2. Linda Colley, Britons, Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 170–1.
3. Marcel Thomas and François Avril, The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus, Commentary by Wilhelm Schlag (London, 1998), p. 18.
4. Roger B. Manning, Hunters and Poachers (Oxford, 1993), p. 116.
5. Ralph Whitlock, Historic Forests (Bradford-on-Avon, 1979), pp.18 and 21.
6. H & H, pp. 57–9.
7. The author is grateful to Professor Anthony J. Pollard for access to, and use of, his unpublished conference paper ‘The 1390 Game Law’.
8. J. Langton and G. Jones (eds.) Forests and Chases of Medieval England and Wales, c.1000–c.1500 (St John’s College Research Centre, Oxford, 2010).
9. Whitlock, Historic Forests, p. 21.
10. Anne Rooney, ‘Hunting in Middle English Literature, 1300–1500’ (Ph.D. dissertation, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1985), p. 3.
11. Richard, Almond, and A.J. Pollard, ‘The Yeomanry of Robin Hood and Social Terminology in Fifteenth-Century England’, Past & Present, No. 170, February 2001, pp. 52–77.
12. J.N. Bartlett, ‘The Expansion and Decline of York in the Later Middle Ages’, Economic History Review, 2nd Series, Vol. XII, 1959–60.
13. H & H, p. 2.
14. Ldc, Tilander, p. 55, fol. 4v. ll. 35–7.
15. PTA, Prologue, p. 1, ll. 7–14.
16. Ldc, Tilander, p. 51, fol. 3, ll. 3–6.
17. William Langland, Piers Plowman, the C-text, ed. Derek Pearsall (London, 1978), Passus IX, p. 170, l. 223.
18. MG, 1904, p. 161.
19. Marcelle Thiébaux, The Stag of Love: The Chase in Medieval Literature (Ithaca and London, 1974), p. 22.
Chapter One
1. Marcel Thomas and François, Avril, The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus (London, 1998), p. 5.
2. Ldc, Tilander, p. 51, fol. 3, ll. 3–6.
3. John of Salisbury, Policraticus, Bk 1, trans. Joseph B. Pike (London, 1938), pp. 22–5.
4. Ibid., p. 18.
5. MG, 1904, p. 4.
6. Ibid., p. 5.
7. Ibid., p. 69.
8. Nicholas Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry (London, 1984), p. 82.
9. Tristan, pp. 68–71.
10. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, p. 84.
11. Ibid., p. 84.
12. Ibid., p. 191.
13. Ibid., p. 193.
14. Marion Wynne-Davies, Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature (London, 1989; repr. 1992), pp. 399–400.
15. Ldc, 616: Reading and learning the names of hounds from scrolls, Ch. 22, fol. 51v. and Practising blowing horns and holloaing, Ch. 26, fol. 54.
16. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, p. 41.
17. Nicholas, Orme, Medieval Children (New Haven and London, 2001; repr. 2002), p. 280.
18. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 118 and 191.
19. H & H, p. 176; A.C., Spearing, The Gawain Poet: A Critical Study (Cambridge, 1970), p. 10.
20. William, Langland, Piers Plowman, the C-text, ed. Derek Pearsall (London, 1978), Passus VIII, p. 147, l. 24.
21. Ibid., p. 147, ll. 28–31.
22. Robert P. Miller, (ed.), Chaucer: Sources and Backgrounds (Oxford, 1977), pp. 180 and 182.
23. Philippe Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. Michael Jones (Oxford, 1984), p. 215.
24. Pisanello, p. 85.
25. Spearing, The Gawain Poet: A Critical Study, p. 9.
26. Langland, Piers Plowman, ed. Derek Pearsall, Passus IX, p. 172, l. 264.
27. London, British Library, The Luttrell Psalter, Add. MS 42130, fol. 31.
28. Derek Brewer, Chaucer in his Time (London, 1963), p. 187.
29. William Twiti, The Art of Hunting, 1327, ed. Bror Danielsson (Stockholm, 1977), p. 21.
30. MG, 1904, pp. 202–3.
31. London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for April, fol. 5v.
32. Ldc, 616: Making nets and snares from cord with the aid of a ropemaker’s spinning wheel, Ch. 25, fol. 53v. and Hunting par maistrise, by cunning and skill; catching deer, wild boar and wolves with nets, Ch. 60, fol. 103.
