by Susan Ronald
8. Portz, Zimmer, 18, note 49.
9. NPG, 126/065; 126/070.
10. Ibid., 053/001.
11. Ibid., 126/067.
12. Portz, Zimmer, 22, note 72.
13. Ibid., 24.
14. Ibid., 126/084.
15. Ibid., 126/081.
16. Kollwitz lost her youngest son, Peter. Her monument entitled Grieving Parents is at the Vladslo German war cemetery.
17. Ibid., 126/079.
18. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (London: Pimlico, 1997), 188–89.
19. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism, 90; cf. Toller, Eine Jugend in Deutschland, 232.
20. An estimated 400,000 men belonged to the Freikorps, making it the largest single power in Germany. See Arthur Rosenberg in his Geschichte der Deutschen Republik (Karlsbad, 1935), 75–76.
21. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 189n.
22. Ibid., 191.
23. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (London: Mandarin Paperback, 1996); cf. Mein Kampf, 210 and 213.
24. His executive committee number was 7, but his party number was 555.
25. Lothar Machtan, The Hidden Hitler (Oxford: Perseus Press, 2001), 106.
26. NPG, 126/080.
27. Ibid., 126/082; 126/083.
28. Ibid., 126/085.
29. Ibid., 126/087.
30. Ibid., 197/009.
31. Ibid.
9. Weimar Trembles
1. Robert G. L. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1969), 129; cf. Von Salomon, Die Geächteten (Berlin: 1930), 115.
2. See Waite’s Vanguard of Nazism, chapter 5, “The Baltic Adventure.” The Freikorps invaded Latvia not only with the tacit approval of the Weimar government, but also with the explicit approval of the British, who feared a Soviet invasion of the region.
3. Ibid., 131.
4. NPG, 224/021.
5. Ibid., 033/011.
6. Prior to the Reichswehr’s formation, in January 1921, it was known under two other guises: the Vorläufige Reichswehr (Provisional National Defense) and the Übergangsheer, or Transitional Army. The Freikorps was an unofficial army able to subvert the restrictions imposed by Versailles. Many of the former Freikorps members joined Hitler’s NSDAP and the SA. See Mein Kampf, 476n. The criminal-justice system was a “state within a state” and administrator of the counterrevolutionary right-wing political groups. See Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 60–61.
7. Frederick Taylor, The Downfall of Money (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), 133.
8. Ibid., 105; cf. “Die Aufnahme der Friedensbedigungen,” in Troeltsch, Die Fehlgeburt einer Republik, 44. For exchange rates, see The Downfall of Money, appendix.
9. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (London: Mandarin Paperback, 1996), 64; cf. Lt. Gen. Friedrich von Rabenau, Seeckt aus seinem Leben, II, 342.
10. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism, 140–41.
11. Ibid., 141n. Details taken from Mann’s memoires, Mit Ehrhardt durch Deutschland, 147–52, and Ehrhardt, Kapitän Ehrhardt, Abenteuer und Schicksale, 166–67.
12. Ibid., 142; cf. “An Eye-Witness in Berlin” in The New Europe, April 1, 1920, 274.
13. Taylor, Downfall of Money, 139.
14. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism, 164.
15. Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 60; “blackest page quote” cf. Franz L. Neumann, Behemoth, 23.
16. Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; cf. Mein Kampf, 154, 225–26.
17. NPG, 033/012.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 197/011.
20. Ibid., 197/013.
21. Ibid., 033/071.
22. Taylor, Downfall of Money, 184–85.
23. John Weitz, Hitler’s Banker (London: Warner Books, 1999), 60.
24. Ibid., 364.
10. Rebels with a Cause
1. Robert G. L. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1969), 239. Also Rabenau, Seeckt aus seinem Leben (Leipzig, 1940), II, 324.
2. NPG, 033/076.
3. Ibid., 126/142. Also www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/pinderw.htm.
4. Ibid., 126/127.
5. Frederick Taylor, The Downfall of Money (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), 273–74.
6. Ibid., 275–76.
7. NPG, 126/150.
8. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001), 105; cf. Bernard S. Myers, The German Expressionists: A Generation in Revolt (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966 ed.), 220.
