Chapter Eleven
1. Walter Eytan, writing in Codebreakers
2. As above
3. Martin Sugarman, ‘Jewish Personnel at Bletchley Park’ which can be found at www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4. An interview with Dr Solomon Kullback – and interviews with his notable peers and contemporaries in American codebreaking – can be read at https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/oral-history-interviews/
5. As above
6. Arthur Levenson interview, available at https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/oral-history-interviews/
7. From the Financial Times, 10 July 2015
Chapter Twelve
1. National Archives HW50/50
2. As above
3. National Archives HW14/1
4. National Archives HW50/50
5. As above
6. As above
7. As above
8. As above
9. As above
Chapter Thirteen
1. Life Without Armour by Alan Sillitoe
2. As quoted in The Cambridge History of the Cold War Volume 1
3. Chris Barnes, writing for The Woygian, Beaumanor in-house magazine, Winter 1948
Chapter Fourteen
1. Hugh Foss, as quoted in The Emperor’s Codes: The Breaking of Japan’s Secret Ciphers by Michael Smith (Biteback, 2010)
2. As above
3. Joan Clarke, writing in Codebreakers
4. As above
5. As above
6. Jack Good, writing in Codebreakers
7. As quoted in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8. Chess by C H O’D Alexander (Pitman and Sons, 1937)
9. As above
10. As above
11. Alexander on Chess by C H O’D Alexander (Pitman, 1974)
12. As above
13. As above
14. As above
15. As above
16. This tribute can be found on the NSA’s website at www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-spectrum/assets/files/in_memoriam.pdf
Chapter Fifteen
1. Melita Norwood quoted in The Guardian, September 1999
2. As quoted in GCHQ – The Uncensored History by Richard J Aldrich
3. Alexander Kendrick, writing in New Republic, 26 July 1948
4. As quoted in Intercept: The Secret History of Spies and Computers by Gordon Corera (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2015)
Chapter Sixteen
1. As quoted in The Cambridge History of the Cold War
2. As above
3. As above
4. Michael L Peterson, National Security Agency online archives, at www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-quarterly/assets/files/maybe_you_had_to_be_there.pdf
5. As above
6. National Archives FO 1093/485
7. As above
8. As above
9. As above
10. As above
Chapter Seventeen
1. ‘The Beginning of Intelligence Analysis in CIA’, which can be found at https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/the-beginning-of-intelligence-analysis-in-cia.html
2. Know Your Enemy – How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World by Percy Cradock (John Murray, 2002)
3. As quoted in The Korean War by Max Hastings (Michael Joseph, 1987)
4. Brian Hough, quoted in The Guardian, 25 June 2010
5. What’s It All About? by Michael Caine (Arrow, 1993)
6. British Intelligence, Strategy and the Cold War 1945–41 edited by Richard J Aldrich (Routledge, 1992)
7. Espionage, Security and Intelligence in Britain 1945–70 by Richard J Aldrich (Manchester University Press, 1998)
8. As above
Chapter Eighteen
1. From the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2. As above
3. As quoted by Andrew Hodges in Alan Turing: The Enigma
4. As above
5. As above
6. As above
7. As above
8. As above
Chapter Nineteen
