it. It makes the place of my birth seem tranquil by comparison.’
‘You’ve no desire for the peace of English country after all these months?’
‘In due season.’ He looked intent, suddenly. ‘Can we not see Scotland?’
Hervey shrugged. ‘I have no especial desire, but neither have I objection,’ he replied without looking up (he had begun renumbering the separate notes he had made in the course of the campaign). ‘We would need a full month to see anything of it. The roads are abominable, by all accounts – even the ones built by the excellent General Wade.’
‘“The noblest prospect which a Scotchman ever sees, is the high road that leads him to England”?’
‘Dr Johnson could be cutting, but no less apt for it.’
‘But all the same … Might we not, say, visit Drumossie Moor and advance our understanding of the military art?’
Hervey looked up at last to gauge how serious was his friend. ‘You would truly wish to see Scotland? The weather’s savage; you know full well you shiver as soon as the sun goes in.’
‘Then we could visit in the height of summer – the Highlands; when it is by all accounts very agreeable.’
‘That I must concede, for I have heard it said that so many millions of mosquitoes cannot all be wrong.’
Fairbrother laughed. ‘Let no one say you are deficient in humour.’
‘Does any?’
‘I confess I thought you thus when first we met at the Cape, but I have long thought it otherwise, that it is merely the mask of command.’
Hervey sighed, coming to a resolution. ‘My good friend, you have been the best of companions these twelve months and more. We shall go to Scotland on our return. Honours and appointments shall wait.’
Fairbrother eyed him gravely. ‘My dear Hervey, I shall not hold you to it, for I should never wish to have you do other than what you see as duty, but I shall, if circumstances permit, look forward to the expedition. That is all.’
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