by John Keay
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Sisson, Richard and Leo E. Rose, War and Secession: Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh, University of California Press, Berkeley 1990
Symonds, Richard, In the Margins of Independence: A Relief Worker in India and Pakistan (1942–49), OUP, Oxford 2001
Talbot, Ian, Pakistan: A Modern History, St Martin’s, New York 1998
Talbot, Ian, Pakistan: A New History, Hurst, London 2012
Talbott, Strobe, Engaging India: Diplomacy, Democracy and the Bomb, Brookings, Washington 2004
Tan, T.Y. and Gyanesh Kudaisya, The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia, Routledge, London 2000
Tan, T.Y. and Gyanesh Kudaisya (eds), Partition and Post-Colonial South Asia: A Reader, 2 vols, Routledge, Abingdon 2008
Tharoor, S., India from Midnight to the Millennium, Viking, New Delhi 1997
Trench, Charles Chenevix, The Frontier Scouts, Cape, London 1985
Tuker, Francis, While Memory Serves, Cassell, London 1960
Tully, Mark and Satish Jacob, Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi’s Last Battle, Cape, London 1985
Van der Veer, Peter, Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India, University of California Press, Berkeley 1994
Van Schendel, W., The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia, Anthem, London 2005
Van Schendel, W., A History of Bangladesh, CUP, Cambridge 2009
Varma, Sushma J. and Radhika Seshan, Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada, Rawat, Jaipur 2003
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Index
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AASU (All-Assam Students’ Union) 220–3, 235
Abdullah, Farooq 209–10, 232–3, 236, 238
Abdullah, Sheikh Mohamed ‘the Lion of Kashmir’ 205: background 70; political outlook 70–1; friendship with Nehru 70–1; ‘Quit Kashmir’ stance 71; installed as Emergency Administrator 76–7; as India’s ‘quisling’ 81; anti-Pakistan sentiments 83; arrested and placed in detention 89; as guest of Nehru and Ayub Khan 136–7; released from detention 169–70
Advani, Lal Krishna 276, 280
Afghanistan xxxiii, 60, 67, 73–4, 117, 123, 125, 216, 245, 247–50, 286, 300–1, 306
Afzal, Mohamed 282
Agartala Conspiracy (1968) 155
Agra 18
Ahmadi community 96
Ahmed, Tajuddin 171–2
Ahmedabad 282
Ahsan, Aitzaz 174–5
AIADMK (Tamil party) 206, 213, 215
Air India Flight 182 bombing 239–41
Akali Dal (Sikh party) 105, 203, 206, 224–30, 232, 241
Akbar, M.J. 266
Aksai Chin 126, 128–34
al-Qaeda 240
Aldrin, ‘Buzz’ 117
Alexander, Albert Victor, Lord 1–2, 4
Ali, Nizam Mir Usman 65–6
Ali, Tariq 93
Ali Khan, Liaquat: and division of territory 35; against migration 48; knowledge of Kashmir incursion 74; Nehru’s unwillingness to meet 81; persuaded of need for Kashmir plebiscite 82; prevaricates over ceasefire 87; assumes power 94; US bias 95; reaction to Hindu massacre 97; death 95, 103
Ali Khan, Mazar 92–3
Aligarh 70
All-India Muslim League 94
All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) 267–8
All India Radio 107
Allahabad 54, 190
Alwar state 40
Ambani, Dhirubhai 294
Ambedkar, Dr 296
Amin, Nurul 50
Amritsar 16, 38, 202, 226–31
Anandpur Sahib Resolution (1973) 203, 224–5, 229
Andhra Pradesh 110–11, 116
Anglo–Nepal war (1814–16) 119
Ankara 141
Arab–Israeli war (1973) 171
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) (1958) 304–5
Armstrong, Neil 117
Arunachal Pradesh 126
Asia–Africa Conference (Bandung 1955) 124
Asian Employment Programme survey (1987) 200
Asian Games (Delhi, 1982) 227
Asian Relations Conference (1947) 123
Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) 223, 235
