by Mark Dery
“Escape Velocity is without doubt the best guide I have read to the new computer culture that will soon dominate our lives. Mark Dery is witty and provocative, but always sane and thoughtful. As he shows, the cybercrazies are already circling around us. . . . Escape Velocity will help us to keep them in our sights.” —J. G. Ballard
“Happily, sometimes even exuberantly nonpedantic . . . Dery manages to give the lay reader a lively and informative tour through the darker recesses of cyberculture, navigating its jargon-filled byways with an observant eye and a healthy skepticism regarding its messianic message.”—The New York Times
“A provocative analysis of the philosophical underpinnings of the wired revolution . . . supported by the words of the cyber-cultists themselves, Dery’s critique–neither knee-jerk Luddite nor cyber-starry-eyed–constitutes a vital examination of the values behind much of the ’cyberbole’ that increasingly clogs the cultural airwaves.”—Kirkus Reviews
“Nobody who has taken up the sword against the digital life has convinced me thus far that they know a cyborg from a hole in the ground. . . . Escape Velocity changes all that.”—Howard Rheingold, Salon
“Dery does an admirable job of exposing cyberculture for what it is, and taking the reader below the surface glitz to the fears and anxieties and fond dreams that shape it. . . . For those interested in the real ideologies of the so-called information age, who want to see past the sizzle and hype of high-tech, Escape Velocity is an excellent starting place.”—American Book Review
“Dense and explosive . . .”—St. Petersburg Times
“A tour de force . . .”—The Orlando Weekly
“Totally informed, Dery is a reliable navigator in the new cultural terrain of virtuality, steering the reader between the Scylla and Charybdis of cyberhype and technophobia. His sure-sighted critique emerges from an exhaustive ethnographic survey of the rituals, participants, ideas, and literature in the field.” —Andrew Ross, author of The Chicago Gangster Theory of Life
“Escape Velocity is extraordinary—a rare book that is both scholarly and compulsively readable . . . stimulating, perceptive, and a hell of a lot of fun.” —Pat Cadigan, author of Fools
“Mark Dery’s writing evinces a love of language and a clarity of meaning that are rarely brought to these subjects. A worthy book.”—R. U. Sirius, cofounder of Mondo 2000
“Mark Dery is someone I can recognize as an actual, authentic cultural critic. In a crowd of postmodern cybergurus, he’s like a cactus among balloons.” —Bruce Sterling, author of The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier
“Pat Buchanan/Mark Dery, they are opposite sides of the same coin . . .” —Louis Rossetto, founder/publisher, Wired
ESCAPE VELOCITY
Cyberculture at the End of the Century
MARK DERY
Copyright © 1996 by Mark Dery
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. Any members of educational institutions wishing to photocopy part or all of the work for classroom use, or publishers who would like to obtain permission to include the work in an anthology, should send their inquiries to Grove/Atlantic, Inc., 841 Broadway, New York, NY 10003.
The author wishes to express his gratitude for permission to quote from the following:
“A Sane Revolution,” from The Complete Poems of D. H. Lawrence, © 1964, 1971 by Angelo Ravagli and C. M. Weekley, executors of the estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli. Used by permission of Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Books USA, Inc.; “All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace,” from The Pill versus the Springhill Mine Disaster by Richard Brautigan. Copyright © 1968 by Richard Brautigan. Reprinted by permission; “New Mother,” from Machinery by MacKnight Black. Copyright © 1929 by Horace Liveright. Reprinted with the permission of Liveright Publishing Corp.; “Baby Driver” copyright © 1969 by Paul Simon. Used by permission of the publisher; “Brand New Car” (M. Jagger/K. Richards): Used by permission of Promopub, B. V.; the lines from “she being Brand” are reprinted from Complete Poems: 1904–1962 by E. E. Cummings, edited by George J. Firmage, by permission of Liveright Publishing Corp. Copyright © 1926, 19S4, 1991 by the Trustees for the E. E. Cummings Trust. Copyright © 1985 by George James Firmage; “Teachers” written by Leonard Cohen. Copyright © 1967 by Leonard Cohen. Used by permission. All rights reserved. “The Becoming” and “Happiness in Slavery” reprinted with permission of Leaving Hope/TVT Music, “The Becoming” © 1994 Leaving Hope/TVT Music; “Happiness in Slavery” © 1992 Leaving Hope/TVT Music, “Sin” and “Ringfinger” reprinted with permission of TVT Music, Inc. © 1989 TVT Music, Inc.
