by Richard Toye
130 WSC, River War, vol. II, pp. 212, 214.
131 See David Jablonsky, ‘Churchill’s Initial Experience with the British Conduct of Small Wars: India and the Sudan, 1897–98’, Small Wars and Insurgencies, 11 (2000), pp. 1–25.
132 WSC to Lord Salisbury 14 Aug. 1899, and Salisbury to WSC, 17 Aug. 1899, CV I, part 2, p. 1042.
133 Pollock, Kitchener, p. 150.
134 ‘The River War’, Daily Telegraph, 8 Nov. 1899 and ‘Pages in Waiting’, World, 8 Nov. 1899, both in Broadwater Collection.
135 F. I. Maxse, ‘Inaccurate History’, National Review, 35 (1900), pp. 262–75.
136 ‘The River War: Mr Winston Churchill’s Severe Criticism of Lord Kitchener’, Star, 7 Nov. 1899, Broadwater Collection.
137 Geoffrey Best, Churchill and War, Hambledon, London, 2005, p. 23. In 1950 a scholar wrote to Churchill asking him why the criticisms of Kitchener had been cut out; a reply from a secretary failed to give an answer. Churchill was not necessarily being evasive; he may have been too busy to give an explanation or, by this stage, he could have simply forgotten the reason. Marjorie Perham to WSC, n.d., and Jo Sturdee to Perham, 29 Jan. 1950, Marjorie Perham Papers, 295/9.
138 WSC, River War, vol. I, p. 19.
139 ‘The Real History of the Soudan War’, Pall Mall Gazette, 6 Nov. 1899 and ‘The River War’, Star, 7 Nov. 1899, both in Broadwater Collection.
140 WSC, The River War, vol. II, p. 396.
141 ‘Reviews: Out of Egypt’, Outlook, 18 Nov. 1899, Broadwater Collection.
142 WSC, The River War, vol. II, pp. 398–9.
143 Ibid., pp. 400–1.
144 WSC, ‘The Fashoda Incident’, North American Review, Dec. 1898, in Collected Essays, vol. I, p. 40.
145 Speech of 31 Oct. 1898.
146 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, p. 157.
3. A CONVENIENT WAY OF SEEING THE EMPIRE
1 Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965, Constable, London, 1966, p. 236.
2 ‘Mr Churchill – Imperialist!’, Observer, 6 Dec. 1908.
3 WSC to Curzon, n.d. but September/October 1899, Lord Curzon Papers, MS Eur. F111/272.
4 WSC, My Early Life: A Roving Commission [originally published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1930], CW, vol. I, pp. 108, 113.
5 WSC, ‘Our Account with the Boers’, n.d. but 1896–7, Churchill Papers, CHAR 1/19/2–20. Short extracts are quoted in Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. I: Youth, 1874–1900, Heinemann, London, 1966, pp. 449–50, and subsequent writers have generally relied on these.
6 ‘Cardiff Politics’, Western Mail, 18 May 1899.
7 Quoted in Lewis Broad, Winston Churchill, 1874–1951, Hutchinson, London, 1951, p. 25.
8 Quoted in ‘Echoes of the Fight: From Today’s Papers’, Oldham Daily Standard, 26 June 1899.
9 ‘In the Arena: Splendid Meeting at the Theatre Royal’, Oldham Daily Standard, 28 June 1899.
10 ‘Mr Churchill and the Government’, Oldham Evening Chronicle, 27 June 1899.
11 ‘The Conservative Candidates’, Manchester Guardian, 1 July 1899.
12 Paul Addison, Churchill: The Unexpected Hero, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 22; Roy Jenkins, Churchill, Macmillan, London, 2001, pp. 48–9; Clive Ponting, Churchill, Sinclair-Stevenson, London, 1994, p. 32; WSC, My Early Life, p. 239.
13 There is some discussion of this aspect of the campaign in Henry Pelling, Winston Churchill, Macmillan, London, 1974, pp. 71–3. See also Peter Clarke, Lancashire and the New Liberalism, Cambridge University Press, London, 1971, p. 43.
14 ‘The Conservative Candidates’, Manchester Guardian, 28 June 1899.
15 ‘The Oldham Election’, Oldham Evening Chronicle, 29 June 1899.
16 P. Harnetty, ‘The Indian Cotton Duties Controversy, 1894–1896’, English Historical Review, 77 (1962), pp. 684–702.
17 ‘Theatre Royal Meeting’, Oldham Daily Standard, 28 June 1899.
18 ‘At Greenacres Co-op’, Oldham Daily Standard, 30 June 1899.