9. Ibid., 105.
10. NPG, 224/215.
11. Ibid., 224/217 and 224/218.
12. Taylor, Downfall of Money, 366–67.
13. Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (London: Book Club Associates, 1973), 90–91.
14. Taylor, Downfall of Money, 338.
15. NPG, 033/063.
16. The owner of Sibyllen-Verlag was the great-granduncle of my dedicatees, Alexander and Gunther Hoyt.
17. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism, 255–256; cf. Münchener Post, August 20, 1923.
18. Ibid., 256.
19. Ibid., 256–57.
20. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (London: Pimlico, 1992), 311.
21. Ibid., 316–17.
22. Ibid., 268.
23. Ibid., 262.
24. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (London: Mandarin Books, 1991), 86–87.
25. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 268, 296.
26. Ibid., 258–59.
27. Games, Stephen, Pevsner—The Early Life: Germany and Art (London: Continuum, 2010), 116.
28. Ibid., 129
29. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism, 257–58.
30. Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 67–68.
31. Ibid., 70.
32. Ibid., 74–75.
11. Hopes and Dreams
1. John Weitz, Hitler’s Banker (London: Warner Books, 1999), 63; cf. Hjalmar Schacht, 76 Jahres meines Lebens, 216.
2. Ibid., 64.
3. Ibid., 66–67.
4. Weitz, Hitler’s Banker, 70.
5. Weitz, Hitler’s Banker, 71; cf. Review of Reviews (November 1924), 541.
6. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (London: Mandarin Books, 1991), 76–77.
7. Ibid., 77.
8. Ibid., 77–78.
12. From New York to Zwickau
1. NPG, 121/040. See www.ancestry.com Microfilm publication NARA RG237, roll 3637.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. www.ci.columbia.edu/0240s/0242_2/0242_2_s7_text.html.
5. Gesa Jeuthe, Kunstwerte im Wandel: Die Preisentwicklung der deutschen Moderne im nationalen und internationalen Kunstmarkt 1925 bis 1955 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2011), 33.
6. Sybil Gordon Kantor, Alfred H. Barr, Jr., and the Intellectual Origins of the Museum of Modern Art (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002), 93–94.
7. Ibid., 94.
8. www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1851.
9. Janet Bishop, Cécile Debray, and Rebecca Rainbow, eds., The Steins Collect: Matisse, Picasso, and the Parisian Avant-Garde (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 61.
10. Shortly afterward, Alfred H. Barr wrote in the Harvard Crimson that Boston was a “modern art pauper” because it had no examples of modern greats such as Cézanne, van Gogh, Seurat, Gauguin, Picasso, Matisse, Derain, or Bonnard. The Boston Herald, the Boston Globe, the Boston Evening Transcript, and The Arts rounded on both Barr and the artists mentioned. See Alice Goldfarb Marquis, Alfred H. Barr, Jr.: Missionary for the Modern (New York: Contemporary Books, 1989), 38–40.
11. NPG, 109/001.
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br /> 12. Toby Thacker, Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 58.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 59.
15. Ibid., 61–62.
13. The Mysterious Mr. Kirchbach
1. Author interview with Markus Stoetzel (Flechtheim’s German lawyer), Marburg, Germany, July 15, 2014.
2. Gesa Jeuthe, Kunstwerte im Wandel—Die Preisentwicklung der Deutschen Moderne im Nationalen und Internationalen Kunstmarkt 1925 bis 1955 (Berlin: Akaedmie Verlag, 2011), 35.
3. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001), 132; cf. Heinrich Mann.
4. This is clear from the NPG letters.
5. Gay, Weimar Culture, 132.
6. See NPG letters 1925–1935.
7. Ibid.
8. The introduction to Berlin society and Alfred Flechtheim has been meticulously researched from several bibliographical sources and interviews where the interviewees asked not to be quoted. An especially helpful font of knowledge to quote was the Eduardo Westerdahl Papers at the Getty Museum in Los Angeles. I thank Lois White of the Getty for her assistance. If the Gurlitt Papers in possession of the German government (as I write) are complete, they will bear out these relationships in greater detail.