Published simultaneously in Canada
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Dery, Mark, 1939–
Escape velocity; cyberculture at the end of the century / Mark Dery.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Computers and civilization. 2. Internet (Computer network)—
Social aspects. I. Title.
QA76.9.C66D47 1996
306’.1—dc20 95-40922
e-Book ISBN-13: 978-0-8021-9650-7
DESIGN BY LAURA HAMMOND HOUGH
Grove Press
841 Broadway
New York, NY 10003
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Introduction:
Escape Velocity
1: Turn On, Boot Up, Jack In:
Cyberdelia
2: Metal Machine Music:
Cyberpunk Meets the Black Leather Synth-Rockers
3: Waging a Tinkerer’s War:
Mechanical Spectacle
4: Ritual Mechanics:
Cybernetic Body Art
5: RoboCopulation:
Sex Times Technology Equals the Future
6: Cyborging the Body Politic:
Obsolete Bodies and Posthuman Beings
A Comment on Sources
Notes
Index
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Through its long, laborious birth, Escape Velocity had many midwives.
My editor, Anton Mueller, hacked his way through the polysyllables to produce a book that was lighter by many pages, and the better for it.
Gareth Branwyn was my virtual Virgil in the trackless wilds of cyberspace; my chapter on sex and technology benefited greatly from his meticulous reading. In our many exhaustive, exhilarating conversations, Scott Bukatman spurred me on to new insights, admonishing me, always, to beware the dreaded “cyberdrool” that turns so much writing about cyberculture to mush. Chris Grigg vastly improved my chapter section on performing robots with his sharp-witted, often hilarious critique. Additionally, the unpublished manuscript for his anti-guidebook, “Negativland Presents the Rex Everything Guides, Volume 1: Disneyland,” proved a mother lode of inside information about the Magic Kingdom. My chapter on cyberdelia was the better for Erik Davis’s Kurtzian forays into the dark heart of technopaganism. My analyses of Pat Cadigan’s novels profited from her keen-eyed reading. Glenn Branca and Elliott Sharp were my Johnny Mnemonics when I was in pursuit of SF trivia; both shared generously of their encyclopedic knowledge and prodigious libraries. Others opened their Rolodexes, rendered assistance in practical matters, or simply offered words of encouragement, foremost among them Mark Pauline and D. A. Therrien, followed closely by William Barg, Sioux Z. of Formula public relations, Kiyo Joo, Jan E. Willey, Christian Waters, Jonathan Shaw, Dr. Burt Brent, Bart Nagel, and Rich Leeds. I am forever g
rateful to the WELL and ECHO for online press passes that proved invaluable, and to electronic correspondents too numerous to name (although Tiffany Lee Brown, Maxwell X. Delysid, Richard Kadrey, Jon Lebkowsky, Paco Xander Nathan, Rodney Orpheus, Howard Rheingold, R. U. Sirius, Darren Wershler-Henry, Erika Whiteway, and the legions who responded to my electronic questionnaire deserve special mention).
I owe a debt of gratitude to the photographers whose work graces these pages, many of whom accepted far less than their usual rates.
And I am indebted, more generally, to Bill Mullen, a gifted critic, friend of many years, and foeman worthy of the sturdiest steel; my analysis of Donna Haraway’s “A Cyborg Manifesto” and my chapter on sex and technology were sharpened by our thrust and parry. As well, conversations with Mike Davis, Stuart Ewen, Claudia Springer, and Andrew Ross helped shape my thinking about culture in general and cyberculture in specific; the echoes of their ideas can be heard throughout these pages.