1. Edward Said writing in the London Review of Books, 7 May 1998
2. Tom Nairn, quoted by Perry Anderson in the London Review of Books, 24 April 2008
Chapter Twenty
1. GCHQ memo in the National Archives FO 1093/485
2. Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges
Chapter Twenty-Two
1. ‘The Battle of Hastings’, article by Edward Crankshaw, Observer, 10 January 1954
2. As above
3. As above
4. Conel Hugh O’Donel Alexander: A Personal Memoir by Stuart Milner-Barry, which can be found online at www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-spectrum/assets/files/cono_hugh.pdf
5. Alatortsev’s newspaper report, picked up by Sir John Rennie’s department in 1954, can now be found in the National Archives FO 371/111787
6. As above
7. Barbara Greenbaum interviewed on Turing by the BBC, 6 June 2014
8. The Manchester Guardian, 11 June 1954
9. The Times, 11 June 1954
Index
A
Abbottabad 33–6
ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) 67–8, 265
Acheson, Dean 76, 254, 255, 257
Ackermann, Eric 136
Adenauer, Konrad 248, 305
Afghanistan 35, 83, 150
Aid, Matthew M 308
Alatortsev, Vladimir 2, 320
Albania 133, 134, 143, 144
Aldford House 52
Aldrich, Richard 37, 53, 77, 122, 201, 202, 208, 228, 244–5, 306, 307
Alexander, Hugh 1–3, 5, 7, 20, 21, 23, 57, 98, 106, 117, 198, 209, 217, 219–23, 265, 269, 273, 297–8, 301, 314–21, 322, 329
Allred, Fred 44
al-Qaeda 33
Amery, Julian 144
Anderson, HMS 37, 70, 81, 154–7
Andrew, Christopher 126
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty 77
Anglo-Persian Agreement 277
Anglo-Persian (-Iranian) Oil Company 277–9
Arctic 240, 242, 244
Arlington Hall 26, 30, 93–6, 125, 250
Ascherson, Neal 90, 92, 203, 204
atomic bomb 4, 10–11, 23, 78, 178–9, 193
B-29 aircraft 137–8
Cold War 75, 94, 95–6
Cuban Missile Crisis 300
Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4, 23, 63
India and Pakistan 153
Manhattan Project 95–6, 99, 127, 129
Soviet Union 94, 95–6, 99, 101, 127, 129–30, 145, 225–6, 228, 240, 289
thorium 150
Tube Alloys project 128–9, 227
United Kingdom 138, 246
United States 138
Attlee, Clement 28, 45, 55, 72, 78, 81, 146, 147, 151, 165–6, 208, 236, 278, 287
Malayan Emergency 204
Aung San 159
Australia 37, 76–7, 122, 196, 208, 251
UKUSA alliance 209
Austria 76, 230–6
Azerbaijan 32–6
B
Balcon, Michael 287
Balfour Declaration 27, 80, 164
Balkans 29, 77, 90, 100, 234
Soviet bloc 134, 143–4, 203
Baltics 73, 90, 114, 241, 252
Soviet domination 101
Warsaw Pact 252
Banburismus 21, 217
Baring, Sarah 190
Barnes, Christopher 109–10, 113, 119, 206–7
Barnes, Russell 106–7
Batey, Keith 20, 181
Batey, Mavis 20, 52, 181, 215
Battle of the Atlantic 3, 21, 167, 216
Battle of Cape Matapan 20, 181
Batty’s Belvedere 87–8, 253
Bayesian Probability Theory 21
Bayley, Don 60
BBC Caversham 145
Beaum
anor Hall 42–3, 45, 105, 108, 109–13, 119, 183
Belgium 247
Bell Laboratories 14
Beneš, Edouard 92
Ben-Gurion, David 166
Benhall 327
Bennett, Alexander 107
Bennett, Ralph 121
Benning, Osla 180, 190
Bentley, Elizabeth 130
Berkeley Street 52, 169
Berlin
1953 uprising 309–10
air lift 137–9
black market 137
Blockade 134–42, 203, 248, 252
Congress For Cultural Freedom 256–7
Marshall Plan 134
post-war division 30, 132–45, 248, 305
tunnel 236, 305–6, 308
Wall 30, 248, 305
Beurton, Ursula 131
Bevin, Ernest 28, 51, 78, 137–8, 140, 146, 165, 166, 245–6, 254, 293
Bin Laden, Osama 33
biological weapons 240
