36. Pendleton, “Jim Crow,” 93–94; Carroll, “Beating the Klan,” 51.
37. Wichita Beacon, June 21, 1925, June 23, 1925; Pendleton, “Jim Crow,” 94; Carroll, “Beating the Klan,” 53–55.
38. Carroll, “Beating the Klan,” 55; Pendleton, “Jim Crow,” 151; Jenkins, Steel Valley Klan, 106.
39. Pendleton, “Jim Crow,” 94–95; Carroll, “Beating the Klan,” 57.
40. Price, Rounding, 110, 113; Morris R. Cohen, “Baseball as National Religion,” in Schneider, Religion, Culture and Society, 36–38; Riess, Touching Base, 15; Atlanta Constitution, April 20, 1924.
41. Fiery Cross, March 30, 1923; Imperial Night-Hawk, April 4, 1923.
42. Port Arthur News, April 13, 1924; Altoona Mirror, April 15, 1924; Bakersfield Californian, April 15, 1924; Portsmouth Herald, April 16, 1924; Wisconsin State Journal, April 16, 1924; Steubenville Herald Star, May 1, 1924; Grand Prairie Texan, May 23, 1924; American Mercury, June 1925.
43. Atlanta Constitution, April 20, 1924, June 15, 1924, June 21, 1924.
44. During Evans’s struggle with William Joseph Simmons for control of the Klan a year earlier, McKinnon and the Klan’s cashier, N. M. Furney, had absconded with a significant amount of cash and bonds (allegedly more than one hundred thousand dollars) from the Imperial palace to keep them out of Simmons’s hands. In late 1923, McKinnon took the lead in orchestrating the successful defense of the Klansmen accused of murder in Mer Rouge, Louisiana (Bradford Era, April 6, 1923; Portsmouth Daily Times, April 7, 1923; Helena Daily Independent, October 31, 1923).
45. Atlanta Constitution, April 20, 1924, June 21, 1924, July 10, 1924, July 31, 1924.
46. Edwardsville Intelligencer, July 1, 1924.
47. Those memories were apparently not pleasant enough to spur the Atlanta Klan to field a team during the 1925 season. In 1926, a Klan team did compete intermittently, but it was not the same. No longer the powerhouse of the Dixie League, the Klan now found itself vying with the team fielded by local company Coca-Cola to keep from ending in last place (Atlanta Constitution, August 10, 1924, October 11, 1924, April 26, 1926; Jackson, Klan in the City, 41; Searchlight, October 11, 1924, October 18, 1924).
48. Los Angeles Times, August 17, 1924, August 18, 1924, September 6, 1924, September 23, 1924.
49. Los Angeles Times, November 2, 1924, January 5, 1925.
50. Moore, Citizen Klansman, 20–21; Wade, Fiery Cross, 178–79; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 110.
51. Los Angeles Times, October 16, 1924, October 19, 1924.
52. Unfortunately, no record can be found of the game’s result in the Los Angeles Times, the Los Angeles Examiner, or in the B’nai B’rith Magazine (which did not mention this charity series at all). Both Klan No. 1 and No. 3 continued to field teams until the end of the season in February 1925, but the weakened Los Angeles Klan chose not to field a team the next year (Los Angeles Times, October 16, 1924, October 19, 1924).
53. It remains unclear why a Klan member was attending historically Catholic Georgetown University, as well as whether Georgetown was aware of Hines’s affiliations.
54. Washington Evening Star, May 9, 1926.
55. Washington Post, June 22, 1926, July 4, 1926, September 21, 1926, September 27, 1926, May 29, 1927, July 3, 1927, September 17, 1927; Washington Evening Star, July 13, 1926, October 1, 1926, May 17, 1927, June 5, 1927, June 27, 1927, August 16, 1927, September 16, 1927, October 4, 1927; October 9, 1927; Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920; Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930; Jackson, Klan in the City, 179–80; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 285–90; Wade, Fiery Cross, 249–50.
56. McMullen, Big Top, 135.
57. Membership in the Capital Klan peaked in early 1925, and began a rapid decline in late 1926. By 1930, there were estimated to be only 124 Klansmen left in the District of Columbia. In something of an upset, the Mechanics also beat the heavily tipped Klan team in 1927, five to three. Washington Post, May 2, 1926, July 21, 1926, July 28, 1926, August 1, 1926, August 18, 1927, August 21, 1927, November 2, 1930; Washington Evening Star, August 1, 1926, August 21, 1927; 1927 Klan Charity Benefit Baseball Game Booklet, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan No. 51, Mt. Rainier, Maryland Archives, 89–180, Series 3, Box 1, Folder 1, University of Maryland Libraries; Jackson, Klan in the City, 239; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 240.
58. The Klan’s originally scheduled opponents, the Rialtos (another all-Jewish team that had recently won the D.C. Jewish Championship), had canceled, unable to muster the requisite number of players over the Labor Day weekend. Dreyfus, who played for the Rialtos in the Capital City League and the Hebrews in the independent unlimited championship, had called upon his All-Star teammates to step in as last-minute replacements.