Finally, this book would have remained a virtual reality were it not for the Herculean labors of my untiring, uncomplaining agents Laurie Fox and Linda Chester, of the Linda Chester Literary Agency.
But it is with Margot Mifflin–sounding board, sparring partner, soul mate, and so much more–that these acknowledgments must close. Her slashing red pen saved me, time and again, from my worst excesses; her unsinkable optimism buoyed me during dark nights of the soul; her support in countless everyday but all-important ways enabled me to attain escape velocity.
INTRODUCTION:
ESCAPE VELOCITY
Reprinted with permissionfrom winter 1995 Adbusters Quarterly
WARNING: IN CASE OF RAPTURE, THIS CAR WILL BE UNMANNED.
–born-again Christian bumper sticker
Escape velocity is the speed at which a body–a spacecraft, for instance–overcomes the gravitational pull of another body, such as the Earth. More and more, computer culture, or cyberculture, seems as if it is on the verge of attaining escape velocity. Marshall McLuhan’s 1967 pronouncement that electronic media have spun us into a blurred, breathless “world of allatonceness” where information “pours upon us, instantaneously and continuously,” sometimes overwhelming us, is truer than ever.1
The giddy speedup of postwar America is almost entirely a consequence of the computer, the information engine that has wrenched us out of the age of factory capitalism and hurled us into the postindustrial era of transnational corporate capitalism. In America, manufacturing is undergoing what Buckminster Fuller called the “ephemeralization of work”—the reduction of labor to the manipulation, on computers, of symbols that stand in for the manufacturing process. The engines of industrial production have given way to an information economy that produces intangible commodities-Hollywood blockbusters, TV programs, high-tech theme parks, one-minute megatrends, financial transactions that flicker through fiber-optic bundles to computer terminals a world away. “Only 17 percent of working Americans now manufacture anything, down from 22 percent as recently as 1980,” wrote Robert B. Reich in 1992.2 According to the New York Times, American films “produce the second largest trade surplus, after airplane sales, of any American industry.”3 Immaterial commodities dominate the domestic market as well: A recent Business Week feature reported that “entertainment and recreation-not health care or autos-have provided the biggest boost to consumer spending” since 1991.4 We are moving, at dizzying speed, from a reassuringly solid age of hardware into a disconcertingly wraithlike age of software, in which circuitry too small to see and code too complex to fully comprehend controls more and more of the world around us.
Although the genealogy of the computer can be traced to Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, a steam-powered, programmable mechanical computer designed (but never built) in 1833, Colossus was history’s first working electronic computer and the immediate ancestor of today’s machines. A hulking monstrosity powered by two thousand vacuum tubes and programmed with punched paper tape, Colossus was developed in 1943 by the British to decrypt enemy messages encoded by the German Enigma machine; its success proved invaluable to the Allied war effort.
The runaway pace of postwar innovation has seen room-sized, vacuum tube-powered behemoths such as ENIAC–the first fully electronic programmable computer, officially switched on in 1946–shrink to a transistorized machine in the fifties, a box full of integrated circuits in the sixties, and a chip-driven microcomputer in the seventies, all the while growing exponentially more powerful.