Assam 272: insurgency groups in xxii; population interchange 42, 49–50, 219–20; Sylhet awarded to East Pakistan 64; Chinese incursions nearby 133; Hindu–Muslim conflict 166, 220–3; population growth 219–20; elections 221–2; massacre at Nellie 221–3; remains contentious 223
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 141
Attlee, Clement 1
Awami League 98–9, 154, 157–9, 162, 164, 171, 203
Awami National Conference 233
Ayodhya 270–1, 273–83, 295
Ayub Khan, Muhammad: on the army 48; changing views on 91; friendly relations with US 95; sends Mirza to Dhaka as Governor 99–100; as part of emergency government 100; proclaims martial law 101; takes over control of Pakistan 102; relations with China 135–6; and Kashmir 135–7, 156; introduces ‘Basic Democracy’ 142–4, 157, 254; attempts to introduce new Constitution 143–4; and East Pakistan 154–5; resigns 157
Azad Kashmir xxix, 134, 139–41, 290, 306
Azad Kashmiris (Free Kashmiris) 73–5, 78–80, 88
Azad, Maulana 6
Babbar Khalsa (militant Sikh group) 240
Babri mosque, Ayodhya xxxii, 50
Bagh Ali 42
Baghdad Pact 125
Bahawalpur state 19, 38, 40, 42, 44–5
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) 296–7
Bajaur 73
BAKSAL (Bangladesh Peasants and Workers Awami League) 172–3
Baloch separatists xxxii
Balochistan xxvii, xxxiii, 96, 101, 176, 285, 306, 308
Baltistan 69
Bandaranaike, Sirimavo 150, 214–16
Bangalore 294–5, 302
Bangladesh 143: creation of (1971) xxix, 50; fluidity of borders xix–xx, xxii, xxvii; ring-fencing of xxi; chars in xxi, xxiii; migration, diaspora and remittances xxxii, 51, 200; identity in xxiii; religion in xxxiii, 204–5; politics and democracy in xxxiii, 251–5; view of China xxxiv; communal discord in xxv; as Islamic state xxvi, 251; and Kashmir 67; and Pakistan elections 158; war leading up to birth of 161–8; reconstruction in 170–1; famine 171–2; reign of terror in 172–3; Constitution 204; self-help organisations in 243; refugees from 246, 272, 274; elections 252; importance of NGOs in 252–4; infrastructure 253–4; water-sharing with India 254; violence in 274; see also East Pakistan (East Bengal)
Bannihal Pass 58, 64, 69
Baramula 75
Basic Objectives Resolution 94–5
Basu, Jyoti 116
Bay of Beng
al 133
Bengal xvii, xxviii, 10, 17, 36, 46–53, 55–7, 128
Bengal Assembly 9
Bengal famine (1943) 14
Bhagalpur 273
Bhakra-Nangal dam 112
Bhalapura Khagrabari enclave xx
Bharat 36
Bharatpur 19, 20
Bhashani, Abdul Hamid Khan ‘Red Maulana’ 158
Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh 225–31, 240
Bhopal 54, 60, 63, 177, 285–6
Bhutan 61, 125, 185, 300
Bhutto, Benazir 19, 180, 246, 250–1, 278, 291
Bhutto, Shah Nawaz 64–5
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali xxxiii, 102, 158, 172: as Foreign Minister 135; suggests Sheikh Abdullah visits Pakistan 136–7; and Indo–Pakistan war 146–7; boycotts round-table talks 155; meets China’s leadership 156; and Kashmir 156, 169–70; as voice of the people 156–7; post-election negotiations 160; and ‘Operation Searchlight’ 161; takes over presidency from Yahya 168; authoritarian rule 175–9; nuclear programme 177–8; reaction to Indian nuclear experiment 185; objects to annexation of Sikkim by India 190; preferential treatment of Sindis 245; imprisonment and death 179–81
Bihar 10, 15, 17, 55, 97, 106, 151, 184, 231, 273
bin Laden, Usama 306–7
Birendra, King 121–2, 188, 255–6, 258–60
BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) xxxiii, 209–10, 220, 233, 238, 269, 274–6, 279–80, 282–4, 286, 290, 292, 295
Black September 247
Black Thunder operations (1986, 1988) 241
Bombay (Mumbai) 54, 64, 66, 94, 109, 130, 181, 254, 282
Bombay Club 294
BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee) 243, 252
Brahmaputra river xvii, xxi, 133
Brar, General 229
Brezhnev Doctrine 164
British Commonwealth 24
Brohi, A.K. 93
Brown, Major William 9
