20. Knights of the Klan, Meeting of Grand Dragons, 8, 93; Call of the North, February 15, 1924; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 38; Morris, “Saving Society,” 111; The Spectator, February 17, 1923.
21. Booth, Mad Mullah, 106–7, 207–8; Scharlott, “Hoosier Journalist,” 128.
22. Knights of the Klan, Meeting of Grand Dragons, 96; Dawn, June 2, 1923.
23. New Menace, May 8, 1926; Rail Splitter, December 1925; New York World, September 15, 1921; Dawn, January 13, 1923, December 1, 1923, January 5, 1924, February 2, 1924; Winnfield News-American, July 21, 1922, July 28, 1922, January 26, 1923; Los Angeles Times, July 1, 1922; Oakland Tribune, October 20, 1922; Tipton Daily Tribune, September 27, 1922; San Antonio Express, September 27, 1922; Washington Post, August 31, 1924; Decatur Daily Review, September 8, 1924; Bridgeport Telegram, October 20, 1924; Washington Post, September 13, 1925; Sandusky Star-Journal, October 30, 1922; Massillon Evening Independent, May 23, 1922; Harrell, “Klan in Louisiana,” 46, 175; Jackson, Klan in the City, 191; United States Congress, House of Representatives, Hearings on the Klan, 10; Fry, Modern Klan, 114.
24. New York Evening Post, December 20, 1920, December 27, 1920, January 6, 1921, January 14, 1921, January 20, 1921, January 29, 1921, February 5, 1921, February 19, 1921, March 10, 1921; Horn, World Encyclopedia of Cartoons, 71–72.
25. Imperial Night-Hawk, January 23, 1924; Call of the North, February 8, 1924; Fellowship Forum, February 16, 1924; Fiery Cross, May 25, 1923; Searchlight, November 8, 1924; Roanoke Times, December 2, 2001; Wisconsin Kourier, February 6, 1925; Harrisburg Daily Reporter, October 1, 1924; Jacobs, “Catholic Response,” 277; Lalande, “Klan in Oregon,” 45–46; Moore, Citizen Klansman, 26.
26. Imperial Night-Hawk, July 4, 1924; Mugleston, “Julian Harris,” 289; Morris, “Saving Society,” 89; Scharlott, “Hoosier Journalist,” 128; Goldberg, Hooded Empire, 152; Cocoltchos, “Klan in Orange County,” 32, 162; Fox, Everyday Klansfolk, 143; Abbey, “Klan in Arizona,” 16.
27. Kyvig, Daily Life, 191; Peterson, Magazines, 23–24.
28. Marchand, Advertising the American Dream, xvii, 20.
29. Albert Lasker had begun working as an office boy at the respected Lord & Thomas Agency in 1898. By 1910, he had become the advertising firm’s sole proprietor, leading it to become “one of the largest and most successful advertising agencies of its time,” representing Kleenex, top-selling toothpaste Pepsodent, Sunkist, and Lucky Strike cigarettes. Lasker pioneered the idea of in-house copywriting by advertising professionals, and created the position of account executive. Moore, Citizen Klansman, 98; Fry, Modern Klan, 22; World’s Work, May 1923; New York World, September 7, 1921; Chicago Tribune, August 16, 1921, August 19, 1921, February 4, 1922; New York Tribune, September 7, 1921; Galveston Daily News, September 23, 1921; “Albert Lasker,” American National Biography Online; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 102; Marchand, Advertising the American Dream, 32, 35.
30. New York Tribune, September 7, 1921; New York World, September 7, 1921, September 11, 1921, September 16, 1921; Washington Post, October 12, 1921.
31. El Paso Herald, February 14, 1922; Imperial Night-Hawk, April 4, 1923, July 4, 1923; Fiery Cross, May 11, 1923; Joplin News-Herald, January 23, 1923; Searchlight, October 7, 1922, November 11, 1922; Kourier Magazine, May 1925; Fiery Cross, March 9, 1923; New York Times, June 2, 1923; Fellowship Forum, December 13, 1924; Washington Post, September 11, 1925; Bradford Era, April 26, 1927; Oakland Tribune, June 25, 1930; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 219; Feldman, Klan in Alabama, 31; Lay, War, Revolution, and the Klan, 104.