9. Janet Bishop, Cécile Debray, and Rebecca Rainbow, eds., The Steins Collect: Matisse, Picasso, and the Parisian Avant-Garde (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 161.
10. NPG, 121/042; 121/045 and 121/059.
11. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (London: Pimlico, 1997), 228, 230.
12. Cornelius changed his mind about Hitler only after his shocking discovery that he was classed as a Mischling by the 1935 Nuremberg Laws.
13. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 235.
14. Ibid., 234.
15. Ibid., 232.
16. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (London: Mandarin Books, 1991), 119; cf. Baynes, ed., The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, vol. 1, 155–56.
17. www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz41057.html.
18. The Gurlitt papers in possession of the German government should shed light on this.
19. www.photo.dresden.de/de/03/nachrichten/2008/c_82.php?lastpage=zur%20Ergebnisliste. See also www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/fotokunst-weder-ein-speicherfund-noch-die-helene-anderson-collection-es-gab-einmal-eine-pionier-sammlung-mit-meisterlicher-fotografie-1277846.html. Huge controversy surrounds this collection.
14. The Root of Evil
1. NPG, 026/006.
2. Gesa Jeuthe, Kunstwerte im Wandel: Die Preisentwicklung der Deutschen Moderne im Nationalen und Internationalen Kunstmarkt 1925 bis 1955 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2011), 61–62.
3. NPG, 031/009.
4. John Weitz, Hitler’s Banker (London: Warner Books, 1999), 90–91.
5. Ibid., 91–92; cf. Literary Digest, May 28, 1927, 8.
6. Ibid.,100.
7. Ibid., 96.
8. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (London: Mandarin Books, 1991), 134.
9. David R. L. Litchfield, The Thyssen Art Macabre (London: Quartet Books, 2006), 79.
10. Ibid., 135.
11. Ibid., 87.
12. Ibid., 136.
13. Hellmut Lehmann-Haupt, Art under a Dictatorship (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), 37–39.
14. Ibid., 40.
15. George Bernard Shaw’s witty response to Entartung—which means “degeneration”—was published in 1908 under the title The Sanity of Art.
16. ODNB, Joseph Duveen and Colnaghi Family.
17. Litchfield, Thyssen Art Macabre, 85–86.
18. Ibid., 86.
19. NPG, 026/006.
20. Ibid., 031/032; 121/073 and 031/033.
21. Ibid., 031/034.
22. Ibid., 121/075.
23. Lehmann-Haupt, Art under a Dictatorship, 43.
24. Ibid., 62.
25. Jeuthe, Kunstwerte im Wandel, 45.
26. Ibid., 43. See end note 48. Verlag Zuschlag, 1995, 35; Winkler 2002, 321.
15. Chameleons and Crickets
1. Gesa Jeuthe, Kunstwerte im Wandel: Die Preisentwicklung der deutschen Moderne im nationalen und internationalen Kunstmarkt 1925 bis 1955 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2011), 40 (see table).
2. Ibid., 41; cf. letter from Oskar Schlemmer to Will Grohmann, 10 November 1930.
3. According to Marie’s letter 121/081, Hildebrand and Helene were not living with them.
4. NPG, 031/036.
5. Sybil Gordon Kantor, Alfred H. Barr, Jr., and the Intellectual Origins of the Museum of Modern Art (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002), 191–94.
6. Peggy Guggenheim was dubbed “Prophetess of the Blue Four” in 1925 in the San Francisco Examiner, November 1, 1925.
7. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (London: Mandarin Books, 1991), 138.
8. Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (London: Phoenix, 1995), 43.
9. Ibid., 45.
10. Ibid., 46.
11. Ibid., 49.
12. NPG, 121/086.
13. Ibid., 121/088.
14. Evidence of this may be in the Gurlitt papers held by the German government.
15. NPG, 026/088.
16. Ibid., 026/022. See Diarmuid Jeffreys, Hell’s Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler’s War Machine (London: Bloomsbury, 2008), 177. The issue of premium imports versus synthetic materials would become extremely heated in the years ahead, striking at the heart of Göring’s Four-Year Plan.