59. Although this was the Klan’s only game against either the Rialtos or the Hebrew All-Stars, it faced several of the same Jewish players in other matches: Dreyfus also played for, and later managed, the Dreadnaughts; the Sauber brothers rotated around a number of different teams; and Sam Simon pitched against the Klan again for the Alexandria Busmen (Washington Post, July 15, 1926; September 1, 1926, September 7, 1926, June 5, 1927; Washington Evening Star, September 7, 1926).
60. Washington Evening Star, September 15, 1926; September 16, 1926; Washington Post, June 5, 1927, June 6, 1927, July 14, 1927.
61. 1927 Klan Charity Benefit Baseball Game Booklet, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan No. 51, Mt. Rainier, Maryland Archives, 89–180, Series 3, Box 1, Folder 1, University of Maryland Libraries; Washington Star, August 1, 1926; Mecklin, Ku Klux Klan, 239; Lay, Hooded Knights, 56.
62. Mecklin, Ku Klux Klan, 82, 109, 233–34.
63. Washington Post, October 4, 1926, September 11, 1927; Washington Evening Star, July 4, 1926, June 16, 1927; “Texon Oilers,” Handbook of Texas Online, tshaonline.org, accessed February 3, 2012; Flanigan, History of Gwinnett County, 172–74; Searchlight, October 18, 1924; Marion Daily Star, April 5, 1923; Knights of the Klan, Second Imperial Klonvokation, 211–13.
Epilogue
1. Garden City Telegram, September 8, 1965; New York Times, May 1, 1957; Port Arthur News, June 8, 1947.
2. Bowers, Superman, 134–37; “Clan of the Fiery Cross,” The Adventures of Superman, Mutual Network, June 10–July 1, 1946.
3. Bowers, Superman, 141.
4. Levitt and Dubner, Freakonomics, 58–60, 63–65; “Atlanta,” Drunk History, Comedy Central, July 23, 2013.
5. New York Times, January 8, 2006; Bowers, Superman, 146–47, 153–54.
6. “Atlanta,” Drunk History, Comedy Central, July 23, 2013.
7. Nathan, Autobiography, 175–76.
Glossary
Alien: someone who is not a member of the Ku Klux Klan
Citizen: an initiated member of the Ku Klux Klan
Domain: an administrative unit consisting of several combined states
Exalted Cyclops: chief officer of the local Klan or Klavern
Grand Dragon: the Klan leader of the Realm, appointed by the Imperial Wizard
Grand Goblin: administrative officer in charge of a Domain
Imperial Commander: national head of the Women of the Ku Klux Klan
Imperial Kleagle: the commander of the Klan’s propagation department
Imperial Palace: Ku Klux Klan headquarters
Imperial Wizard: national leader of the Ku Klux Klan
Invisible Empire: alternative name applied to the Ku Klux Klan
King Kleagle: the chief recruiter of a Realm, responsible for supervising Kleagles
Klankraft: general term for the collective beliefs and rituals of the Klan
Klansman: an individual member of the Klan; also known as a Knight
Klanton: a subdivision of a Province, under the control of a single local Klan
Klavern: Klan’s indoor meeting hall; also used to signify local Klan chapter
Kleagle: recruiter or organizer, normally working on commission
Klecktoken: ten-dollar initiation fee
Klokard: K
lan lecturer
Klonklave: regular meeting of local Klan
Klonvokation: national annual convention of Klans
Kloran: official guide/rules of the Ku Klux Klan, written by William J. Simmons
Kluxing: Kleagle recruiting or organizing activities
Naturalization: formal rite initiating new member into full “citizenship”
Nighthawk: official messengers of the Klan
Province: administrative unit, generally equivalent to a congressional district
Realm: a subdivision of the Invisible Empire equivalent to a state
Bibliography
Manuscript Collections
Ball State University, Muncie, IN.
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Women of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan 14 (Chippewa Falls, Wis.) Records, 1926–31, WIHV96-A393. Eau Claire Research Center.
Books, Articles, Theses, Dissertations
Abbey, Sue Wilson. “The Ku Klux Klan in Arizona, 1921–1925.” Journal of Arizona History 14:1 (Spring 1973): 10–30.
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Abrams, Paula. Cross Purposes: Pierce v. Society of Sisters and the Struggle over Compulsory Public Education. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009.
Ackmann, Martha. Curveball: The Remarkable Story of Toni Stone. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2010.
Akin, Edward P. “The Ku Klux Klan in Georgia: Social Change and Conflict, 1915–1930.” PhD diss., University of California, 1994.
Alexander, Charles C. Crusade for Conformity: The Ku Klux Klan in Texas, 1920–1930. Houston: Texas Gulf Coast Historical Association, 1962.
———. “Defeat, Decline, Disintegration: The Ku Klux Klan in Arkansas, 1924 and After.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 22:4 (Winter 1963): 311–31.