32. Some of McCall’s gruesomely elaborate schemes included luring Richardson to a doctor’s office, murdering him, and cutting the body into pieces for Klansmen to carry away in different directions; locating a local pit of quicksand to throw the editor into; or organizing a grand jury and subpoenaing Richardson to appear so that a sharpshooter in a nearby building could kill him.
33. Baltimore Afro-American, December 17, 1920, September 9, 1921, April 4, 1925; Chicago Defender, December 18, 1920, September 2, 1939; Savannah Tribune, December 25, 1920; The Messenger, September 1921; Broad Ax, June 11, 1921; New Orleans Times-Picayune, September 22, 1921; Negro Star, June 2, 1922; Pittsburgh Courier, March 28, 1925; Call of the North, October 5, 1923; Coshocton Tribune, September 3, 1922; Savannah Tribune, September 14, 1922; The Messenger, October 1922; Connersville News-Examiner, March 14, 1923; Los Angeles Times, July 11, 1926; Chicago Tribune, July 9, 1926, July 10, 1926, July 12, 1926, July 16, 1927, August 9, 1933; Lowell Sun, July 17, 1926, July 28, 1926; Charleston Daily Mail, July 25, 1926; Bluefield Daily Telegraph, July 23, 1926; New York Times, July 26, 1926; Kokomo Daily Tribune, February 22, 1927; Bridgeport Telegram, March 10, 1927; Scharlott, “Hoosier Journalist,” 126–27; Lisby and Mugleston, Someone Had to Be Hated, 139.
34. Lynd and Lynd, Middletown, 475; Peterson, Magazines, 23, 26.
35. Meeting Notes, July 14, 1924, July 21, 1924, Ku Klux Klan Carlock Unit No. 71 (Carlock, Ill.) Records, Manuscript Collection No. 903, Box 1, Folder 3, Manuscript, Archives and Rare Book Library, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Tulsa Daily World, September 8, 1921; South Bend Tribune, February 1, 1923; Fellowship Forum, May 12, 1923; Fiery Cross, May 25, 1923; Davis, “Klan in Indiana,” 319; Scharlott, “Hoosier Journalist,” 127.
36. South Bend Tribune, February 1, 1923, March 9, 1972; Lisby, “Julian Harris,” 8; Mugleston, “Julian Harris,” 287; Davis, “Klan in Indiana,” 319; Scharlott, “Hoosier Journalist,” 127.
37. The Independent, December 20, 1924; Imperial Night-Hawk, April 23, 1924; South Bend Tribune, March 9, 1972; Davis, “Klan in Indiana,” 320; Mugleston, “Julian Harris,” 289–90; Fry, Modern Klan, 19; Morris, “Saving Society,” 83, 86, 88–90, 324.
38. Imperial Night-Hawk, May 30, 1923.
39. Pittsburgh Courier, July 28, 1923.
40. New York Times, November 8, 1923; New York Age, December 25, 1920; Cleveland Plain Dealer, November 16, 1923; Savannah Tribune, January 1, 1921; Washington Bee, January 1, 1921, January 15, 1921; Hutchinson Blade, February 5, 1921; Topeka Plain Dealer, February 25, 1921; Negro Star, October 21, 1921; Baltimore Afro-American, December 9, 1921, October 31, 1924, May 22, 1926, August 20, 1927; Broad Ax, January 1, 1921; Chicago Defender, January 14, 1922, September 2, 1922, November 17, 1923, November 10, 1928; Cleveland Gazette, January 8, 1921, February 19, 1921; Pittsburgh Courier, April 7, 1923, April 14, 1923, June 30, 1923, September 1, 1923, September 22, 1923, June 14, 1924, August 23, 1924, February 28, 1925; Opportunity, January 1923, September 1923; The Crisis, November 1922, February 1924; Goldberg, “Unmasking the Klan,” 37; Morris, “Saving Society,” 85, 91; Bent, Newspaper Crusaders, 139; Streitmatter, Mightier Than the Sword, 111; Scharlott, “Hoosier Journalist,” 124–25; Moore, Citizen Klansman, 26; Melching, “Klan in Anaheim,” 178; Abrams, Cross Purposes, 79.