33. MG, 1909, p. 30.
34. Anne Rooney, Hunting in Middle English Literature (Cambridge, 1993), p. 194.
35. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, (ed.), The Stonor Letters and Papers, 1290–1483, Camden Society, 3rd Series, Vol. XXX, Vol. II, (London, 1919), p. 106 269 and p. 110 274.
36. H & H, pp. 63, 260–5.
37. Roger B. Manning, Hunters and Poachers (Oxford, 1993), p. 10.
38. MG, 1904, p. 142.
39. J.A. Burrow (ed.), Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Harmondsworth and London, 1972), p. 55, l. 1378.
40. Anne Rooney (ed.), The Tretyse off Huntyng, Scripta 19 (Brussels, 1987), p. 53, l. 183 and p. 77.
41. Twiti, The Art of Hunting, 1327, ed. Bror Danielsson, p. 40, fol. 37, ll. 13, 14, 15.
42. Ibid., p. 42, fol. 37, ll. 57–8.
43. MG, 1904, p. 137.
44. H & H, p. 204: Herons and bitterns were thought to have restorative properties; according to the Tacuinum Sanitatis, cranes were first hung and then eaten by people who performed physical labour.
45. PTA, p. 8, vi, ll. 220–5.
46. H & H, pp. 192–3.
47. Ibid., p. 241.
48. Ldc, 616: Trapping wolves: Ch. 63, fol. 107, Ch. 66, fol. 108v., Ch. 67, fol. 109, Ch. 68, fol. 110, Ch. 69, fol. 110v. Trapping bears: Ch. 62, fol. 106v. Trapping wild boar: Ch. 61, fol. 105v, Ch. 64, fol. 107v.
49. H & H, p. 242.
50. R.E. Latham, Revised Latin Word-List from British and Irish Sources (Oxford, 1965; repr. 1989), p. 125.
51. Bible, King James’s Version, Proverbs 30: 24, 26.
52. Mark Bailey, A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 129–31.
53. MG, 1904, p. 125.
54. Ibid., p. 41.
55. London, British Library, Queen Mary’s Psalter, Royal MS 2 B. VII, fol. 155v. In contrast, fol. 156 shows female beaters putting up hares from their forms (lies). These animals are easily differentiated from conies by their larger size and longer ears.
56. MG, 1909, pp. 63 and 261.
57. Grant Uden, A Dictionary of Chivalry (Harmondsworth, 1968; repr. 1977), p. 82.
58. Compton Reeves, ‘The Sumptuary Statute of 1363: A look at the aims and effectiveness of English legislation on diet and clothing’, Medieval Life, The Magazine of the Middle Ages, Issue 16, Winter 2001/2, (Gilling East, York), p. 17.
