The Science of Interstellar

Home > Other > The Science of Interstellar > Page 26
The Science of Interstellar Page 26

by Thorne, Kip

15.2:Left: Kip Thorne. Right: Double Negative Visual Effects: Eugénie von Tunzelmann and Oliver James. © Warner Bros. and Kip Thorne

  15.4:Left: Kip Thorne. Right: Double Negative Visual Effects: Eugénie von Tunzelmann and Oliver James. © Warner Bros. and Kip Thorne

  16.1:Photos courtesy of the LIGO Laboratory

  16.3:Courtesy of the LIGO Laboratory

  16.4:Images produced by Robert McGehee, Ian MacCormack, Amin Nikbin, and Keara Soloway from a simulation by F. Foucart et al. (2011)

  16.6:© Lia Halloran, www.liahalloran.com

  16.7:Image courtesy Robert Owen, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Oberlin College

  16.9:Figure courtesy SXS collaboration, www.black-holes.org

  16.10:Steffen Richter

  17.7:Top: © Xinhua/Xinhua Press/Corbis. Bottom: © AFLO/Nippon News/Corbis

  17.8:NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

  18.1:Data: Huan Yang, Aaron Zimmerman; image: Oliver James and Eugénie von Tunzelmann. © Warner Bros.

  21.1:Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech

  21.2:Left: courtesy John Schwarz. Right: Steve Jennings/Getty Images

  22.1:History of Science Collection, John Hay Library, Brown University

  23.1:Image of Sun: Courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.

  23.4:Randall photo: © Tsar Fedorsky, 2014. Sundrum photo: Raman Sundrum, professor of theoretical physics, University of Maryland, College Park

  24.2:NASA/JPL-Caltech/GSFC/SDSS

  24.3:Andrew Fruchter (STScI) et al., WFPC2, HST, NASA

  24.8:NASA/JPL

  25.1:Melinda Sue Gordon. © Warner Bros.

  25.4:ESA–GOCE High Level Processing Facility

  25.7:Kip Thorne. © Warner Bros.

  25.8:Melinda Sue Gordon. © Warner Bros.

  26.1:Released into the public domain by PoorLeno

  26.2:Photo courtesy of the LIGO Laboratory

  26.3:Property of the estate of Matthew H. Zimet. Courtesy Eva Zimet

  26.4:ChrisVanLennepPhoto/Shutterstock.com

  26.6:© Stephen Hawking, John Preskill, Kip Thorne

  26.7:Left: © Matthew W. Choptuik 2000. Middle and right: © Kip Thorne

  26.8:Photo by Irene Fertik 1997

  26.9:© Lia Halloran, www.liahalloran.com

  27.2:Kip Thorne for drawing; Double Negative for image of Endurance. © Kip Thorne and Warner Bros.

  27.4:Jeff Darling, www.diseno-art.com

  27.5:Kip Thorne for drawing; Double Negative for image of Endurance. © Kip Thorne and Warner Bros.

  27.7:Kip Thorne for drawing; Double Negative for image of Endurance. © Kip Thorne and Warner Bros.

  27.9:Kip Thorne for drawing; Double Negative for image of Endurance. © Kip Thorne and Warner Bros.

  28.1:Kip Thorne for drawing; Double Negative for image of Endurance. © Kip Thorne and Warner Bros.

  28.4:Drawing © Kip Thorne. Floating man adapted from illustration by Cameron D. Bennett

  29.3:Tesseract: “Hypercube.” Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons—http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypercube.svg#mediaviewer/File:Hypercube.svg, adapted by Kip Thorne. Floating man: illustration by Cameron D. Bennett

  29.4:Image of stars and galaxies: my distortion of Figure 2.1, which is courtesy NASA, N. Benitez (JHU), T. Broadhurst (Racah Institute of Physics/The Hebrew University), H. Ford (JHU), M. Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), G. Illingworth (UCO/Lick Observatory), the ACS Science Team, and ESA. Shadow of floating man is adapted from illustration by Cameron D. Bennett

  29.5:Drawing © Kip Thorne. Floating man adapted from illustration by Cameron D. Bennett. Girl adapted from illustration by Kamenetskiy Konstantin/Shutterstock.com

  29.6:Tesseract: “Hypercube.” Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons—http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypercube.svg#mediaviewer/File:Hypercube.svg, adapted by Kip Thorne. Floating man: illustration by Cameron D. Bennett. Standing girl: Kamenetskiy Konstantin/Shutterstock.com. Lines, arrows, and text: Kip Thorne

  29.7:Drawing © Kip Thorne. Floating man: Cameron D. Bennett. Standing girl: Kamenetskiy Konstantin/Shutterstock.com