41. This was a priority shared by much of the black press, including The Crisis, the Pittsburgh Courier, and others. Savannah Tribune, July 27, 1922; Pittsburgh Courier, August 23, 1924; The Crisis, May 1924; The Messenger, March 1921, September 1921, October 1921, November 1921, February 1922, June 1922, July 1922, September 1922, October 1922, December 1922, January 1923, February 1923, April 1923, August 1923, October 1923, December 1923, March 1924, December 1924; America, February 2, 1921; Broad Ax, February 5, 1921, August 19, 1922; American Israelite, April 20, 1922; Daily Jewish Courier, February 5, 1925; The Tablet, December 3, 1922; New York Times, December 1, 1922, April 15, 1923; Searchlight, December 16, 1922, September 3, 1924; The Appeal, January 27, 1923; American Ecclesiastical Review, January 1924; Jewish Press, August 14, 1924; True Voice, July 3, 1925; Fiery Cross, April 2, 1923; Our Sunday Visitor, 1920–28; The Sign, August 1921, September 1924, August 1926, November 1926, April 1928; Fellowship Forum, November 10, 1923; Jacobs, “Catholic Response,” x, 139, 140–42, 145, 149–50; Dumenil, Modern Temper, 278–79; Schuyler, “Klan in Nebraska,” 240, 247; Goldberg, “Unmasking the Klan,” 37–38; Diner, Almost Promised Land
, 96–97; Feldstein, Land That I Show You, 228; Davis, “Klan in Indiana,” 58.
42. Call of the North, February 15, 1924; American Mercury, November 1924.
43. Chicago Defender, August 6, 1921; Washington Post, December 5, 1920; Chicago Tribune, August 17, 1921; New York Times, June 8, 1924; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 78.
44. Albert Lea Evening Tribune, September 5, 1923; Call of the North, September 7, 1923; Prattsville Progress, September 24, 1925; Birmingham Age-Herald, June 28, 1924; Birmingham News, June 27, 28, 1924; Feldman, Klan in Alabama, 31; Snell, “Magic City,” 214; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 76.
45. Showalter, “Payne County,” 265; Morris, “Saving Society,” 77, 92; Payne, Big D, 95; Alexander, Crusade for Conformity, 83; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 76; Safianow, “Konklave,” 333.
46. Colorado Springs Gazette, July 5, 1923; Searchlight, July 5, 1924; Dawn, June 2, 1923; Imperial Night-Hawk, May 30, 1923; Kokomo Daily Tribune, January-July 1924; Oxnard Daily Courier, July 28, 1923; Oakland Tribune, August 23, 1924; American Mercury, February 1928; Moore, Citizen Klansman, 94; Blee, Women of the Klan, 168; Newton, Klan in Mississippi, 74; Schwieder, “Klan in Northwest Iowa,” 300; Weaver, “Klan in Wisconsin,” 92, 156; Moseley, “Invisible Empire,” 24; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 76, 79; Goldberg, “Klan in Madison,” 38.
47. New York Times, January 28, 1921; Birmingham Post, January 28, 1921; Birmingham Age-Herald, January 28, 1921; Washington Post, December 3, 1922; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 75; Snell, “Masked Men,” 207–8.
48. Searchlight, February 18, 1922, May 27, 1922, August 5, 1922; September 2, 1922, September 9, 1922; Lutholtz, Grand Dragon, 61; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 76, 80; Jacobs, “Catholic Response,” 136.
49. Knoxville News, May 30, 1922; Searchlight, June 3, 1922.
50. Searchlight, June 3, 1922; Lancaster Examiner-New Era, October 30, 1923; Indianapolis News, July 2, 1923; Indianapolis Star, July 3, 1923; Linton Daily Citizen, July 3, 1923; Bridgeport Telegram, July 3, 1923; Knoxville News, May 30, 1922; Searchlight, June 3, 1922, June 9, 1923; Dawn, November 11, 1922; Jacobs, “Catholic Response,” 282; Greene, “Guardians against Change,” 31; Crownover, “Klan in Lancaster County,” 66.
51. Searchlight, May 27, 1922, November 11, 1922; Fiery Cross, December 8, 1922, December 29, 1922, January 5, 1923, January 19, 1923; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 103; Jacobs, “Catholic Response,” 282.