59. Ibid., p. 17.
60. Bailey, A Marginal Economy?, p. 186.
61. Reeves, ‘The Sumptuary Statute of 1363’ p. 17.
62. Charles MacKinnon, The Observer’s Book of Heraldry (London and New York, 1966; repr. 1975), p. 40.
63. Oliver Rackham, The History of the Countryside (London, 1986; repr. 1993), p. 35.
64. MG, 1909, p. 67.
65. Reeves, ‘The Sumptuary Statute of 1363’, p. 17.
66. Marcelle, Thiébaux, The Stag of Love (Ithaca and London, 1974), p. 22.
67. Rackham, History of the Countryside (London, 1986; repr. 1993), p. 34.
68. Manning, Hunters and Poachers, p. 11.
69. Birrell, p. 81.
70. MG, 1909, p. 261.
71. Manning, Hunters and Poachers, p. 11.
72. Kurt G. Blüchel, Game and Hunting (Cologne, 1997; English version, 2000), p. 216, pl. p. 217.
73. Colin McKelvie, Snipe and Woodcock, Sport and Conservation (Shrewsbury, 1996), p. 190.
74. François Villon, Selected Poems, trans. Peter Dale (London, 1978, repr. 1988); ‘The Testament’, stanza 68, p. 91.
75. Ldc, Tilander, p. 55, fol. 4v, ll. 35–7:
Ore te proveray comme veneurs vivent en cest monde plus joyeusement que autre gent, quar, quant le veneur se lieve au matin, il voit la tres doulce et belle matinee et le temps cler et seri et le chant de ces oyselez, qui chantent doulcement, melodieusement et amoure usement, chascun en son langage, du mieulz qu’il peut
, selon ce que nature li aprent. Et, quant le solleill sera leve, il verra celle doublce rousee sur les raincelez et herbetes, et le soleill par sa vertu les fera reluire; c’est grant plaisance et joye au euer du veneur.
76. PTA, Prologue, p. 1, ll. 7–14.
77. Ibid., pp. 17–20.
78. Ldc, Tilander, p. 251, fol. 83, l. 9–11:
C’est bonne chasce que du cerf, quar c’est belle
chose bien quester un cerf, et belle chose le
destourner, et belle chose le laissier courre et
belle chose le chacier, et belle chose le
rachacier, et belle chose les abais, soient en
yaue ou en terre, et belle chose la cuirie, et
belle chose bien l’escorchier et bien le deffere
et lever les droiz, et belle chose et bonne la venaison.
79. MG, 1904, pp. 7–8.
80. Ldc, Tilander, p. 251, fol. 83, ll. 9–11:
Et comme j’ay dit au commencement de mon livre que bons veneurs vivent longuement et joyeusement, et, quant ilz muerent, ilz vont en paradis, je veuill ensigner a tout homme d’estre veneur, ou en une maniere ou en autre, mes je di bien que, s’il n’est bon veneur, il n’entrera ja en paradis.
81. Birrell, pp. 84–5.
82. Maurice Keen, English Society in the Later Middle Ages 1348–1500 (London, 1990), p. 186.
Chapter Two
1. Dalby, p. v.
2. Tristan, p. 11.
3. Ibid., p. 11.
4. Pisanello, p. 80.
5. Ibid., p. ix.
6. Roger B. Manning, Hunters and Poachers (Oxford, 1993), pp. 4 and 5.
7. The Paston Letters, ed. Norman Davis (Oxford, 1963, 1983; reissued 1999), p. xiii.
8. Ibid., p. xx.
9. Ibid., pp. 215 and 217.
10. Marcelle Thiébaux, The Stag of Love (Ithaca and London, 1974), p. 21.
11. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, The Art of Falconry, being the De Arte Venandi cum Avibus, trans. and ed. Casey A. Wood and F. Marjorie Fyfe (Stanford, 1943; repr. 1955), p. 476.
12. Modus: Tilander, p. liii.
13. Ldc, 616, fol. 5.
14. MG, 1909, p. xi.
15. Dr Franz Neiderwolfsgruber, Kaiser Maximilians I. Jagd und Fischereibücher (Innsbruck, 1965; ed. 1992), pp. 5–12. Der gross Weidmann means ‘the great sportsman’.
16. Tristan, p. 11.
17. Gaston Phébus, Le Livre de la chasse, presentation et commentaries de Marcel Thomas (Paris, 1986), p. 19.
18. MG, 1909, Ch. 1, The Prologue, p. 1.
19. MG, 1904, p. 113.
20. MG, 1909, pp. 2 and 1.
21. BSA, facsimile edn, p. 5.
22. Ibid., aii, The Boke of Hawking.
23. Ibid., ei, The Boke of Hunting.
24. Manning, Hunters and Poachers, p. 12.
25. George Turbervile, The Booke of Faulconrie or Hauking, London, 1575, facsimile edn, (Amsterdam and New York, 1969), frontispiece. It is now generally accepted that The Noble Arte of Venerie or Hunting, 1575, was written by George Gascoigne, rather than George Turbervile. See Manning, Hunters and Poachers, p. 148, pl. 4. This may or may not also apply to The Booke of Faulconrie or Hauking.