  29.9:Drawing © Kip Thorne. Floating man: Cameron D. Bennett. Standing girl: Kamenetskiy Konstantin/Shutterstock.com

  29.10:Drawing © Kip Thorne. Floating man: Cameron D. Bennett. Standing girl: Kamenetskiy Konstantin/Shutterstock.com

  29.11:© Christopher Nolan

  29.13:Drawing © Kip Thorne. Floating man: Cameron D. Bennett

  30.5:Drawing © Kip Thorne. Shadow of floating man is adapted from an illustration by Cameron D. Bennett

  30.6:M. C. Escher’s Waterfall © 2014 The M. C. Escher Company–The Netherlands. All rights reserved

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Abbott, E. A. (1884). Flatland (Dover Thrift Edition 1992, New York); widely available on the web, for example at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Flatland_(second_edition).

  Adkins, J. F., Ingersoll, A. P., and Pasquero, C. (2005). “Rapid Climate Change and Conditional Instability of the Glacial Deep Ocean from the Thermobaric Effect and Geothermal Heating,” Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 581–594.

  Al-Khalili, J. (2012). Black Holes, Wormholes, and Time Machines, 2nd edition (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida).

  Barrow, J. D. (2011). The Book of Universes: Exploring the Limits of the Cosmos (W. W. Norton, New York).

  Bartusiak, M. (2000). Einstein’s Unfinished Symphony: Listening to the Sounds of Space-Time (The Berkeley Publishing Group, New York).

  Baum, R., and Sheehan, W. (1997). In Search of the Planet Vulcan: The Ghost in Newton’s Clockwork Universe (Plenum Trade, New York).

  Baumgart, A., Jennerjahn, T., Mohtadi, M., and Hebbeln, D. (2010). “Distribution and Burial of Organic Carbon in Sediments from the Indian Ocean Upwelling Region Off Java and Sumatra, Indonesia,” Deep-Sea Research I, 57, 458–467.

  Begelman, M., and Rees, M. (2009). Gravity’s Fatal Attraction: Black Holes in the Universe, 2nd edition (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England).

  Billings, L. (2013). Five Billion Years of Solitude: The Search for Life Among the Stars (Penguin Group, New York).

  Brans, C. (2010). “Varying Newton’s Constant: A Personal History of Scalar-Tensor Theories,” Einstein Online, 1002; available at http://www.einstein-online.info/spotlights/scalar-tensor.

  Carroll, S. (2011). From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time (Oneworld Publications, Oxford, England).

  Carroll, S. (2014). Preposterous Universe, http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/.

  Choptuik, M. W. (1993). “Universality and Scaling in Gravitational Collapse of a Massless Scalar Field,” Physical Review Letters, 70, 9.

  Davies, P.C.W., and Brown, J. R. (1986). The Ghost in the Atom: A Discussion of the Mysteries of Quantum Physics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England).

  Dyson, F. J. (1963). “Gravitational Machines,” in Interstellar Communication, edited by A.G.W. Cameron (W. A. Benjamin, New York), pp. 115–120.

  Dyson, F. J. (1968). “Interstellar Transport,” Physics Today, October 1968, pp. 41–45.

  Ehlinger, L. (2007). Flatland: The Film, currently available on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyuNrm4VK2w; see also http://www.flatlandthefilm.com.

  Emerson, S., and Hedges, J. I. (1988). “Processes Controlling the Organic Carbon Content of Open Ocean Sediments,” Paleoceanography, 3, 621–634.

  Everett, A., and Roman, T. (2012). Time Travel and Warp Drives (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).

  Feynman, R. (1965). The Character of Physical Law (British Broadcasting System, London); paperback edition (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts).

  Forward, R. (1962). “Pluto—the Gateway to the Stars,” Missiles and Rockets, 10, 2
6–28.

  Forward, R. (1984). “Roundtrip Interstellar Travel Using Laser-Pushed Lightsales,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 21, 187–195.

  Foucart, F., Duez, M. D., Kidder, L. E., and Teukolsky, S. A., “Black Hole–Neutron Star Mergers: Effects of the Orientation of the Black Hole Spin,” Physical Review D 83, 024005 (2011); also available at http:arXiv:1007.4203.

  Freeze, K. (2014). The Cosmic Cocktail: Three Parts Dark Matter (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey).

  Gamow, G. (1947). One, Two, Three . . . Infinity: Facts and Speculations of Science (Viking Press, New York; now available from Dover Publications, Mineola, New York).

  Gregory, R., Rubakov, V. A., and Sibiryakov, S. M. (2000). “Opening Up Extra Dimensions at Ultra-Large Scales,” Physical Review Letters, 84, 5928–5931; available at http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0002072v2.