52. New York Times, June 22, 1923; Call of the North, August 3, 1923, Fellowship Forum, January 5, 1924.
53. Outlook, November 7, 1923, November 14, 1923, November 21, 1923, November 28, 1923, December 12, 1923, December 19, 1923, December 26, 1923; New Republic, November 21, 1923; Los Angeles Times, December 26, 1922; Call of the North, December 5, 1923; Imperial Night-Hawk, December 5, 1923, January 23, 1924; North American Review, March-May 1926, June-August 1926; The Forum, September 1925, December 1925; Current History, July 1927; New York Times, March 8, 1926; Berkeley Daily Gazette, March 9, 1926; Kourier Magazine, July 1927; Searchlight, December 15, 1923, December 26, 1923; The World Tomorrow, March 1924; Broad Ax, March 8, 1924; McClure’s, May 1924; Literary Digest, January 20, 1923; Fiery Cross, February 23, 1923, March 2, 1923; Daily Oklahoman, March 26, 1922; Washington Post, December 3, 1922; Dawn, March 10, 1923, December 15, 1923; January 12, 1924; Time, June 23, 1924; Jacobs, “Catholic Response,” 136–37.
54. Call of the North, August 31, 1923, January 16, 1924; Badger American, August 1923; Imperial Night-Hawk, January 16, 1924; Searchlight, August 16, 1924; National Kourier, March 6, 1925; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 76, 78–80; Weaver, “Klan in Wisconsin,” 156; Safianow, “Klan Comes to Tipton,” 209.
55. Mugleston, “Julian Harris,” 289–90; Scharlott, “Hoosier Journalist,” 124.
Chapter Three
1. The Messenger, January 1923; Brownsville Herald, September 7, 1920, July 17, 1922; Burleson County Ledger and News-Chronicle, October 21, 1921; Daily Northwestern, September 9, 1920; Galveston Daily News, July 24, 1922, April 27, 1923; San Antonio Express, August 28, 1922; Kerrville Mountain Sun, September 1, 1922; Alexander, Klan in the Southwest, 193; Greene, “Guardians against Change,” 25–26; Susman, Culture as History, 111; Miller, Supreme City, 338, 340–41, 351.
2. The newspaper’s masthead also declared it to be “Not a Moulder But A Chronicler of Public Opinion.”
3. Searchlight, September 10, 1921; United States Congress, House of Representatives, Hearings on the Klan, 11, 76; Fry, Modern Klan, 119; Jones, Story of the Klan, 93; Jackson, Klan in the City, 32–33; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 113–14, 117; Booth, Mad Mullah, 48; Akin, “Klan in Georgia,” 194, 237, 507; Alexander, “Kleagles and Cash,” 355; Indianapolis Star, August 17, 1923; Davis, “Klan in Indiana,” 43; Tucker, Dragon and Cross, 97; Jackson, Klan in the City, 147; “Fiery Cross,” in Encyclopedia of Indianapolis, 566.
4. Fellowship Forum, June 24, 1921, July 1, 1921, July 15, 1921, September 9, 1921, March 24, 1922, April 21, 1922, May 19, 1922, July 14, 1922, October 20, 1922, November 25, 1922, January 20, 1923, March 24, 1923, June 16, 1923, September 22, 1923; Davis, “Klan in Indiana,” 43; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 128; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 234.
5. Dawn, October 21, 1922, November 4, 1922, April 7, 1923, April 13, 1923, June 16, 1923, June 30, 1923, July 7, 1923, August 25, 1923, September 29, 1923; New York Times, April 7, 1923; Chicago Tribune, April 8, 1923; Fellowship Forum, April 14, 1923, August 25, 1923, November 17, 1923; Searchlight, April 7, 1923, April 14, 1923; Buckeye American, September 11, 1923; Imperial Night-Hawk, April 18, 1923, July 4, 1923; Waterloo Evening Courier and Reporter, March 28, 1923; Cedar Rapids Republican, May 6, 1923; Snell, “Masked Men,” 211; Birmingham Age-Herald, July 1, 1923; Allerfeldt and Black, Immigration in the Pacific Northwest, 68; Jackson, Klan in the City, 82, 101, 112–13, 194; Craine, “Klan Moves North,” 16, 18; Hallberg, “Klan in Pekin,” 83–84, 87; Smith, “Hooded Crusaders,” 17.