By the late seventies, computers were a fixture in most businesses, and growing numbers of consumers were buying home computers such as the Apple II, the TRS-80, and the Commodore PET. Even so, it has been just over a decade since the computer revolution moved beyond the esoteric subcultures of researchers and hobbyists to become a mass culture phenomenon with the debut of the IBM Personal Computer in late ’81 and the Apple Macintosh in early ’84. It was only in January ’83, when the PC’s sales figures had skyrocketed from a mere twenty thousand machines sold during its first year on the market to five hundred thousand, that a Time cover story pronounced the personal computer the “machine of the year.”5 Otto Friedrich wrote, “Now, thanks to the transistor and the silicon chip, the computer has been reduced so dramatically in both bulk and price that it is accessible to millions. . . . The ‘information revolution’ that futurists have long predicted has arrived.”6
Likewise, the on-line world now frequented by an estimated seven and a half million households was all but unknown to mainstream America as recently as the early nineties. Media awareness of the Internet reached critical mass in 1993: “Suddenly the Internet is the place to be,” wrote Time’s Philip Elmer-Dewitt; the New York Times’s John Markoff confirmed that the global network was “the world’s most fashionable rendezvous,” a trendy “on-line gathering spot for millions of PC users around the world.”7
The Internet was born of ARPANet, a decentralized computer network developed at the University of California at Los Angeles in 1969 by the Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to ensure military communications in the event of a nuclear attack. By using a technique called packet-switching to disassemble data into addressed parcels, blip them over high-speed lines, and reassemble them just before they reach their destination, ARPANet rendered itself invulnerable to conventional attack; if a portion of the network went down, traffic would automatically be rerouted. In 1983, ARPANet was divided into military and civilian networks (Milnet and Arpa Internet, respectively); shortly thereafter, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) took charge of the administration and maintenance of the lines and equipment that made up the Arpa Internet “backbone.” Whereas the Defense Department restricted system access to institutions receiving Pentagon or NSF funding, the NSF made the network available to all faculty and students at member institutions. As universities, R and D companies, and government agencies connected their computers to the NSF’s system, what had once been the Arpa Internet mutated into an anarchic global network of networks known, increasingly, as the Internet (from “internetworking”).
By 1990, ARPANet had ceased to exist as a discrete entity; the kudzulike growth of the Internet, or Net, as netsurfers have come to call it, had engulfed it. The global metanetwork of today’s Net embraces some ten thousand networks, among them nationwide commercial services such as CompuServe, Prodigy, GEnie, and America Online; the private, academic, and government institutions interwoven by NSFNET (the NSF’s network); and esoteric regional BBSs (bulletin board systems) such as the Sausalito, California-based WELL (Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) and New York’s ECHO. Mind-bogglingly, the Internet is itself part of a still larger complex of interconnected networks commonly called the Matrix, which also includes UseNet (a buzzing hive of discussion groups called “newsgroups”), FidoNet (a constellation of more than twenty thousand BBSs, scattered over six continents), and BITNET (Because It’s Time Network, an academic system), among others.
As this is written, an estimated thirty
million Internet users in more than 137 countries traverse the electronic geography of what the science fiction novelist William Gibson has called “cyberspace”—an imaginary space that exists entirely inside a computer–and their ranks are growing by as many as a million a month.8 Based on the rate at which computer networks are building on-ramps onto the Internet, a 1993 estimate put its growth rate at a staggering 25 percent every three months–a delirious pace that shows no sign of abating.9
The ephemeralization of labor and the evanescence of the commodity, in cyberculture, is paralleled by the disembodiment of the human. In growing numbers, we are spending ever greater amounts of our lives in cyberspace; like the sagely cyborg in Bruce Sterling’s SF novel Schismatrix, we are convinced that “there’s a whole world behind this screen.”10 The electronically disembodied are zapping E-mail around the world, typing messages back and forth in real-time “chat,” and flocking to BBS discussion topics and UseNet newsgroups. They’re lurking and flaming and ROTFLOL (Rolling on the Floor Laughing Out Loud). They’re swapping pornographic .GIFs (digitized photos) and swinging in anonymous “text sex” trysts. They’re mousing around the Net’s latest addition, the World Wide Web, a hypertext-based system that enables users around the globe to point and click from one multimedia site to another, bouncing from digitized video clips to snippets of sound to screenfuls of text without end.
Overwhelmingly, they’re convinced that there is a “there” there, after all. As I observed in my introduction to Flame Wars, a collection of essays on cyberculture,
Those who spend an inordinate amount of time connected by modem via telephone lines to virtual spaces often report a peculiar sensation of “thereness”; prowling from one [electronic] conference to another, eavesdropping on discussions in progress, bears an uncanny resemblance to wandering the hallways of some labyrinthine mansion, poking one’s head into room after room. “One of the most striking features of the WELL,” observed a user named loca, “is that it actually creates a feeling of ‘place.’ I’m staring at a computer screen. But the feeling really is that I’m ‘in’ something; I’m some ‘where.’”11
