12 “antinational broadcasts” in public places: Luneau (2005), 104.
13 Léon-Maurice Nordmann: Blumenson (1977), 19–20.
14 Nordmann had a lot of very bright friends: Debré (1996), 117.
15 Avocats Socialistes: Military File, 1945, MON. Bio. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
16 Another leaflet was spread: Chemins de Mémoire, http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/le-11-novembre-1940.
17 “Public organizations and private enterprises”: Le Matin, November 10, 1940.
18 “On the graves of your martyrs”: “11 Novembre 1940: La Résistance au Grand Jour,” Action Républicaine, http://action-republicaine.over-blog.com/article-13706200.html, trans. SBC.
19 “On November 11”: Luneau (2005), 109.
20 Meanwhile, Nordmann, Weil-Curiel: Schoenbrun (1980), 89; Chemins de Mémoire, http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/le-11-novembre-1940.
21 Students and teachers formed ranks: Chemins de Mémoire, http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/le-11-novembre-1940.
22 The Germans were surprised: Chemins de Mémoire, http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/le-11-novembre-1940; Luneau (2005), 110–11.
23 “incompatible with the dignity”: Le Matin, November 16, 1940.
24 They closed the universities: Ibid.
25 required that every student register: Le Matin, November 13, 1940.
26 dismissed the rector: Chemins de Mémoire, http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/le-11-novembre-1940; Luneau (2005), 110–11.
27 a teacher and writer, respectively: Humbert (2008); Blumenson (1977).
28 Monod’s neighbors at 30 rue Monsieur-le-Prince: Humbert (2008), 37.
29 Rivet introduced Cassou: Blumenson (1977), 80.
30 It was decided that Humbert: Ibid., 91.
31 “Many of us will be shot”: Ibid.
32 Life had already changed: Humbert (2008), 19; Blumenson (1977), 106.
33 The two groups decided to collaborate: Blumenson (1977), 112–13.
34 Humbert was the typist: Letter, Monod to Mme. Thieuleux, June 2, 1970, MON. Bio. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP; Debré (1996), 118; Humbert (2008), 24–25; Blumenson (1977), 118.
35 “Resist! This is the cry”: Blumenson (1977), 117–18.
36 “January first will offer to all French”: “Discours de Gaulle,” http://www.mediaslibres.com/tribune/?post/2007/12/11/396-discours-de-gaulle-decembre-1940#23decembre1940, trans. SBC.
37 The second issue of Résistance: Blumenson (1977), 132–33.
38 “The hour of hope”: Ibid.
39 The call was repeated: Luneau (2005), 118–21.
40 For Nordmann, however: Sources concerning the role, exposure, arrest, and interrogations of the Aubervillier group include http://pcfaubervilliers.fr/spip.php?article512; L. Israël, Robes noires, années sombres, 116–23; J. Blanc, Au commencement de la Résistance, 237–40, 390–91, 400; and the Archives de la Préfecture de Police in Paris, Dossier BA 2443 (formerly the dossier “Dissolution du PC No. 60. Propaganda étrangère”). These references differ in the details and sequence of events and outright contradict certain other published accounts of the Nordmann episode, but as they cite or comprise official records in the Archives de la Préfecture de Police in Paris, they are the most reliable. The author thanks Mme. Isabella Tarisca of the Service de Memoire et des Affaires Culturelles of the Cabinet du Préfet for her assitance in locating and accessing the records concerning the Nordmann episode.
41 “Jacques MONOD, Laboratoire de Zoologie”: Dossier BA 2443, Archives de la Préfecture de Police in Paris.
42 “Mr. Monod is involved or”: Ibid. The author is indebted to Ms. Liora Israel for information about the records concerning Monod in the Archives.
43 The inspectors then proceeded: Ibid.
44 warrants were issued for Nordmann: The pursuit and arrest of Nordmann from Blumenson (1977), 137–40.
45 Early one morning, Monod: The account of Monod’s interrogation relies on that of Debré (1996), 118. As to how the Gestapo obtained his name, the most likely explanation is that they received it when the French police turned over the Nordmann case files in January 1941. Monod stated in 1970 that his name was found among Nordmann’s notebooks (letter to Mme. Thieuliex, June 2, 1970, MON. Bio. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP), and that may also have been the case. The time of that interrogation is not clear, but based upon the Nordmann case being handed over to the Germans in January 1941, and the events involving Nordmann, it is most likely that it was in January 1941.