Bulganin, Nikolai 111
Burma (Myanmar) xxii, 60, 124, 129
Bush, George W. 260
Cabinet Mission (1946) 203: members of 1–2; importance of 2; first draft outline for constitutional options 3; discussions and recommendations 3–5; undermined by Nehru and Gandhi 6–7; aftermath of inter-communal killing 7–10, 13–15; and Wavell’s Plan B 10–11; and Darling’s opinion-seeking quest 11–20, 25; failure to understand sub-national identities 15–21; failure to clarify status of princely states 21–5; abandonment of Plan 25; Mountbatten and acceptance of Partition 25–6
Calcutta xviii–xix, xxviii, 35, 47, 49–51, 55–6, 94, 97, 133, 165, 224, 301
Calcutta Killings (1946) 8–11, 13–14, 46
Cambodia 124, 258
Canada, Canadians xxxi, 177, 201, 212, 217, 224, 240
Carter, Jimmy 207
Central Police Reserve Force (CPRF) 57, 239
Central Provinces 94
Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) 125, 144
Ceylon see Sri Lanka
Chamber of Princes 24
Chandigarh 203, 225, 229, 241
Chatterji, Joya xxv
Chattisgarh 56, 106, 116
Chauhan, Dr Jagjit Singh 224, 231
Chelvanayakam, S.J.V. 214
China xxii, xxxiv, 111, 115, 118, 120, 146, 167, 207, 255, 278, 303: relations with India 122–34, 291–2; relations with Pakistan 135–6, 151, 164
Chitral 117
Chittagong 42, 162, 243
Churchill, Winston 33, 117
Clinton, Bill 286
Cohen, Stephen Philip 102
Cold War 83, 111, 124, 247
Colombo 165, 167, 210, 287, 300, 302
Communism, Communists 13, 47, 111–15, 125, 132, 150, 256, 303
Communist Party of India 56, 112–13, 115–16, 152
Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (CPM-L) 116, 152, 274
Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) 256–60
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 286
Congress [O] 151, 206
Congress Party 83, 114, 149–51, 190, 202, 233–5, 274, 292; see also Indian National Congress
Congress [R] (later Congress [I]) 151
Constituent Assembly 4–8, 24, 28, 31, 35, 94–6, 99
Cooke, Hope 186–7
Cripps, Sir Stafford 1–2, 4, 23
Dahal, Pushpa Kamal 256
Dahala Khagrabari enclave xx
Dalai Lama 118, 120, 127
Dandakaranya 56, 116
Dandakaranya Special Zonal Committee 57
Darjeeling 117
Darling, Malcolm Lyall 11–20
Datta-Ray, Sunanda 186–8
Delhi xxviii, 8, 18, 40, 42, 53–4, 166, 246
Delhi Development Authority 193
Desai, Morarji 151, 188, 190–1, 205, 207
Dhaka xxxi, 10, 37, 48–9, 51, 97–9, 154, 160–1, 168, 171, 253–4, 301–2
Dhaka University 162
Dholpur 19
Dien Bien Phu 124
Dipendra, Prince 259
Dir 73
Direct Action Day (16 August 1946) 7–11, 14
DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazagham) 108, 150, 213
Dogra Maharajahs of Jammu and Kashmir 69–70, 72, 78
East Pakistan (East Bengal) 37, 136, 151: dissension in xxxiii; and regional similarities xxvii–xxviii, xxxii–xxxiii; becomes Bangladesh xxix, 49, 168; and Indian demands for northern corridor 42; refugees and migrants 48–51, 55, 97; described as ‘rural slum’ 51; given Sylhet 64; discounted by Pakistan leadership 92; supports Muslim League 94; protest and violence in 96–7, 154–5, 160, 178; conciliatory gestures 97–8; language riots 98; provincial elections 98–9; direct rule imposed on 99; emergency government formed 100; becomes known as East Pakistan 100; Deputy Speaker killed 102; poverty in 142; Six Point plan for 154–5, 158–60; and Agartala Conspiracy 155; events leading up to ‘Operation Searchlight’ 155–61; majority representation in Assembly 157–8; monsoon flooding in 158–9; struggle over 160–1; war leading up to birth of Bangladesh 161–8; emergence as Bangladesh 168; see also Bangladesh; Pakistan
East Timor 131
The Economist 266–7
Education Act (1959) 114
Ekatmata Yatra (unity pilgrimage) 270
Elizabeth, Princess (later Queen Elizabeth II) 66, 117
EROS (Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students) 214
