by Ian Buruma
113 “guilt versus shame”: Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, p. 156.
114 “The mayor received a letter”: Shinto priest: Nagasaki Shicho e no 7300tsu no Tegami: Tenno no Senso Sekinin (The 7300 Letters to the Mayor of Nagasaki: On the Question of the Emperor’s War Guilt) (Tokyo: Komichi Shobo, 1989).
115 “Dr. Toda”: Endo Shusaku, The Sea and Poison, trans. Michael Gallagher (Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1973), p. 157.
116 “Around the time”: Eto Jun and Ishihara Shintaro, Bungei Shunju, March 1989.
117 “He described the Shinto rite”: Kase Hideaki, Pureiboi (Playboy), January 1989.
118 “ ‘The emperor system’ ”: Asahi Shimbun, February 28, 1989.
119 “Itami Mansaku wrote an article”: Quoted in Oshima Nagisa, Taikenteki: Sengo Eizoron (Tokyo: Asuhi Shimbunsha, 1975), p. 275.
10. TWO NORMAL TOWNS
120 “A Thousand Absolutely Normal Years”: Tausend ganz normale Jahre: Ein Photoalbum des gewöhnlichen Faschismus von Otto Weber (Nördlingen: Die Andere Bibliothek, 1987).
121 “a book about his findings”: Nozoe Kenji, Hanaoka Jiken no Hitotachi (Tokyo: Shiso no Kagakusha, 1975). Nozoe wrote two more books about the Hanaoka Incident, entitled Kikigaki Hanaoka Jiken (1983) and Shogen: Hanaoka Jiken (1986), and published a revised edition of Kikinaki Hanaoka Jiken (1990).
122 “ ‘I developed a visceral distrust’ ”: Nozue Kenji, Watashitachi no Showashi (Tokyo: Shiso no Kagakusha, 1989), p. 66.
11. CLEARING UP THE RUINS
123 “ ‘Always somewhere behind me’ ”: Günter Grass, The Tin Drum, trans. Ralph Manheim (New York: Penguin, 1961), p. 580.
124 “ ‘faced with their history’ ”: Sakaguchi Ango, Darakuron (Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, 1946), pp. 90, 98.
125 “ ‘His face is turned’ ”: Walter Benjamin, Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. H. Zohn (New York: Schocken, 1969), p. 70.
126 “ ‘It did what the world’ ”: Grass, The Tin Drum, p. 517.
127 “Arthur Miller’s worries”: Arthur Miller, The Guardian, May 29, 1990.
128 “ ‘select the stones from the ruins’ ”: Kurt Niedlich, Das Mythenbuch: Die Germanische Mythen und Märchenwelt als Quelle deutscher Weltanschauung (Leipzig, 1936), quoted in Klaus Antoni, Der himmlische Herscher und sein Staat (Munich: Iudicium Verlag, 1991), p. 111.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SO MANY PEOPLE have helped me, stimulated me, and encouraged me in the course of thinking about, researching, and finishing this book that I cannot find room to thank them all in print. But some people as well as institutions have been of such vital importance that their names must be mentioned with special thanks.
First of all, without the chance to spend nine months at the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin, I could not have completed the German parts of the book. I owe a great debt to the rector, Dr. Wolf Lepenies, to Dr. Jürgen Kocka, to Frau Bottomley and her splendid library staff, and to Professor Yehuda Elkana.
I am also grateful, for pointing me in the right direction and keeping me going in Germany, to Dr. Ludger Kühnhardt, Dr. Frank Schirrmacher, Dr. Karsten Witte, Dr. Bernhard Gattner, Amos Elon, and Darryl Pinckney.
In Japan, I have been helped many times with extraordinary kindness and efficiency by Kitamura Fumio, Yano Junichi, and Koizumi Kazuko of the Foreign Press Center. Other guides and mentors were Hayashi Kanako and the staff of the Japan Film Library Council, Niimi Takeshi, Mori Masataka, Chu Pa-chieh, Oyama Hiroshi, Oyama Yuko, Nishisato Fuyuko, and Minami Toru. But most important of all, insofar as one can measure such things, has been the hospitality, inspiration, and friendship of Richard Nations and Koh Siew-eng.
Finally, I am deeply grateful to Fritz Stern and William Wetherall, whose wisdom and erudition have improved the manuscript no end. It goes without saying that any errors which might have escaped the attention of Professor Stern, William Wetherall, and my excellent editors Jonathan Galassi at Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Neil Belton at Jonathan Cape, and E. Brugman at Atlas are entirely my own responsibility.