  Greene, B. (2003). The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory, 2nd edition (W. W. Norton, New York).

  Greene, B. (2004). The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality (Alfred A. Knopf, New York).

  Guillochon, J., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Rosswog, S., and Kasen, D. (2009). “Three-Dimensional Simulations of Tidally Disrupted Solar-Type Stars and the Observational Signatures of Shock Breakout,” Astrophysical Journal, 705, 844–853.

  Guth, A. (1997). The Inflationary Universe (Perseus, New York).

  Hartle, J. (2003): Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein’s General Relativity (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey).

  Hawking, S. (1988). A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes (Bantam Books, New York).

  Hawking, S. (2001). The Universe in a Nutshell (Bantam Books, New York).

  Hawking, S., and Mlodinow, L. (2010). The Grand Design (Bantam Books, New York).

  Hawking, S., Novikov, I., Thorne, K. S., Ferris, T., Lightman, A., and Price, R. (2002). The Future of Spacetime (W. W. Norton, New York).

  Hawking, S., and Penrose, R. (1996). The Nature of Space and Time (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey).

  Hedges, J. I., and Keil, R. G. (1995). “Sedimentary Organic Matter Preservation: An Assessment and Speculative Synthesis,” Marine Chemistry, 49, 81–115.

  Isaacson, W. (2007). Einstein: His Life and Universe (Simon & Schuster, New York).

  Kennefick, D. (2007). Traveling at the Speed of Thought: Einstein and the Quest for Gravitational Waves (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey).

  Lemonick, M. (2012). Mirror Earth: The Search for Our Planet’s Twin (Walker, New York).

  L’Engle, M. (1962). A Wrinkle in Time (Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, New York).

  Levin, J., and Perez-Giz, G. (2008). “A Periodic Table for Black Hole Orbits,” Physical Review D, 77, 103005.

  Lynden-Bell, D. (1969). “Galactic Nuclei as Collapsed Old Quasars,” Nature, 223, 690–694.

  Maartens, R., and Koyama K. (2010). “Brane-World Gravity,” Living Reviews in Relativity 13, 5; available at http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2010-5/.

  Marolf, D., and Ori, A. (2013). “Outgoing Gravitational Shock-Wave at the Inner Horizon: The Late-Time Limit of Black Hole Interiors,” Physical Review D, 86, 124026.

  McKinney, J. C., Tchekhovskoy, A., and Blandford, R. D. (2012). “Alignment of Magnetized Accretion Disks and Relativistic Jets with Spinning Black Holes,” Science, 339, 49–52; also available at http://arxiv.org/pdf/1211.3651v1.pdf.

  McMullen, C. (2008). The Visual Guide to Extra Dimensions. Volume 1: Visualizing the Fourth Dimension, Higher-Dimensional Polytopes, and Curved Hypersurfaces (Custom Books).

  Meier, D. L. (2012). Black Hole Astrophysics: The Engine Paradigm (Springer Verlag, Berlin).

  Merritt D. (2013). Dynamics and Evolution of Galactic Nuclei (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey).

  Misner, C. W., Thorne, K. S., and Wheeler, J. A. (1973). Gravitation (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco).

  Nahin, P. J. (1999). Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics and Science Fiction, 2nd edition (Springer Verlag, New York).

  Obst, L. (1996). Hello, He Lied: & Other Truths from the Hollywood Trenches (Little, Brown, Boston).

  Obst, L. (2013). Sleepless in Hollywood: Tales from the New Abnormal in the Movie Business (Simon & Schuster, New York).

  O’Neill, G. K. (1978). The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space (William Morrow, New York; 3rd edition published by Apogee Books, 2000).

  Paczynski, B., and Wiita, P. J. (1980). “Thick Accretion Disks and Supercritical Luminosities,” Astronomy and Astrophysics, 88, 23–31.

  Pais, A. (1982). “Subtle Is the Lord . . .”: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein (Oxford University Press, Oxford, England).

  Panek, R. (2011). The 4% Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York).

  Penrose, R. (2004). The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe (Alfred A. Knopf, New York).

  Perryman, M. (2011). The Exoplanet Handbook (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England).

  Pineault, S., and Roeder, R. C. (1977a). “Applications of Geometrical Optics to the Kerr Metric. I. Analytical Results,” Astrophysical Journal, 212, 541–549.

  Pineault, S., and Roeder, R. C. (1977b). “Applications of Geometrical Optics to the Kerr Metric. II. Numerical Results,” Astrophysical Journal, 213, 548–557.

  Poisson, E., and Israel, W. (1990). “Internal Structure of Black Holes,” Physical Review D, 41, 1796–1809.