6. Chicago Defender, October 21, 1922; New York Times, December 21, 1922, December 23, 1922, January 25, 1923, September 12, 1924; Ogden Standard-Examiner, December 21, 1922.
7. Badger American, April 1923, May 1923, June 1923, July 1923, September 1923, May 1924, July 1924, September 1924; Jackson, Klan in the City, 162; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 132; Fiery Cross, April 13, 1923, April 27, 1923, May 25, 1923, June 1, 1923; Searchlight, December 1, 1923, March 1, 1924; Fellowship Forum, April 12, 1923, November 3, 1923; Dawn, September 1, 1923, September 8, 1923, November 3, 1923; Booth, Mad Mullah, 44, 47–48, 50, 64, 76–77; Jackson, Klan in the City, 41; Alexander, “Kleagles and Cash,” 355.
8. Denning, Cultural Front, 232; Seldes, Lively Arts, 243–47; Rodgers, Mencken, 66; Badger American, August 1923, May 1924, July 1924, September 1924.
9. The son of tenant farmers and recipient of a night school law degree, Wood proudly regarded himself as a self-made man. As such, he viewed himself as one of the few Atlanta editors who did not instinctively side with the wealthy citizens of the city. Galveston Daily News, September 16, 1921; Akin, “Georgia Klan,” 237–39, 243; United States Congress, House of Representatives, Hearings on the Klan, 7; Searchlight, November 26, 1921, December 24, 1921, January 28, 1922, April 1, 1922, December 15, 1923, May 3, 1924, June 7, 1924, July 5, 1924, August 2, 1924; Jackson, Klan in the City, 171; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 114, 117; Long, “Klan in Western Pennsylvania,” 14; Peterson, Magazines, 311.
10. The newspaper’s politically powerful advisory council included Stephenson; Ed Jackson, soon to be elected governor of Indiana; John Duvall, later mayor of Indianapolis; and George V. Coffin, who became Republican county chairman of Indiana’s Marion County.
11. Lutholtz, Grand Dragon, 58; Booth, Mad Mullah, 25, 50; Fiery Cross, December 8, 1922, December 29, 1922, January 19, 1923, February 16, 1923, March 16, 1923.
12. Dawn, October 21, 1922, November 4, 1922, April 7, 1923, April 13, 1923, June 16, 1923, June 30, 1923, July 7, 1923; Call of the North, July 27, 1923, September 28, 1
923, October 31, 1923; Hatle and Vaillancourt, “Minnesota’s Klan,” 364.
13. Searchlight, November 26, 1921, December 24, 1921, January 28, 1922, April 1, 1922, December 15, 1923, May 3, 1924, June 7, 1924, July 5, 1924, August 2, 1924; Fiery Cross, December 8, 1922, January 19, 1923; Birmingham Age-Herald, July 1, 1923; Imperial Night-Hawk, July 4, 1923; Snell, “Masked Men,” 211.
14. Although invariably referred to as “newsboys,” this is a misleading characterization. Vendors of Klan newspapers included teen boys, but also included women of all ages and were predominantly men in their midtwenties and older. Among the most celebrated news vendors, for example, were teen sisters Viola and Frances Price of Freeport, Illinois—authorized distributors of Dawn (Dawn, October 20, 1923).
15. Searchlight, November 26, 1921, December 24, 1921, January 28, 1922, April 1, 1922, December 15, 1923, May 3, 1924, June 7, 1924, July 5, 1924, August 2, 1924; Fiery Cross, January 19, 1923, February 16, 1923, March 16, 1923; Dawn, October 21, 1922, November 4, 1922, April 7, 1923, April 13, 1923, June 16, 1923, June 30, 1923, July 7, 1923; New York Times, April 7, 1923; Chicago Tribune, April 8, 1923; Fellowship Forum, April 14, 1923, December 8, 1923, December 15, 1923, January 26, 1924; Jackson, Klan in the City, 101, 112–13, 171; Craine, “Klan Moves North,” 16, 18; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 114, 117; Long, “Klan in Western Pennsylvania,” 14.
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