by Richard Toye
130 Reade, Martyrdom, p. 129.
131 Ibid., p. 309.
132 Ibid., pp. 309–10.
133 Ibid., p. 407.
134 WSC, My African Journey [first published by Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1908], CW, vol. I, pp. 23, 27, 42.
135 Reade, Martyrdom, p. 289. Reade may have taken this paraphrase of William Wilberforce’s celebrated speech of 25 April 1789 from Thomas Clarkson’s History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament (1808).
136 Reade, Martyrdom, p. 405.
137 Addison, Unexpected Hero, pp. 89–90.
138 ‘Midland Conservative Club: Mr Churchill’s Presidential Address’, Birmingham Daily Post, 2 June 1899.
139 WSC to Lady Randolph, 31 March [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 746.
140 WSC, ‘Comments on Annual Register, early 1897’, ibid., pp. 760, 763.
141 WSC, Great Contemporaries [first published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1937], CW, vol. XVI, p. 27.
142 WSC to Lady Randolph, 6 April [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 751.
143 WSC to Lady Randolph, 14 Oct. 1896, ibid., p. 688.
144 ibid., p. 688n.
145 WSC to Jack Churchill, 20 March [1898], ibid., p. 893.
146 WSC to Lady Randolph, 29 Dec. 1898, ibid., p. 996.
147 WSC to Lady Randolph, 4 Nov. [1896], ibid., p. 697.
148 WSC, My Early Life, p. 118.
149 Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965, Constable, London, 1966, p. 370.
150 WSC to Lady Randolph, 18 Nov. [1896], CV I, part 2, p. 704.
151 WSC to Lady Randolph, 14 Jan. 1897, ibid., p. 724.
152 ‘Author’s Preface’, in WSC, My Early Life.
153 Lord Irwin to Stanley Baldwin, 28 March 1929, Stanley Baldwin Papers, vol. 103, ff. 20–3, partially reproduced in CV V, part 1, p. 1452.
154 Penderel Moon (ed.), Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1997, p. 4 (entry for 24 June 1943).
155 John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.), The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945, Hutchinson, London, 1988, p. 49 (entry for 4 Aug. 1929).
156 Moran, Struggle for Survival, p. 131.
2. JOLLY LITTLE WARS AGAINST BARBAROUS PEOPLES
1 Speech of 14 Dec. 1929.
2 Editorial, The Times, 28 July 1897.
3 H. B. Hanna, ‘The Lesson of the Swat Rising’, The Times, 10 Aug. 1897.
4 See, for example, ‘Mr [John] Morley at Arbroath’, The Times, 29 Sept. 1897, and ‘Sir William Harcourt at Kirkcaldy’, The Times, 27 Nov. 1897.
5 ‘Outlook: The Frontier Fallacy’, Daily Mail, 30 March 1898.
6 See, for example, Viscount Fincastle and P. C. Eliott-Lockhart, A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–8, R. J. Leach & Co., London, 1990 (first published 1898), p. 223.
7 See WSC, The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War [first published by Longmans, Green & Co., 1898], CW, vol. II, ch. 3.
8 Frederick Woods (ed.), Young Winston’s Wars: The Original Despatches of Winston S. Churchill, War Correspondent, 1897–1900, Leo Cooper, London, 1972, p. 10 (despatch of 6 Sept. 1897).
9 WSC, My Early Life: A Roving Commission [originally published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1930], CW, vol. I, p. 143.
10 WSC to Lady Randolph 21 Oct. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 807.
11 Bindon Blood to WSC, 22 Aug. 1897, ibid., p. 780.
12 F. Maurice and George Arthur, The Life of Lord Wolseley, Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, 1924, p. 66. See also Joseph J. Matthews, ‘Heralds of the Imperialistic Wars’, Military Affairs, 19 (1955), pp. 145–55, at 153.
13 WSC to Frances, Duchess of Marlborough, 25 Oct. 1897, CV I, part 2, p. 810.
14 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, p. 199.
15 He then described this type of bullet as ‘particularly cruel’ and ‘improper’: Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 269 (despatch of 9 March 1900).
16 Michael MacDonagh, ‘Can We Rely on Our War News?’, Fortnightly Review, 63 (1898), pp. 612–25.
17 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 3 (despatch of 3 Sept. 1897).