19 Penderel Moon (ed.), Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1997, p. 12 (entry for 27 July 1943).
20 ‘The Men for Oldham’, Oldham Daily Standard, 26 June 1899.
21 ‘Mr Chamberlain on the Transvaal’, The Times, 27 June 1899.
22 Peter T. Marsh, Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1994, p. 464.
23 ‘The Oldham Election’, Manchester Guardian, 30 June 1899.
24 ‘Grand Meeting at Chadderton’, Oldham Daily Standard, 4 July 1899.
25 ‘At the Conservative Club’, Oldham Daily Standard, 7 July 1899.
26 Speech of 17 Aug. 1899.
27 See, for example, Bindon Blood to Lady Randolph Churchill, 28 Aug. 1899, Churchill Papers, CHAR 28/67/5–6: ‘No doubt there is plenty of gold in the Transvaal to pay all [war] expenses, and the business ought to be a very simple one if it is undertaken with sufficient means.’
28 WSC, My Early Life, p. 246.
29 Keith Surridge, Managing the South African War, 1899–1902: Politicians v. Generals, Royal Historical Society, London, 1998, p. 4.
30 WSC to Evelyn Wood, 10 Nov. 1899, CV I, part 2, p. 1059.
31 WSC, The Boer War: London to Ladysmith Via Pretoria/Ian Hamilton’s March [both titles originally published by Longman’s Green & Co, London, 1900], CW, vol. IV, p. 10 (despatch of 1 Nov. 1899).
32 Ibid., p. 19 (despatch of 6 Nov. 1899).
33 The best account of the episode is Celia Sandys, Churchill Wanted Dead or Alive, HarperCollins, London, 1999, ch. 5, to which I am indebted.
34 L. S. Amery, Days of Fresh Air, Jarrolds, London, 1939, pp. 141–2.
35 Aylmer Haldane, A Soldier’s Saga, William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1948, p. 142.
36 John Black Atkins, The Relief of Ladysmith, Methuen & Co., London, 1900, pp. 74–5.
37 Haldane, A Soldier’s Saga, p. 147.
38 See especially Peter Warwick, Black People and the South African War, 1899–1902, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983, and John Gooch (ed.), The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image, Frank Cass, London, 2000, chs 6 and 7.
39 Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1979, pp. 406–7.
40 M. K. Gandhi, An Autobiography, or, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Penguin, London, 1982 (first published 1927–9), p. 204.
41 William Nasson, ‘Africans at War’, in Gooch, Boer War, pp. 126–40, at 127.
42 WSC to Joseph Chamberlain, 16 Nov. 1900, CV I, part 2, p. 1216.
43 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 101, 21 Jan. 1902, col. 477.
44 Speech of 5 April 1906.
45 WSC, Boer War, pp. 60–1 (despatch of 30 Nov. 1899).
46 For example, Roland Quinault, ‘Churchill and Black Africa’, History Today, June 2005, pp. 31–6, at 33–4.
47 ‘Mr Winston Churchill’s Letters on the War’, Spectator, 26 May 1900, Broadwater Collection.
48 ‘Mr Winston Churchill’s Ladysmith Book’, Pall Mall Gazette, 15 May 1900.
49 Violet Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill as I Knew Him, Reprint Society, London, 1966 (first published 1965), p. 58.
50 ‘The Book of the War’, Freeman’s Journal, 15 May 1900, Broadwater Collection.
51 WSC, Boer War, p. 219 (despatch of 10 March 1900).
52 See H. R. Fox Bourne, Blacks and Whites in South Africa: An Account of the Past Treatment and Present Condition of South African Natives under British and Boer Control, 2nd edition, P. S. King & Son, London, 1900. For an alternative perspective, acknowledging multiple abuses in British areas but emphasizing that (unlike in the Transvaal) they did not receive legal sanction, see Josephine Butler, Native Races and the War, Gay & Bird, London, 1900.
53 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons’, 4th Series, vol. 77, 19 Oct. 1899, col. 271.
54 Speech of 22 Feb. 1906.
55 WSC, My Early
Life, p. 272.
56 Aylmer Haldane, How We Escaped from Pretoria, William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1901, p. 16.
57 WSC, ‘Our Account with the Boers’.
58 WSC to Bourke Cockran, 30 Nov. 1899, CV I, part 2, p. 1083.
59 J. W. B. Gunning to Louis de Souza, 22 Nov. 1899, Churchill Additional Papers, WCHL 2/1/12. An English translation of the letter and Churchill’s (undated) draft telegram can also be found in this file.