Ershad, Mohamed 199, 204, 251–2
Far Eastern Economic Review 172
Farakka barrage 139, 254
Federal Security Force (FSF) 175–6, 178
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) 306
Ferozepur 40, 42
Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence (1947) 123–5
France, French 61, 124, 177
Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance treaty (1949) 125
Gagarin, Yuri 117
Gandhi, M.K. (‘Mahatma’) xxiii, xxxii, 68, 75, 205: and independence talks 5–6; visits trouble spots 10, 46–7; on division of India 35; and Nagas 106; and Muslims 205–6; embarks on final fast 83–4; death 84, 103
Gandhi, Indira xxxiii, 49, 124, 172, 294: birth and background 149; election victories 148–50, 152; and the ‘Emergency’ 149, 191–4, 205–6, 303; politics and economy under 150–3, 182–94, 205–10; sets up Congress [R] 152; introduces constitutional amendments 153; reaction to Pakistan war 164–6; war with Pakistan 166–8; visits Bangladesh 169; nuclear intentions 177, 185; and assault on Sikkim 185–90; and Punjab 201, 224, 226–30; and ‘Operation Blue Star’ (1984) 203, 227–30; return to power 208–10, 232; and Sri Lanka 216–18; orders elections in Assam 221, 223; life threatened 231; and Kashmir 232–3; assassination 217, 233–4
Gandhi, Rajiv 217: and Kashmir 232; coopted as leader 234; signs conciliatory Accords 235–6, 238–9; and local initiatives 265; amends Criminal Procedures Code 268–9; and Ayodhya 271; electoral defeat 274; economic reforms 294–5; assassination 275
Gandhi, Sanjay: and Maruti factory 183; economic methods 192–4; electoral defeat 206; and mother�
�s return to power 209; and Punjab 225, 228; death 225
Gandhi, Sonia 234, 292
Ganganagar 231
Ganges river xvii, 122, 139
Gangtok 186–7, 189, 263
Garhmukteshwar 15
George VI, King 33, 39
Gilgit Agency 69, 71, 78–9
Gilgit Scouts 78–9
Goa xxxii, 61, 124, 130–1, 144
Godhra 282
Godse, Nathuram 84, 205–6
Golden Temple (Amritsar) 241: attack on 203, 227–35; restoration 232, 239; Khalistan militants in 241
Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) xxii, 272
Government of India Act (1935) 99
Grameen Bank 243, 252
Guha, Ramachandra 85, 103, 108–9, 131, 192, 266
Gujarat 21, 184, 188, 190, 282
Gulf states 194–200
Gunnar Myrdal, Karl 126
Gurgaon 18–19, 53, 302
Gurkhas 80, 119, 122, 131, 140
Gyanendra, King 259–62
Haryana state 13, 18, 202
Hasina Wajed, Shaikh 173, 251–2
Hazara 73
Helweg, Arthur 200–1
Hillary, Edmund 117, 121
Himachal Pradesh 202
Hindu Kush 117
Hindus, Hinduism xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 103: in Khulna xviii; and Muslims xxiv, 8–9, 14–15, 17, 21, 38, 84, 136, 163–4, 166, 220–3, 226, 228, 274, 277, 279–83; and communal autonomy xxiv; in Bangladesh xxv; similarities with Muslims xxvii, 17; migration and remittances xxxi, 270–1, 283; zealotry xxxiii, 293; and Constituency Assembly members 5; and the Meos 18; in Jat country 20; in Pakistan 30, 83, 92; nationalism 36; casualties of Partition 43–6, 105; fraternity with Muslims in Calcutta 47; internal migration 49–50, 54–5, 66, 163, 186 in East Bengal 51, 96–8, 162–4; in princely states 63; in Jammu and Kashmir 68–9, 72, 87–9, 136, 281; and education 114; and Gurkhas 119; in Nepal 122, 143, 256–7; in Sri Lanka 150, 211; political engagement 204–7, 209–10, 267–77; in Assam 220; Sikhs massacred by 234
Hindustan 16, 35–6
Hindustan Times 189–90
Hissar 44
Hizbul Mujahidin 281
Hong Kong xxxiv
Hooghly river xvii, 139
Hunza 78–9
Huq, Fazul 99
Hussein, Altaf 178, 246
Hyderabad 22, 60–1, 63, 65–7, 85–6, 105, 110, 276
INDIA: fluidity of borders xix–xx; military capability xxvi–xxvii; and regional similarities xxvii–xxviii, xxxii–xxxiii; complexity 15–21; naming of 35–7; intellectual and scientific advances 109, 112