  Randall, L. (2006). Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe’s Hidden Dimensions (HarperCollins, New York).

  Rees, M., ed. (2005). Universe: The Definitive Visual Guide (Dorling Kindersley, New York).

  Roseveare, N. T. (1982). Mercury’s Perihelion from Le Verriere to Einstein (Oxford University Press, Oxford, England).

  Schutz, B. (2003). Gravity from the Ground Up: An Introductory Guide to Gravity and General Relativity (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England)

  Schutz, B. (2009). A First Course in General Relativity, 2nd edition (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England).

  Singh, P. S. (2004). Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe (HarperCollins, New York).

  Shostak, S. (2009). Confessions of an Alien Hunter: A Scientist’s Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (National Geographic, Washington, DC).

  Stewart, I. (2002). The Annotated Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions (Basic Books, New York).

  Teo, E. (2003). “Spherical Photon Orbits Around a Kerr Black Hole,” General Relativity and Gravitation, 35, 1909–1926; available at http://www.physics.nus.edu.sg/~phyteoe/kerr/paper.pdf.

  Thorne, K. S. (1994). Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy (W. W. Norton, New York).

  Thorne, K. S. (2002). “Spacetime Warps and the Quantum World: Speculations About the Future,” in Hawking et. al. (2002).

  Thorne, K. S. (2003). “Warping Spacetime,” in The Future of Theoretical Physics and Cosmology: Celebrating Stephen Hawking’s 60th Birthday, edited by G. W. Gibbons, S. J. Rankin, and E.P.S. Shellard (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England), Chapter 5, pp. 74–104.

  Toomey, D. (2007). The New Time Travelers: A Journey to the Frontiers of Physics (W. W. Norton, New York).

  Visser, M. (1995). Lorentzian Wormholes: From Einstein to Hawking (American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, New York).

  Vilenkin, A. (2006). Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes (Hill and Wang, New York).

  Wheeler, J. A., and Ford, K.(1998). Geons, Black Holes and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics (W. W. Norton, New York).

  Will, C. M. (1993). Was Einstein Right? Putting General Relativity to the Test (Basic Books, New York).

  Witten, E. (2000). “Th
e Cosmological Constant from the Viewpoint of String Theory,” available at http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0002297.

  Yang, H., Zimmerman, A., Zenginoglu, A., Zhang, F., Berti, E., and Chen, Y. (2013). “Quasinormal Modes of Nearly Extremal Kerr Spacetimes: Spectrum Bifurcation and Power-Law Ringdown,” Physical Review D, 88, 044047.

  INDEX OF PEOPLE

  Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book.

  You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

  MOVIE CHARACTERS

  Arroway, Eleanor (in Contact), 130, 132, 246

  Brand, Amelia, 13, 60, 99, 100, 170, 171, 173, 177, 178, 193, 237, 243–245, 247, 248, 261, 271, 272, 275

  Brand, Professor, x, 14, 26, 32–33, 44, 112, 114–115, 146, 148, 150, 172, 173, 188, 192, 200–202, 209, 211–227, 229, 263, 269, 273, 286, 296

  Case, 237, 245, 247

  Cooper, 12, 32, 34, 35, 43, 50, 63, 68, 70, 71, 86, 100, 112, 115, 133, 139, 140, 157, 161, 169, 170, 174, 176, 193, 196, 199–201, 208, 211, 220, 223, 234, 237–238, 242–258, 260, 261, 263–266, 270–275, 288–290, 297

  Doyle, 174

  Mann, Dr., 177–179, 181, 222, 229

  Murph, 14, 34–36, 193, 200, 202, 208, 212–213, 220–222, 255–257, 263, 264, 266, 270, 273–275, 290, 296

  Romilly, 136, 170–173, 177, 178, 208, 223, 234, 284

  TARS, 34, 60, 61, 193, 223, 242, 243–245, 247, 258, 266, 270, 273

  REAL PEOPLE

  Abbott, Edwin, 189, 190, 285, 305

  Abrahams, Andrew M., 228

  Adkins, Jess F., 293, 305

  Al-Khalili, Jim, 283, 305

  Baltimore, David, 105, 108–111

  Barrow, John D., 277, 305

  Bartusiak, Marcia, 283, 305

  Baum, Richard, 285, 305

  Baumgart, Anne, 294, 305

  Begelman, Mitchell, 279, 280, 305

  Belinsky, Vladimir, 230, 231

  Berti, Emanuele, 309

  Billings, Lee, 282, 305

  Blandford, Roger, 91, 92, 281, 307

  Bock, Jamie, 156

  Bohr, Niels, 28

  Bowen, Emanuel, 28

  Brans, Carl, 286, 305

 

‹ Prev