18 WSC, My Early Life, p. 139.
19 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, pp. 31–4 (despatch of 23 Sept. 1897); WSC to Lady Randolph, 19 Sept. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 792; WSC, My Early Life, pp. 156–7.
20 WSC to Lord William Beresford, 2 Oct. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 798.
21 WSC, My Early Life, p. 162.
22 WSC to Frances, Duchess of Marlborough, 25 Oct. 1897, CV I, part 2, p. 810.
23 WSC to Reginald Barnes, 14 Sept. 1897, ibid., p. 788.
24 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, pp. 167–8.
25 WSC to Lady Randolph, 19 Oct. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 797.
26 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, pp. 39, 52 (despatches of 28 Sept. and 8 Oct. 1897).
27 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, pp. 3–4, 168, 192–3.
28 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 30 (despatch of 21 Sept. 1897). For Churchill’s comments on women see Story of the Malakand Field Force, p.6.
29 WSC to Lady Randolph, 19 Sept. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 793.
30 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, p. 230.
31 ‘Churchill’s Mysore Home’, Sunday Statesman, 25 July 1943.
32 Manuscript of The Story of the Malakand Field Force, Churchill Papers, CHAR 8/2, f. 23. Piers Brendon drew attention to this point in The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997, Jonathan Cape, London, 2007, p. 205.
33 CV I, part 2, p. 913.
34 See, most recently, Warren Dockter, ‘Winston Churchill and the Islamic World: Early Encounters’, Historian, 101 (Spring 2009), pp. 19–21.
35 Ted Morgan, Churchill: Young Man in a Hurry, 1874–1915, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1982, p. 94.
36 Peter De Mendelssohn, The Age of Churchill: Heritage and Adventure, 1874–1911, Thames & Hudson, London, 1961, p. 103.
37 Roland Quinault, ‘Winston Churchill and Gibbon’, in R. McKitterick and R. Quinault (eds.), Edward Gibbon and Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 317–32. Quotation at 322.
38 In support of his claim about the Malakand expedition he quotes a letter from Churchill to his mother which in fact refers to the separate Tirah expedition, for which see below. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, Heinemann, London, 1991, pp. 80, 82; WSC to Lady Randolph, 19 Jan. 1898, CV I, part 2, p. 860.
39 Kirk Emmert, Winston S. Churchill on Empire, Carolina Academic Press, Durham NC, 1989, p. 9.
40 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, p. xii.
41 Review of The Story of the Malakand Field Force, United Service Gazette, Broadwater Collection.
42 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 28 (despatch of 21 Sept. 1897).
43 Both Churchill and Lady Randolph referred to the ‘5th letter’ as the controversial one, yet that comprised a description of military action with no contentious content; it is the seventh letter that tallies with their discussion.
44 WSC to Lady Randolph, [2 Nov.] 1897, CV I, part 2, pp. 813–14.
45 ‘Sir George White on Indian Frontier Policy’, The Times, 4 Oct. 1897.
46 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 65 (despatch of 16 Oct. 1897).
47 Review of The Story of the Malakand Field Force, United Service Gazette, Broadwater Collection.
48 WSC to Lady Randolph, 21 Oct. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 807. Martin Gilbert creates a misleading impression by quoting only the part from ‘Financially’ to ‘blunder’: Churchill’s Political Philosophy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981, p. 9.
49 WSC to Lady Randolph, [2 Nov.] 1897, CV I, part 2, p. 814.
50 WSC to Lord William Beresford, 2 Nov. [1897], ibid., p. 821.
51 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, p. 150.
52 Ibid., pp. 213–15.
53 ‘Impressions of Books’, Daily Mail, 15 March 1898; Review of
The Story of the Malakand Field Force, Outlook, 26 March 1898. The latter is in the Broadwater Collection.
54 Review of The Story of the Malakand Field Force, United Service Gazette, Broadwater Collection.
55 ‘With Sir Bindon Blood’, Pall Mall Gazette, 18 March 1898, Broadwater Collection.
56 Review of The Story of the Malakand Field Force, Review of Reviews, April 1898, Broadwater Collection.
57 ‘Indian Frontier Warfare’, Daily News, 14 March 1898, Broadwater Collection.