26. Ibid., Dedication.
27. Ibid., p. 372.
28. H & H, p. 234.
29. Anne Rooney (ed.), The Tretyse off Huntyng, Scripta 19, Mediaeval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (Brussels, 1987), p. 39.
30. A.R. Myers (ed.), English Historical Documents, 1327–1485 (London, 1969). See 569, ‘The lower orders are not to be allowed to hunt, 1390’, p. 1004.
31. Manning, Hunters and Poachers (Oxford, 1993), anonymous quote, p. 4.
32. Izaak Walton and Charles Cotton, The Complete Angler, Vol. 1 (Chiswick, 1826), p. 89.
33. Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, England, MCMLXVIII, An Inventory of Historical Monuments in the County of Cambridge, Vol. 1, West Cambridgeshire, pp. 185 and 181.
34. Anne Rooney, Hunting in Middle English Literature (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 194–6.
35. Pisanello, p. 159.
36. Ramsgate, The Benedictine Monks of St Augustine’s Abbey, The Book of Saints (London, 1942, repr. 1989), p. 101.
37. Ibid., p. 138.
38. Pisanello, p. 160.
39. Ldc, 616, Ch. 52, fol. 93 and Ch. 8, fol. 27v.
40. Pisanello, pp. 160 and 85.
41. Ibid., pp. 160 and 163.
42. Ibid., pp. 159 and 160.
43. Ibid., p. 156.
44. H & H, p. 70.
45. Michael Camille, The Medieval Art of Love (London, 1998), p. 98.
46. Ibid., p.101.
47. Ibid.
48. Derek Brewer, Chaucer in his Time (London, 1963), p. 187.
49. Ibid., p. 9.
50. Ibid., p. 10.
51. H.L. Savage, ‘The Significance of the Hunting Scenes in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 27 (1928), p. 1.
52. Rooney, Hunting in Middle English Literature, p. 198.
53. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry (London, 1984), p. 191.
54. Ibid., pp. 191–2.
55. Thiébaux, The Stag of Love, p. 21.
56. H & H, p. 189.
57. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, The Art of Falconry, p. xxv.
58. H & H, p. 9.
59. MG, 1909, p. 2.
60. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, The Art of Falconry, p. xxxv.
61. Phillip Glasier, As the Falcon her Bells (London, 1963), p. 65.
62. H & H, pp. 196–7.
63. Alison Hanham (ed.), The Cely Letters 1472–1488 (London, 1975), p. 29 33, p. 30 33, p. 33 37, p. 36 39.
64. Ibid., p. 57 63, p. 58 63, p. 59 65.
65. H & H, p. 195.
66. Glasier, As the Falcon her Bells, p. 219.
67. H.W.C. Davis (ed.), Mediaeval England (Oxford, 1924), p. 338.
68. Glasier, As the Falcon her Bells, p. 65.
69. H & H, p. 187.
70. Davis (ed.), Mediaeval England, p. 338.
71. H & H, p. 189; Modus, pp. 173–4.
72. Glasier, As the Falcon her Bells, p. 217.
73. Ibid., pp. 219 and 222.
74. William Twiti, The Art of Hunting: 1327, ed. Bror Danielsson (Stockholm, 1977), p. 16.
75. BSA, facsimile edn, two unnumbered folios at end of The Boke of Hawking.
76. Davis, (ed.), Mediaeval England, p. 338; H & H, pp. 188 and 189.
77. H & H, p. 189.
78. John of Salisbury, Policraticus, Bk I, trans. Joseph B. Pike (London, 1938), p. 25. The Church’s opposition to hunting and hawking is also mentioned in Anne Rooney’s Ph. D. dissertation, p. 9.