60 Sandys, Churchill Wanted, p. 84.
61 Aylmer Haldane, ‘Note’, 29 Oct. 1935, CV I, part 2, p. 1115.
62 ‘Our London Correspondence’, Manchester Guardian, 30 July 1900.
63 WSC, telegram of 21 Dec. 1899, in the Morning Post, 27 Dec. 1899.
64 Natal Mercury, 25 Dec. 1899, quoted in Sandys, Churchill Wanted, p. 137.
65 WSC, My Early Life, pp. 311, 313.
66 ‘Notes on the War’, Daily News, 30 Dec. 1899.
67 WSC, telegram of 23 Dec. 1899, in the Morning Post, 30 Dec. 1899.
68 ‘London Letter’, Western Mail, 16 June 1900.
69 WSC to Pamela Plowden, 10 Jan. 1900, CV I, part 2, p. 1144.
70 WSC, telegram to the Morning Post, 27 Jan. 1900, quoted in ‘Boer and Briton’, Freeman’s Journal, 2 Feb. 1900.
71 ‘Winston Churchill as Lecturer’, Western Mail, 1 Nov. 1900. Churchill also challenged the self-exculpatory account of Sir Charles Warren, who was in charge of the battle: ‘The Spion Kop Disaster’, Jackson’s Oxford Journal, 1 Sept. 1900.
72 William Birdwood to Janetta Birdwood, 12 March 1900, William Birdwood Papers, Ref 670/19–227. Emphasis in original.
73 ‘From Our Special Correspondent [in Cape Town]’, The Times, 9 April 1900.
74 ‘Straight Talk from a Times Correspondent’, Reynolds’s Newspaper, 15 April 1900; WSC, ‘The British Officer’, Pall Mall Magazine, 23 (1901), pp. 66–75, at 67.
75 Frederick Woods (ed.), Young Winston’s Wars: The Original Despatches of Winston S. Churchill, War Correspondent, 1897–1900, Leo Cooper, London, 1972, p. 272 (despatch of 9 March 1900).
76 Ibid., p. 284 (despatch of 10 March 1900).
77 ‘Current Notes’, Freeman’s Journal, 4 April 1900.
78 ‘The War’, Jackson’s Oxford Journal, 21 April 1900; ‘London Letter’, Western Mail, 18 April 1900.
79 See WSC, Boer War, p. 221 (despatch of 10 March 1900).
80 ‘Future of South Africa’, Western Mail, 7 March 1900, reproducing WSC to J. M. Maclean MP, 5 Feb. 1900; WSC, My Early Life, p. 316.
81 WSC to the Natal Witness, 29 March 1900, CV I, part 2, pp. 1163–4. Churchill’s telegram to the Morning Post of 24 March 1900 is reproduced in WSC, My Early Life, pp. 344–5.
82 Editorial, Manchester Guardian, 2 April 1900.
83 ‘The Halt at Ladysmith: From the Chronicle War Correspondent to the Leeds Mercury’ (despatch of 4 April), Leeds Mercury, 30 April 1900.
84 ‘London Correspondence’, Freeman’s Journal, 6 April 1900.
85 Jack Churchill to Lady Randolph, 3 April 1900, CV I, part 2, pp. 1165–6.
86 Ian Hamilton, Listening for the Drums, Faber & Faber, London, 1944, p. 248.
87 ‘Mr Winston Churchill Home from the Front’, Jackson’s Oxford Journal, 28 July 1900.
88 ‘Mr Winston Churchill at Oldham’, Manchester Guardian, 26 July 1900.
89 WSC to Milner, 8 September 1900 (typed copy), Alfred Milner Papers, Dep. 184, ff. 112–14.
90 Alfred Milner to WSC, 8 Oct. 1900, CV I, part 2, p. 1209.
91 ‘A Timely Intervention’, Manchester Guardian, 21 Aug. 1900, repeating a story from the Westminster Gazette. For evidence on the leaflet, see ‘Politics and Society’, Leeds Mercury, 21 Sept. 1900.
92 ‘Soldiers of the Empire’, Oldham Daily Standard, 20 Sept. 1900.
93 ‘Mr Winston Churchill at Cardiff’, Western Mail, 30 Nov. 1900.
94 WSC, ‘To the Electors of the Parliamentary Borough of Oldham’, Oldham Daily Standard, 24 Sept. 1900.
95 The most useful comments are to be found in Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–1955, Pimlico, London, 1993 (first published by Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 13.
96 WSC, ‘To the Electors of the Parliamentary Borough of Oldham’, Oldham Daily Standard, 24 Sept. 1900; ‘Under the Unionist Flag’, Oldham Daily Standard, 25 Sept. 1900.