58 Review of The Story of the Malakand Field Force, Scotsman, 17 March 1898, Broadwater Collection.
59 ‘The Riddle of the Frontier’, Times of India, 5 May 1898, Broadwater Collection.
60 Lovat Fraser, ‘Winston as War Lord’, Sunday Pictorial, 15 April 1923. Emphasis in original.
61 WSC, ‘The Ethics of Frontier Policy’, United Service Magazine, Aug. 1898, in The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill, ed. Michael Wolff, Library of Imperial History, London, 1976, vol. I, p. 34.
62 WSC to Ian Hamilton, [?18 April 1898], CV I, part 2, p. 912.
63 WSC, My Early Life, p. 179.
64 Parliamentary Debates, House of Lords, 4th Series, vol. 53, 8 Feb. 1898, col. 42. Similarly, see ‘Mr [Arthur] Balfour in Manchester’, The Times, 11 Jan. 1898.
65 ‘Banquet at the Guildhall’, The Times, 10 Nov. 1888.
66 Churchill offered a very slight variant on Salisbury’s words as reported in The Times, and misdated the speech to 1892.
67 ‘Lord G. Hamilton on India’, The Times, 11 Nov. 1897.
68 ‘Sir H. H. Fowler on India’, The Times, 22 Nov. 1897.
69 Ian Hamilton, Listening for the Drums, Faber & Faber, London, 1944, pp. 238–9.
70 WSC to Lady Randolph, 19 Jan. 1898, CV I, part 2, p. 860.
71 George H. Cassar, ‘Hamilton, Sir Ian Standish Monteith (1853–1947)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004; online edition, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33668, accessed 17 Oct. 2007]; Ian B. M. Hamilton, The Happy Warrior: A Life of General Sir Ian Hamilton, Cassell, London, 1966, p. 458.
72 WSC, My Early Life, pp. 172–3; Hamilton, Listening for the Drums, p. 239.
73 Aylmer Haldane, A Soldier’s Saga, William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1948, p. 119.
74 WSC to Lady Randolph, 7 March [1898], CV I, part 2, p. 886.
75 WSC to Lady Randolph, 18 and 31 March [1898], ibid., pp. 891, 908.
76 Haldane, A Soldier’s Saga, pp. 119–20.
77 Hamilton, Listening for the Drums, p. 237.
78 Ibid., p. 239.
79 Haldane, A Soldier’s Saga, p. 120.
80 WSC, My Early Life, p. 174.
81 ‘Eyewitness’, ‘The Tirah Campaign’, Fortnightly Review, 375 (1 March 1898), pp. 390–400.
82 WSC, My Early Life, pp. 174–5; WSC to Lady Randolph, 31 March [1898], CV I, part 2, p. 908.
83 WSC, ‘The Tirah Campaign’, 30 March 1898, published in The Times, 3 May 1898, reproduced in CV I, part 2, pp. 903–6.
84 Westminster Gazette, 3 May 1898, Broadwater Collection. See also the Critic, 14 May 1898, and ‘Comments’, Broad Arrow, 7 May 1898.
85 Peter Clark, ‘The Battle of Omdurman in the Context of Sudanese History’, in Edward M. Spiers (ed.), Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised, Frank Cass, London, 1998, pp. 203–21, at 210–11; ’Ismat Hasan Zulfo, Karari: The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman, Frederick Warne, London, 1980, p. 27.
86 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 136 (despatch of 12 Sept. 1898).
87 Clark, ‘The Battle of Omdurman’, p. 208.
88 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 136 (despatch of 12 Sept. 1898).
89 See Spiers (ed.), Sudan, and also Terje Tvedt, The River Nile in the Age of the British: Political Ecology and the Quest for Economic Power, I. B. Tauris, London, 2004, ch. 1.
90 ‘Lord Kimberley on Foreign Affairs’, The Times, 28 Feb. 1898; ‘Lord Herschell at Brighton’, The Times, 1 March 1898.
91 WSC, The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan, 2 vols, Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1899, vol. I, p. 277.