79. H & H, p. 193.
80. T.H. White, The Goshawk (London, 1953), p. 13.
81. For a discussion on the differing categories of yeoman, see Richard Almond, and A.J. Pollard, ‘The Yeomanry of Robin Hood and Social Terminology in Fifteenth-Century England’, Past and Present, No. 170, February 2001, pp. 54–8.
82. See T.H. White’s The Goshawk for the dedicated task of caring for and flying a male goshawk.
83. H & H, p. 190–94.
84. Turbervile, The Booke of Faulconrie or Hauking, London 1575, pp. 25–6.
85. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (London, 1944), p. 348.
86. Ldc, 616, fol. 68; New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, Le Livre du roy Modus et de la royne Ratio, fol. 12, stag hunt.
87. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, The Art of Falconry, p. 280.
88. Ibid., p. 281.
89. Chantilly, Musée Condé, Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berri, MS 65, Calendar for August, fol. 8v.
90. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, Livre de la chasse, MS M. 1044, fol. 59: How the hart should be sought and hunted.
91. London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146: Calendar for November, fol. 12v, and December, fol. 13v.
92. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, The Hunters in the Snow.
93. Arnout Balis, Krista De Jonge, Guy Delma
rcel, and Amaury Lefébure, Les Chasses de Maximilien (Paris, 1993), p. 10.
94. Paris, Musée du Louvre, Les Chasses de Maximilien, tapestry for December.
95. Twiti, The Art of Hunting: 1327, p. 23.
96. Ibid., plates after p. 116, nos 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19; text pp. 22–3. See also: Sir George Warner (ed.), Queen Mary’s Psalter (London, 1912).
97. Ibid., plates after p. 116, nos 1, 2, 7 and 11; text, p. 23.
98. Ldc, 616, Ch. 28, fol. 56v.
99. Ibid., Ch. 26, fol. 54.
100. Ibid., Ch. 55, fol. 96v.
101. Grant Uden, A Dictionary of Chivalry (Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 157.
102. Twiti, The Art of Hunting: 1327, p. 23.
103. Maurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), p. 249.
104. MG, 1904, p. 118.
105. Ibid., p. 123.
106. Paris, Musée du Louvre, Les Chasses de Maximilien, tapestry for December.
107. Puma, Messe für Jagd, Sport und Freizeit (Solingen, 2002), p. 12.
108. Ldc, Tilander, p. 269, fol. 20, ll. 2–4:
Aussi puet on prendre les bestes a traire aux arcs, a l’arbaleste et a l’arc de main, que on apelle angloys ou turquoys. Et, se le veneur veult aler trayre aux bestes, et il veult avoir arc de main, l’arc doit estre de yf ou de boix, et doit avoir de long, de l’une ousche, ou la corde se met, jusques á l’autre, vint poigniees.
109. Twiti, The Art of Hunting: 1327 text, p. 24; p. 56, fol. 40, ll. 11–12.
110. Ibid., text p. 24, plates 11 and 12; text, p. 24, plates 5 and 22.
111. H & H, p. 41.
112. Keen, Chivalry, p. 154.
113. Ibid., p. 249.
114. H & H, p. 173.
115. MG, 1904, p. 151.
116. Ibid., p. 143.
117. Ann Hyland, The Medieval Warhorse, From Byzantium to the Crusades (London, 1994), p. 85.
118. Ibid., p. 34.
119. Ibid., pp. 86–7.
120. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, The Art of Falconry, p. 281.
121. London, British Library, The Luttrell Psalter, Add. MS 42130, fols 43v, 159 and 87v.
122. Twiti, The Art of Hunting: 1327, text, p. 23, plates 1, 2, 6, 7, 11.
123. H.L. Savage, ‘Hunting in the Middle Ages’, Speculum, Vol. 8 (1933).
124. BSA, facsimile edn, unpaginated opp. fol. iiii (r).
125. R.S. Summerhays, Summerhays’ Encyclopaedia for Horsemen (London, 1962), p. 160.
126. London, National Gallery, The Vision of Saint Eustace.
127. MG, 1904, p. 143.
Medieval Hunting Page 21