97 See Paul Readman, ‘The Conservative Party, Patriotism, and British Politics: The Case of the General Election of 1900’, Journal of British Studies, 40 (2001), pp. 107–45.
98 ‘Soldiers of the Empire’, Oldham Daily Standard, 20 Sept. 1900.
99 ‘Turtle for Tories’, Oldham Evening Chronicle, 21 Sept. 1900.
100 ‘Politics and Society’, Leeds Mercury, 21 Sept. 1900.
101 WSC, My Early Life, p. 374.
102 ‘New Book by Mr Winston Churchill MP’ (review of Ian Hamilton’s March), Glasgow Herald, 12 Oct. 1900.
103 WSC to Lord Rosebery, 4 Oct. 1900, CV I, part 2, p. 1206.
104 Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. I, p. 541.
105 ‘Mr Winston Churchill, MP at Middlesbro’, Northern Echo, 12 Nov. 1900.
106 ‘Mr Winston Churchill in Leeds’, Leeds Mercury, 16 Nov. 1900. Joubert, who had been Commandant General of the Transvaal, had in fact died in March.
107 ‘Statement by Mr Cockran’, New York Times, 15 Dec. 1900.
108 ‘How Lieut. Churchill Escaped from the Boers’, New York Times, 13 Dec. 1900.
109 WSC, My Early Life, p. 375.
110 Montreal Gazette, 24 Dec. 1900, quoted in David Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’: Winston Churchill in Canada, 1900–1954, Thomas Allen, Toronto, 2005, p. 13.
111 Moran, Struggle for Survival, p. 19.
112 Gustav Ohlinger, ‘Winston Spencer Churchill: A Midnight Interview’, Michigan Quarterly Review, 5 (1966), pp. 75–9. Quotation at 77.
113 WSC to Milner, 31 Dec. 1900, Milner Papers, Dep. 184, ff. 155–7.
114 WSC, My Early Life, p. 369.
115 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 89, 18 Feb. 1901, col. 406.
116 Ibid., col. 408.
117 WSC to the editor of The Times, 25 June 1901 (published 28 June), CV II, part 1, p. 75. Emphasis in original.
118 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 89, 18 Feb. 1901, col. 407.
119 WSC, My Early Life, p. 379.
120 WSC to Milner 17 March 1901, quoted in Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, pp. 17–18.
121 Speech of 4 Oct. 1901.
122 ‘Sir E. Grey on Political Questions’, The Times, 12 Oct. 1901.
123 Montreal Gazette, 24 Dec. 1900, quoted in Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’, p. 16.
124 WSC, My Early Life, p. 249.
125 ‘Mr Winston Churchill MP at Oldham’, Manchester Guardian, 20 May 1901.
4. THAT WILD WINSTON
1 Ramsay MacDonald to the Leicester Pioneer, quoted in ‘Mr Churchill and the Colonies’, The Times, 21 March 1906.
2 Quoted in ‘Mr Winston Churchill’s Indiscretions’, Public Opinion, 23 March 1906.
3 ‘Lord Elgin and South African Affairs’, Wanganui Herald, 27 April 1906.
4 Editorial, The Times, 26 April 1906.
5 Quoted in ‘Mr Churchill’s Speech: Strong Colonial Comments’, The Times, 17 March 1906.
6 Lord Selborne to Lord Northcote, 15 July 1906, D. George Boyce (ed.), The Crisis of British Power: The Imperial and Naval Papers of the Second Earl of Selborne, 1895–1910, The Historians’ Press, London, 1990, p. 273.
7 ‘Mr Winston Churchill’, Tuapeka Times, 17 February 1906.
8 WSC to Lady Randolph, 6 April [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 751.
9 ‘Mr Winston Churchill, MP’, Manchester Guardian, 20 May 1901.
10 The following account draws on Lowell J. Satre, ‘St John Brodrick and Army Reform, 1901–1903’, Journal of British Studies, 15 (1976), pp. 117–39.
11 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 93, 13 May 1901,
cols. 1571, 1573.
12 Ibid., col. 310.
13 See especially ‘The Problem of the Army, I: The Military Position of the Empire’, The Times, 21 Jan. 1903 and ‘The Problem of the Army, XI: Summary’, The Times, 24 Feb. 1903. The articles were originally anonymous, but Amery subsequently published them under his own name as The Problem of the Army (1903). See also WSC to Leo Amery, 10 Jan. 1903, Leo Amery Papers, 2/1/31.