46 On February 8: Blumenson (1977), 144.
47 On February 10: Ibid., 149–50.
48 On February 11: Ibid., 151.
49 Vildé and Dexia eluded: Ibid., 163, 165, 173.
CHAPTER 9: WAITING AND WORKING
1 The United States continued: “Neutrality Act of November 4, 1939,” Mount Holyoke College, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/neutrality.htm.
2 “Nécessité absolue Trouver”: Notebook 9, 67, November 28, 1940, MON. Lab. 01, November 28, 1940, Fonds Monod SAIP.
3 Monod found that: Monod (1941a).
4 Specifically, instead of one growth phase: Monod (1941b).
5 “What could that mean?”: Ullmann (2003), 4.
6 “That could have something”: Monod (1965), 188.
7 It appeared as if the bacteria: See L. Loison (2012), “Enzymatic Adaptation: Monod, Lwoff, and the Legacy of General Biology,” unpublished manuscript.
8 For example, just by changing the ratio: Monod (1942), 167.
9 “What Monod is doing”: Ullmann (2003), 5.
10 The two exchanged brass wedding rings: Todd (1997), 118; Lottman (1979), 229.
11 “There is but one”: Camus (1991a), 3.
12 “I see many people die”: Ibid., 4.
13 “Man is mortal”: Ibid., 18.
14 “a universe suddenly divested”: Ibid., 6.
15 “is not worth the trouble”: Ibid., 5.
16 “of which man is the sole”: Ibid., 117.
17 “The struggle toward the heights”: Ibid., 123.
18 “Finished Sisyphus”: Camus (1963), 189.
19 “L’Étranger is very successful”: Todd (1997), 129.
20 “Very sincerely”: Ibid., 130.
21 “L’Étranger is obviously”: Ibid., 131.
22 “I read L’Étranger”: Ibid., 135.
23 “The link between Sisyphe”: Ibid., 133.
24 “What matters is that”: Ibid., 134.
25 “The problem of paper”: Ibid., 133.
26 Gallimard told Camus: Lottman (1979), 247; Todd (1997), 136–37.
27 “Sisyphus, or Happiness in Hell”: Todd (1997), 150.
CHAPTER 10: THE TERROR BEGINS
1 Vichy dissolved the PCF: Ousby (2000), 325.
2 On August 19: Le Matin, August 21, 1940.
3 On the morning of August 21, 1941: Pryce-Jones (1981), 118; Ousby (2000), 223; “1941: L’attentat au Métro Barbès,” Les Communistes, http://www.lescommunistes.org/spip.php?article339.
4 Three men were executed: Laub (2010), 116, frontispiece end.
5 “Beginning August 23”: Pryce-Jones (1981), 120; Le Matin, August 23, 1940.
6 Another attack followed soon after: Laub (2010), 119.
7 In response to three more: Ibid., 120.
8 On September 16: Pryce-Jones (1981), 120.
9 After the first two attacks: Laub (2010), 119.
10 “a German soldier is worth more”: Ibid.
11 Hitler thought that a ratio: Ibid.
12 Von Stülpnagel was deeply concerned: Ibid., 128.
13 On October 20: Ousby (2000), 225; Laub (2010), 136.
14 Forty-eight hostages: Laub (2010), 139.
15 The consequences for attacking: http://www.cheminsdememoire.
gouv.fr/page/affichecitoyennete.php?idLang=en&idCitoyen=13
16 “Frenchmen, two shots”: Laub (2010), 142.
17 A hand grenade was thrown: Pryce-Jones (1981), 121–22.
18 Altogether, there were sixty-eight: Ousby (2000), 225.
19 “Within the occupied territories”: “Night-and-Fog Decree,” http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/nightfog.htm.
20 “the adequate punishment for offences”: Ibid.
21 Although he was not a Communist: Letter, J. Monod to Mme. Thieuleux, June 2, 1970, MON. Bio. 02, item 7, Fonds Monod, SAIP. Although Monod never disclosed the name of the organization, based on his descriptions and the timeframe, it was likely Université Libre. See Jackson (2003b), 421–22.
22 In addition, Monod helped: Letter, J. Monod to Mme. Thieuleux, June 2, 1970, MON. Bio. 02, item 7, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
23 On February 23, 1942: Chemins de Mémoire, http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/le-11-novembre-1940.
24 The Monod twins: Letter, Charlotte Monod to Winnie Eschweiller, April 1942, courtesy of Olivier Monod.
25 As Easter 1942 approached: Ibid.
26 “the same vivid”: Ibid.