Birch, Frank 32, 57, 69–71, 329
Bismarck battleship 39
Blake, George 226, 307
Bletchley Park 3, 4, 5–7, 9–22, 37, 42–3, 120–1, 123, 162, 178
Alexander 219
American codebreakers 21–3
the Baby 216
Banburismus 21, 217
Bletchley Park players 12, 17–18, 27, 69
bombe machines 13, 18, 19, 21, 23–5, 48, 69, 186, 216
Clarke 215–19
closure 20, 23–4, 27, 47, 52
Colossus 14, 56, 60, 64–5, 186, 264
compartmentalisation 49
computer technology 19
The Cottage 216
database 167, 189, 259
Denniston 14, 16, 18, 69–70, 116, 214
Enigma codes 20, 21, 30, 49, 69, 181
female codebreakers 20–2
Foss 211–19
funding 191–2
Hut 6 22, 24, 197, 212
Hut 8 21, 22–3, 69, 216–17, 219
legacy 8, 10–11
listening stations 26, 31–7
mental breakdowns 183
out-stations 37–8, 39, 48
photography and copying equipment 188
post-war secrecy 30
proto-computers 13, 24, 48
recruitment 179–84, 215
Sixta 22
time-and-motion techniques 193
Travis 7, 11, 17–19, 22, 24–5, 26, 45–6, 64, 70, 75, 121
Typex 118, 182, 192, 193, 195, 200–1
US collaboration 19, 22–3, 70, 116
VE Day 9, 11–13, 18, 21
working conditions 49–50, 194
Y-Service 26, 37–8, 75–6, 183–4, 185–6
Blunt, Anthony 4, 128
Bodsworth, William 53–4, 119, 120
bombe machines 13, 18, 19, 21, 23–5, 38, 48–9, 55–6, 69, 186, 216, 267
Bonsall, Arthur 39, 57, 288
Born, Max 128
Bosnia 143
Botvinnik, Mikhail 220, 222
Boulting Brothers
I’m All Right Jack 304
Bourbon 116, 162–3
brainwashing 258
Braithwaite, Rodric 234
Brecht, Bertolt 304–5
British Tabulating Machine Co 186
Bronstein, David 2, 314–20
BRUSA (Britain–United States of America) agreement 70
Budd, Peter 149
Bulgaria 134, 143
Bundy, Captain William 22, 170, 198
Burgess, Guy 4, 96, 99, 128, 316
Burma 158–60, 239
C
Cabell, General Charles 123–4
Caccia, Harold 233
Caine, Sir Michael 261
Cairncross, John 4, 128, 129
Cambridge Spies 96, 128, 236, 251, 279
Campaigne, Howard H 117–18
Campbell, Duncan 105
Canada 36, 37, 77, 122, 196, 208–9
NATO 247
UKUSA alliance 209
Cane, John 57
Carling, Kenneth 110–11, 112, 113
Caviar 116
Ceylon 12, 23, 28, 76, 86, 123, 154–8, 196–7
Far East Combined Bureau 185, 208
HMS Anderson cypher base 37, 70, 81–2, 154–7
independence 156–7
Chalfont St Giles 57
Chambers, Whittaker 127
Cheadle, RAF 39, 113–14
chemical weapons 240
Chiang Kai-shek 253
Chicksands Priory 38–40, 42–3, 105
European Signals Centre 40
China 86–7, 126, 240, 253–4
civil war 253
communist revolution 253–6
North Korea 254–61
Churchhouse, RF 106, 107
Churchill, Winston 3, 10, 16–17, 19, 28, 72, 153, 159, 172, 274, 278, 287, 308, 311–12
Anglo-American alliance 74
‘iron curtain’ speech 73
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 202, 256, 275, 312
Egypt 282–3
Iran 279–80
Tito 143
civil matters 10
Clarke, Joan 20–2, 52–3, 57, 180–1, 209–10, 215–19, 223, 269, 288, 298–300, 329
Clayton, Aileen 79
Cochino submarine 245
Cohen, Michael 169–70
Cold War 5, 7–8, 73–7
atomic bomb 75, 94, 95–6, 99, 225–6, 228, 246
Berlin Blockade 134–42, 248, 252
computer technology 266
double agents 4, 31, 88, 89, 90, 92–9, 127–31, 144, 190, 226–8
economic roots 140
European Signals Centre 40
iron curtain 73, 303
‘Long Telegram’ 74, 234
NATO 140, 245–7, 252
north tier countries 161
oil supply 279–80
US objective in Eastern Europe 143–4
Venona Project 93–8, 126–7, 130–1, 144, 190, 208, 225–6, 229, 273
Coleridge 117
Colossus 14, 56, 60, 64–5, 186, 264
Comber, Leon 206