———. “Kleagles and Cash: The Ku Klux Klan as a Business Organization, 1919–1930.” Business History Review 39 (Autumn 1965): 348–67.
———. The Ku Klux Klan in the Southwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.
———. Rogers Hornsby: A Biography. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1995.
Allerfeldt, Kristofer, and Jeremy Black. Race, Radicalism, Religion, and Restriction: Immigration in the Pacific Northwest, 1890–1924. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2003.
Alpert, Rebecca T. Out of Left Field: Jews and Black Baseball. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.
Angle, Paul M. Bloody Williamson: A Chapter in American Lawlessness. New York: Knopf, 1952.
Anthony, Edward. O Rare Don Marquis: A Biography. New York: Doubleday, 1962.
Babcock, Bernie. The Soul of Abe Lincoln. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1919.
Baker, Kelly J. Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK’s Appeal to Protestant America, 1915–1930. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011.
Baldasty, Gerald J. E. W. Scripps and the Business of Newspapers. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Baldwin, Davarian L., and Minkah Makalani, eds. Escape from New York: The New Negro Renaissance beyond Harlem. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.
Ball, Frank P. Faults and Virtues of the Ku Klux Klan. Brooklyn: Frank Ball, 1927.
Barnouw, Erik. A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Beach, Rex. The Mating Call. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1927.
Bent, Silas. Newspaper Crusaders: A Neglected Story. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1939.
Black, Stephen A. Eugene O’Neill: Beyond Mourning and Tragedy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.
Blake, Aldrich. The Ku Klux Kraze: A Lecture. Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor Press, 1924.
Blee, Kathleen. Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
Blom, Philipp. Fracture: Life and Culture in the West, 1918–1938. New York: Basic Books, 2015.
Bodenhamer, David J., ed. The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
Bodner, Allen. When Boxing Was a Jewish Sport. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2011.
Bohn, Michael K. Heroes & Ballyhoo: How the Golden Age of the 1920s Transformed American Sports. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2009.
Boone, Robert H. “A Kleagle and His Klan: F. Eugene Farnsworth and the Ku Klux Klan in Maine.” Honors thesis, Wesleyan University, 1965.
Booth, Edgar Allen. The Mad Mullah of America. Columbus, OH: Boyd Ellison, 1927.
Bowers, Rick. Superman versus the Ku Klux Klan: The True Story of How the Iconic Superhero Battled the Men of Hate. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2012.
Boyer, Paul S. “Boston Book Censorship in the Twenties.” American Quarterly 15:1 (Spring 1963): 3–24.
———. Purity in Print: Book Censorship in America from the Gilded Age to the Computer Age. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002.
Boylan, James R. The World and the 20s: The Golden Years of New York’s Legendary Newspaper. New York: Dial, 1973.
Boyle, Sheila Tully, and Andrew Bunie. Paul Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001.
Bradley, Patricia. Making American Culture: A Social History, 1900–1920. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Braeman, John, Robert H. Bremner, and David Brody, eds. Change and Continuity in Twentieth-Century America: The 1920s. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1968.
Brazil, John R. “Murder Trials, Murder, and Twenties America.” American Quarterly 33:2 (Summer 1981): 163–84.
Brown, Egbert Ethelred. The Final Awakening. Brunswick, GA: Overstreet & Co., 1923.
Brown, George Alfred. Harold the Klansman. Kansas City, MO: Western Baptist Publishing Company, 1923.
Brown, Lester A. Facts Concerning Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Atlanta: Lester A. Brown, 1923.
Brundage, W. Fitzhugh, ed. Beyond Blackface: African Americans and the Creation of American Popular Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carol
ina Press, 2011.
Burnham, John C. Bad Habits: Drinking, Smoking, Taking Drugs, Gambling, Sexual Misbehavior, and Swearing in American History. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
Canning, Charlotte M. The Most American Thing in America: Circuit Chautauqua as Performance. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2005.
Carroll, Brian. “Beating the Klan: Baseball Coverage in Wichita before Integration, 1920–1930.” Baseball Research Journal 37 (Winter 2008–9): 51–61.
Carter, Paul A. Another Part of the Twenties. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.
Cash, Wilbur J. The Mind of the South. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.
Cather, Willa. Not under Forty. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1936.
Chalmers, David. Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan. New York: Franklin Watts, 1981.
Chambers, Jonathan L. Messiah of the New Technique: John Howard Lawson, Communism, and American Theatre, 1923–1937. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006.
Chapman, Erin D. Prove It on Me: New Negroes, Sex, and Popular Culture in the 1920s. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Clark, Norman H. Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition. New York: W.W. Norton, 1976.
Clason, George S., ed. Catholic, Jew, Ku Klux Klan: What They Believe, Where They Conflict. Chicago: Nutshell Publishing, 1924.
Coben, Stanley. Rebellion against Victorianism: The Impetus for Cultural Change in 1920s America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Cocoltchos, Christopher N. “The Invisible Government and the Viable Community: The Ku Klux Klan in Orange County, California, during the 1920s.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1979.
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