27 Through 1941: Laub (2010), 158.
28 “I intend to order only a limited”: Ibid., 161.
29 “the position of the MBF”: Ibid., 164.
30 On June 1, 1942: Ibid., 168, 196.
31 “1. A DISTINCTIVE SIGN FOR THE JEWS”: “Être Juif en France,” USC Shoah Foundation, http://dornsife.usc.edu/vhi/french/etoilejaune.
32 “Never would one have thought”: Le Matin, June 8, 1942.
33 The number of Jews in all of France: Laub (2010), 220, 213.
34 They could shop for food only: Zuccotti (1993), 91; Le Matin, July 10, 1942; Le Matin, July 18, 1942.
35 and they were to ride only: Zuccotti (1993), 94.
36 Nevertheless, Odette and Jacques decided: Olivier Monod, interview, Paris, September 8, 2011.
37 At four in the morning: Zuccotti (1993), 105.
38 But neither those arrested: Ibid., 110–11.
39 Indeed, just three days: Ibid., 110.
40 There had been roundups before: In early May 1941, more than six thousand immigrant Jewish men had received postcards from the Prefecture of Police asking them to report in person for “an examination” of their “situation.” More than half complied and were interned at Pithiviers and Beaune-la-Rolande, where their families were able to visit and to give them packages. Another four thousand foreign Jews were rounded up in Paris in August 1941 and sent to Drancy. Zuccotti (1993), 81–83.
41 Laval and Secretary-General of Police: Laub (2010), 230–31.
42 At the time of the July roundups: Françoise Benhamou, phone interview with Héloïse Dufour, October 19, 2010.
43 After the roundups: Olivier Monod, interview, Paris, September 8, 2011; Odette “Brulle” identity card, private archives, Monod family.
CHAPTER 11: THE PLAGUE
1 “All were separated”: Camus (1965), 51.
2 “I thought it was all over”: Lottman (1979), 257.
3 “The Plague has”: Camus (1965), 36.
4 “The first thing”: Ibid.
5 la peste brune: See, for example, D. Guérin, La Peste Brune (1935).
6 “I want to express”: Camus (1965), 53–54.
7 “1342—The Black Death”: Camus (1963), 201.
8 “let us admit”: Camus (1991b), 3.
9 “everyone is bored”: Camus (1991b), 6.
10 “it will be easily understood”: Ibid.
11 “After that I will return”: Todd (1997), 152.
12 He asked Pascal Pia: Lottman (1979), 264.
13 “In the space of five days”: Crémieux-Brillhac (1975), 11.
14 “The circumstances being such”: Le Matin, November 12, 1942.
15 “Caught like rats!”: Camus (1965), 38.
16 “In short, the time of the epidemic”: Henry (2007), 113, and translated from “Les Exiles Dans La Peste,” in Qulliot Theatre Recits etc d’Albert Camus, 1962, 1951.
17 “Make separation the big theme”: Camus (1965), 60.
18 As the Soviet campaign: Laub (2010), 248.
19 Some 275,000 French laborers: Ibid., 251.
20 He appointed longtime: Ibid., 249.
21 Only 53,000 workers: Ibid., 255.
22 The number of workers sent: Ibid., 257.
23 And on February 16, 1943: Ibid., 258–59.
24 “Workers and bosses”: Crémieux-Brillhac (1975), vol. 3, 83.
25 “One’s sacred duty”: Ibid., 98.
26 “Frenchmen, do not go there!”: Ibid., 105.
27 FRENCHMEN! STAND AGAINST SLAVERY: Le Franc Tireur, March 16, 1943.
28 Many men did go to Germany: Laub (2010), 260.
29 While more than 600,000 French workers: Ibid., 120–37.
30 The longer Camus stayed: Henry (2007), 109–12.
31 The two men met regularly: Ibid., 111–12; Lottman (1979), 273.
32 At his boardinghouse: Henry (2007), 110.
33 to which Pascal Pia also belonged: Lottman (1979), 269.
34 Fayol and Camus listened to the BBC: Todd (1997), 161.
35 Camus received his first reply: Lottman (1979), 278.
36 “In the chapter on the isolation camps”: Camus (1965), 60.
37 “concerned with man and freedom”: Lottman (1979), 287.
38 Three thousand copies: Ibid.
39 “They felt the profound sorrow”: “Les Exiles dans La Peste,” in Camus (1962), 1956; Camus (1991b), 73.
CHAPTER 12: BROTHERS IN ARMS
1 “Plague. All fight”: Camus (1965), 82.