17. NPG 026/099 and 026/007.
18. Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 144.
19. Ibid., 144–45.
20. John Weitz, Hitler’s Banker (London: Warner Books, 1999), 127.
21. Hindenburg stood purely to defeat Hitler. Neither he nor his backers were in any doubt that he could not survive another seven-year term.
22. Toby Thacker, Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 127.
23. Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 158–59.
24. Thacker, Joseph Goebbels, 129.
25. Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 165–66.
26. Ibid., 168–69.
27. Thacker, Joseph Goebbels, 135.
28. Weitz, Hitler’s Banker, 126.
29. Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 170.
30. Thacker, Joseph Goebbels, 135–36.
31. Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 180–81.
32. Ibid., 183.
33. Ibid.
34. NPG, 026/012.
35. Ibid., 026/014.
36. Ibid., 026/016.
37. Ibid., 026/018.
16. The First Stolen Lives
1. Jonathan Petropoulos, Art as Politics in the Third Reich (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 19.
2. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (London: Mandarin Books, 1991), 192.
3. Ibid., 192–93. Documented at the Nuremberg War Trials. General Franz Halder claimed he’d heard it at a luncheon in 1942 when Göring boasted about it. For a general overview, see www.historylearningsite.co.uk/reichstag_fire_1933.htm.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 194.
7. Ibid., 197.
8. NPG, 026/033.
9. GETTY, Eduardo Westerdahl Papers, ref. 861077, November 14, 1932 letter.
10. Ibid., January 14, 1933, letter.
11. Ibid., June 3, 1933, letter.
12. Ibid.
13. Gesa Jeuthe, Kunstwerte im Wandel: Die Preisentwicklung der deutschen Moderne im nationalen und internationalen Kunstmarkt 1925 bis 1955 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2011),
52; cf. Fuchs: Organisation und Ziele des Reichsverbands des Deutschen Kunst und Antiquitätenhandels, in Die Weltkunst, 7–31, 1933. See also Ottfried Dascher, Die Ausgrenzung und Ausplünderung von Juden, Essen, 2003, 129.
14. Petropoulos, Art as Politics in the Third Reich, 20.
15. Ibid., 20–21.
16. Hüneke, Degenerate Art, 127.
17. Ibid., 24. Ferdinand Möller Stiftung (Foundation), set up by Möller’s daughter (now deceased), has refused to respond to my emails and letters asking for an interview or further details about Möller’s activities.
18. Toby Thacker, Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 140–41. Petropoulos, Art as Politics, 24. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 200.
19. GETTY, Eduardo Westerdahl Papers, ref. 861077, August 13, 1933, letter.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., July 29, 1933.
22. NPG, letter 026/020.
23. Ibid.
24. www.musikmph.de/musical_scores/vorworte/017.html.
25. NPG, 026/021.
26. Ibid., 026/022.
27. Ibid., 026/024.
17. Chambers of Horrors
1. Hellmut Lehmann-Haupt, Art under a Dictatorship (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), 63–64.
2. Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness 1933–1941 (New York: Modern Library, 1999), 9–10.
3. Ibid., 10–11.
4. Ibid., 14.
5. Avraham Barkai, From Boycott to Annihilation: The Economic Struggle of German Jews 1933–1943 (Hanover, NH: University of New England Press, 1989), 14.
6. Ibid., 4.
7. William E. Dodd, Jr., and Martha Dodd, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 1933–1938 (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1941), 30.
8. Jonathan Petropoulos, Art as Politics (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1996), 21.
9. Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness 1933–1941, 9–10.
10. Ibid. These comprised 88.5% of the operating budget.
11. Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (London: Phoenix, 1995), 60.
12. Ibid., 61.
13. AAA—Valentin, Jane Wade Papers, Lutheran Birth Certificate from Saint Jakobi Church.