92 G. W. Steevens, With Kitchener to Khartum, Thomas Nelson & Sons, London, n.d. (first published 1898), p. 72.
93 Ian F. W. Beckett, ‘Kitchener and the Politics of Command’, in Spiers, Sudan, pp. 35–53, at 42.
94 Matthews, ‘Heralds’, p. 149.
95 H. L. Mencken, Newspaper Days, 1899–1906 (1942), p. 12n, quoted ibid., p. 155.
96 WSC, My Early Life, p. 227.
97 Roger T. Stearn, ‘G. W. Steevens and the Message of Empire’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 17 (1989), pp. 210–31, at 225 and 231, n. 139.
98 WSC, My Early Life, pp. 227–8. G. W. Steevens, ‘From the New Gibbon’, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 165 (1899), pp. 241–9.
99 G. W. Steevens, ‘The Youngest Man in Europe’ (first published in the Daily Mail, 2 Dec. 1898), in Charles Eade (ed.), Churchill, By His Contemporaries, Reprint Society, London, 1955 (first published 1953), pp. 34–7.
100 For some perceptive observations, making the case in Churchill’s favour, see ‘The Historian of This War’, Toronto Daily Star, 31 March 1900.
101 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 278 (despatch of 10 March 1900).
102 WSC to Lady Randolph, 4 & 17 Sept. 1898, CV I, part 2, pp. 974, 982.
103 Zulfo, Karari, p. 94.
104 Michael Asher, Khartoum: The Ultimate Imperial Adventure, Penguin, London, 2006 (first published 2005), p. 401.
105 Clive Ponting, Churchill, Sinclair-Stevenson, London, 1994, p. 29.
106 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 112 (despatch of 6 Sept. 1898); WSC, My Early Life, pp. 203–10; WSC, River War, vol. II, pp. 138, 142–3.
107 WSC to Lady Randolph, 10 Aug. 1898, CV I, part 2, p. 963.
108 WSC to Lady Randolph, 4 Sept. 1898 and WSC to Ian Hamilton, 16 Sept. 1898, ibid., pp. 973, 978.
109 WSC to Lady Randolph, 17 Sept. 1898, ibid., p. 981.
110 John Pollock, Kitchener, Constable, London, 1998, p. 132.
111 Steevens, With Kitchener, pp. 344–5.
112 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 133 (despatch of 11 Sept. 1898).
113 Keith Wilson, ‘Young Winston’s Addisonian Conceit: A Note on the “War on the Nile” Letters’, in Spiers, Sudan, pp. 223–8, at 227.
114 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 149 (despatch of 20 Sept. 1898).
115 Ibid., p. 126 (despatch of 10 Sept. 1898).
116 Steevens, With Kitchener, p. 332. The sentiment had earlier been summarized by Kipling in a poem of 1890: ‘So ’ere’s to you, Fuzzy-Wuzzy, at your ’ome in the Soudan/You’re a pore benighted ’eathen but a first-class fightin’ man’.
117 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 126 (despatch of 10 Sept. 1898).
118 WSC to Hamilton, 16 Sept. 1898, CV I, part 2, p. 979.
119 ‘The Editor of Concord’ to the Westminster Gazette, 19 Oct. 1898; WSC to the Westminster Gazette, 24 Oct. 1898.
120 Ernest N. Bennett, The Downfall of the Dervishes, or, The Avenging of Gordon: Being a Personal Narrative of the Final Soudan Campaign of 1898, Negro Universities Press, New York, 1969 (first published 1898), p. 183.
121 Woods, Young Winston’s Wars, p. 114 (despatch of 8 Sept. 1898).
122 Ernest Bennett, ‘After Omdurman’, Contemporary Review, 75 (1899), pp. 18–33. Quotation at 23.
123 WSC to the Duke of Marlborough, 24 Jan. 1899, Marlborough Papers, 1/52.
124 WSC to Lady Randolph, 26 Jan. 1898, CV I, part 2, p. 1004.
125 WSC, River War, vol. II, pp. 195–7.
126 Churchill’s recollections were recorded by Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914: Part Two [1900–1914], London, Martin Secker, n.d., p. 400 (entry for 21 Oct. 1912).
127 WSC, My Early Life, p. 242.
128 ‘Midland Conservative Club: Mr Churchill’s Presidential Address’, Birmingham Da
ily Post, 2 June 1899.
129 ‘The Mahdi’s Head’, Daily News, 5 June 1899.