2 “With the victory”: “La ‘Colonne du Tchad,’ s’empere de Koufra et du Fezzan,” France-Libre, http://www.france-libre.net/2e-db/historique/koufra-fezzan.php, trans. SBC.
3 “Certainly, it is on the youth”: De Gaulle, February 25, 1943, speech, http://www.mediaslibres.com/tribune/?post/2010/02/15/Discours-de-Gaulle-Fevrier-1943#25fevrier1943.
4 “I have noticed”: Noufflard (unpublished), 84, copy of notice, trans. SBC.
5 One spring evening: Debré (1996), 120.
6 They would not allow non-Communists: Judson (1979), 359.
7 Monod had long held: Debré (1996), 120.
8 But he wanted to get more: Judson (1979), 359.
9 Marchal introduced Monod: Geneviève Noufflard, interview with Benjamin Prud’homme, Paris, January 2010; Debré (1996), 122.
10 “Do not forget”: Geneviève Noufflard, interview with Benjamin Prud’homme, Paris, January 2010.
11 “He is in great form”: Letter, Odette Monod to Charlotte and Lucien Monod, May 20, 1943, private archives, Monod family.
12 The all-Bach program: Program of May 21, 1943, private archives, Monod family.
13 Monod’s new conductorship: Toulmond (2005), 19.
14 Toward the end of September: Ibid.; Debré (1996), 121.
15 In early October: Françoise Benhamou, interview with Héloïse Dufour, October 19, 2010.
16 He spent every Wednesday night: Letter, Odette Monod to Lucien and Charlotte Monod, October 22, 1943, private archives, Monod family.
17 Marcel Prenant had made repeated appeals: Prenant (1980), 196.
18 Philo heard de Gaulle’s: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 168–69.
19 It was not until François Morin: Debré (1996), 117.
20 Philo told Morin: “Claude Bourdet,” Ordre de la Liberation, http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/131.html; P. Monod, interview with Serge Ravneal, Conception Jean-Louis Dufour, Realisation Jacques Boliot.
21 Bourdet invited Philo: P. Monod, interview with Serge Ravneal, Conception Jean-Louis Dufour, Realisation Jacques Boliot.
22 Philo subsequently replaced Bourdet: Frenay (1976), 249.
23 S
hoop appeared to take: Ibid.
24 “wanted to know”: Ibid., 250.
25 De Bénouville, who was in charge: Ibid.; Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 173.
26 The Frenchmen handed over: Dulles et al. (1996), 53.
27 Technically, he would not: Frenay (1976), 253.
28 Philo soon secured: Ibid., 263.
29 De Bénouville set up: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 175.
30 The MUR provided intelligence reports: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 184–86.
31 In October 1943: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 270–71; R. Belot and G. Karpman (2009) 282; Guérin (2010), 288.
32 Jacques Monod was chosen: Letter, J. Monod to Mme. Thieuleux, June 2, 1970, MON. Bio. 02, item 7, Fonds Monod, SAIP; Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 273.
33 “I have something to ask you”: Geneviève Noufflard, interview by Benjamin Prud’homme, Paris, January 20, 2010; Judson (1979), 363.
34 De Bénouville had set up a system: For details see Belot and Karpman (2009).
35 After arriving at the train station: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 271; Guérin (2010), 286.
36 Along with Jacques and de Bénouville: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 271; Guérin (2010), 288.
37 The delegates brought: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 271.
38 To attain their potential effectiveness: Ibid., 355–66.
39 Jacques was promised arms: Letter, J. Monod to Mme. Thieuleux, June 2, 1970, MON. Bio. 02, item 7, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
40 After paying a heavy fine: Guillain de Bénouville (1949), 271–72; Belot and Karpman (2009), 282–84.
41 Leynaud told Camus: Lottman (1979), 270–72.
42 Camus joined such notable: Ibid., 280–81.
43 “We shall meet soon again”: Camus (1974), 4.
44 “humiliations and silences”: Ibid., 6.
45 “I belong to an admirable”: Ibid., 8.
46 Bernard was an early: Frenay (1976), 53–54; interview with Serge Ravenel, Conception Jean-Louis Dufour, realisation Jacques Boliot.
47 Camus’s first meeting with Bernard: Account of meeting compiled from Hardré (1964); Bernard (1967); Lottman (1979), 300–301; Todd (1997), 178–79.
CHAPTER 13: DOUBLE LIVES
1 “When are they landing?”: Noufflard (unpublished), 66.
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