Cominform 142
Comintern 190
communism
Aegean 283
China 253–6
Cold War 73–5, 208, 234–5
Cominform 142
Comintern 190
Cyprus 285
domino theory 256, 279
Greek civil war 74, 80, 144, 206, 235
iron curtain 73–4, 303
McCarthyism 246–7
Malayan Emergency 204–6
North Korea 254–60
post-war Europe 100–3
Soviet bloc 73, 77, 99
Soviet sympathisers 42
Truman Doctrine 235
United Kingdom 304
Compton Bassett 110
computer technology 19, 57, 60, 64–70, 103, 124, 183, 264–73, 321–2
Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) 67–8, 265
Bletchley Park 13, 14, 24, 48
centralisation 177–8
Cold War 266
Colossus 14, 56, 60, 64–5, 186, 264
cost 186–7
ERNIE 65
GCHQ 177, 262–3
Manchester Mark One 66, 265–73, 322
Nazi advances 61
United States 14, 187
US intelligence partnership 187
Congress For Cultural Freedom 256–7
Cooper, Joshua 75, 94, 100, 313
Coral cypher 23
Corera, Gordon 118, 233, 234
Cradock, Sir Percy 255
Crankshaw, Edward 10, 315–19
Cripps, Sir Stafford 149
Croatia 143
cryptology 3, 6–7
economical nature 31
Cuban Missile Crisis 300, 329
Cunningham, Lord 78
Curzon, Lord 277
cybernetics 271
Cyprus 28, 78–9, 100, 123, 142, 145, 207–8, 282, 283–6
AKEL 285
>
Ayios Nikolaos 145
Enosis 285
Jewish refugees 145, 165
Czechoslovakia 29, 42, 90, 230, 248–9
ethnic Germans 91–2
Soviet domination 101, 134, 140, 142, 203, 252, 302–3, 310
D
Darwin, Sir Charles 67, 265
Daubney, Claude 290, 311–12
Davies, Peter 172
Davis, Wilma Zimmerman 125–6
de Bellaigue, Christopher 276, 279
de Carteret, Eric 12
de Grey, Nigel 15–17, 19, 49, 56–7, 76, 94, 98, 103, 160–1, 173, 175, 218–19, 329
memo on recruitment and equipment 175–98
Deery, Philip 205
Delilah 60
Denham, Hugh 81, 223
Denmark 247
Denniston, Alastair 14, 16, 18, 69–70, 116, 169, 214
Deutschmark 134, 137, 141
Diplomatic Wireless Service 105, 154
direction finding 84, 123
displaced persons 29, 40–1, 55, 90–2
ethnic German 92
Jewish 145, 172, 202
Dollis Hill GPO research team 56, 60, 67, 186–7, 191, 232–3, 238, 301, 306, 308, 309, 310–11
Dolphin codes 21
domino theory 256
Doniach, Nakdimon Shabetai 167
Dönitz, Admiral Karl 216–17
double agents 4, 31, 88, 89, 90, 92–9, 127–31, 144, 190, 208, 226–8
Venona Project 93–8, 126–7, 130–1, 144, 190, 208, 225–6, 229, 273
double-banking 111
E
Eastcote 25, 27, 36, 38, 48–58, 75, 83, 88, 91, 100, 104–8, 111, 119–20, 124, 125, 131, 140, 160–1, 175, 178, 194, 260, 287–8, 289, 326, 327
Alexander 219–23
bombe machines 48–9, 55–6, 267
budgetary limits 249
Coleridge 117
Colossus 56, 64–5, 264
ferrets 243–4
funding 195, 202–3
London Signals Intelligence Centre 51
nearby footpaths 118–19
photography and copying equipment 188
security 250–1
Sigaba codes 201
Soviet signals traffic 76
squatter’s movement 54–5
Travis 52, 56–7, 76, 124, 176, 208, 238, 239
Tunny 56, 62
Venona Project 93–8, 126–7, 208, 225–6, 229
Y-Service 135
Eastern Europe 29, 30, 140–1
Berlin Blockade 134–42, 203, 248, 252
Berlin uprising 309–10
ferrets 239–44
Germany 132–45
Information Research Department 303–4
iron curtain 73, 303
Jews 89, 90
Marshall Aid 133–4, 140
post-war economy 248–9
Soviet domination 40–1, 73, 99–101, 131, 132–3, 142–4, 203, 248–9, 302–3
US objective in 143–4
Warsaw Pact 252
economic warfare 248–9
Eden, Anthony 283
Egypt 12, 28, 164–5, 281–2
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty 77
Combined Bureau Middle East 77–9
The Spies of Winter Page 39
