by Richard Toye
145 ‘Punjab Press Abstract’, 33, 29 (Lahore, 17 July 1920), pp. 283–4, IOR/L/R/5/202, quoting the Lahore Tribune, 13 July 1920.
146 Herman, Gandhi & Churchill, p. 258.
147 Elspeth Huxley, White Man’s Country: Lord Delamere and the Making of Kenya, vol. II: 1914–1931, Chatto & Windus, 1953 (first published 1935), p. 121.
148 WSC to Edwin Montagu, 8 Oct. 1921, CV IV, part 3, p. 1469.
149 Montagu to WSC 17 June 1921, ibid., pp. 1515–16.
150 ‘Proceedings of a Deputation’, 9 Aug. 1921, NA, CO 533/270.
151 WSC to Montagu, 8 Oct. 1921, CV IV, part 3, pp. 1644–5.
152 Montagu to WSC, 12 Oct. 1921, ibid., p. 1649.
153 Huxley, White Man’s Country, vol. II, pp. 126–7.
154 ‘Indians in East Africa’, The Times, 28 Jan. 1922.
155 Montagu to WSC, 31 Jan. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 1747.
156 Conclusions of a Conference of Ministers held on 13 Feb. 1922, NA, CAB 23/39.
157 ‘Impressions and Views of Speeches’, East African Standard, 4 Feb. 1922.
158 ‘Mr Churchill’s Masters and Ours’, East African Standard (weekly edition), 26 Aug. 1922.
159 ‘Mr Montagu’s Reply’, The Times, 13 March 1922.
160 ‘India and Mr Montagu’, ibid.
161 Robert M. Maxon, ‘The Devonshire Declaration: The Myth of Missionary Intervention’, History in Africa, 18 (1991), pp. 259–70, at p. 262.
162 ‘A Dangerous Despatch’, East African Standard, 19 Aug. 1922.
163 An unnamed Indian civil servant, quoted in Huxley, White Man’s Country, vol. II, p. 135.
164 This was embodied in the so-called ‘Devonshire Declaration’, which gave the settlers what they wanted over the highlands and the question of voting, but not over segregation. The immigration issue was fudged. Cleverly, the declaration sidestepped the question of equality between Whites and Indians by stating that the welfare of Africans in the country was to be considered paramount and that, where there was a conflict of interest with those of ‘the immigrant races’, African interests were to prevail. In practice, however, the Whites remained dominant. ‘Indians in Kenya’, Cmd. 1922, July 1923, p. 10; Maxon, ‘The Devonshire Declaration’, p. 259.
165 WSC, despatch of 5 Sept. 1921, in the Official Gazette of the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, 19 Oct. 1921.
166 H. R. Tate, Provincial Commissioner of Kenya Province, quoted in Bruce Berman, Control and Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of Domination, East African Educational Publishers, Nairobi, 1990, p. 153.
167 Harry Thuku, An Autobiography, Oxford University Press, Nairobi, 1970, pp. 32–3.
168 Anthony Clayton and Donald C. Savage, Government and Labour in Kenya, 1895–1963, Frank Cass, London, 1974, p. 121.
169 A. C. C. Parkinson, memorandum reviewing Thuku’s case, 17 June 1929, NA, CO 533/388/9; Martin L. Kilson, Jr., ‘Land and the Kikuyu: A Study of the Relationship between Land and Kikuyu Political Movements’, Journal of Negro History, 40 (1955), pp. 103–53, n. 105.
170 ‘Papers relating to native disturbances in Kenya’, March, 1922, Cmd. 1691, 1922.
171 Press communiqué, 16 Sept. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 1994.
172 W. M. Hughes, The Splendid Adventure: A Review of Empire Relations Within and Without the Commonwealth of Britannic Nations, Ernest Benn, London, 1929, p. 243; Freudenberg, Churchill and Australia, pp. 161–4.
173 ‘The Call to the Empire’, The Times, 26 Sept. 1922.
174 J. C. Smuts to WSC, 13 Oct. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 2086.
175 W. L. Mackenzie King diary, 17 Sept. 1922.
176 Ibid., 4 Oct. 1922.
177 ‘The Spotlight: Winston Churchill’, Toronto Daily Star, 22 Sept. 1922.
178 WSC to J. C. Robertson, 27 Oct. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 2095.
179 ‘The Near East: Pronouncement by Mr Bonar Law’, The Times, 7 Oct. 1922.
180 WSC, The Second World War, vol. I: The Gathering Storm [first published by Cassell, London, 1948], CW, vol. XXII, p. 14.
181 Cecil Harmsworth diary, 19 Oct. 1922, Cecil Harmsworth Papers.
182 ‘Dominions and Elections’, The Times, 20 Nov. 1922.
183 Mackenzie King diary, 19 Oct. 1922.
184 ‘Dominions and Elections’, The Times, 20 Nov. 1922.
185 John Ramsden, Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945, HarperCollins, London, 2002, p. 438.
186 Mackenzie King diary, 26 Jan. 1923.
187 Quoted in Vaidehi Ramanathan, ‘Gandhi, Non-Cooperation, and Socio-civic Education in Gujarat, India: Harnessing the Vernaculars’, Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 5 (2006), pp. 229–50, at 237.
188 WSC to Curzon, note passed in Cabinet, 4 July 1921, CV IV, part 3, p. 1543.
6. DIEHARD
1 H. G. Wells, ‘The Future of the British Empire’, Empire Review, 38 (1923), pp. 1071–9. Quotation at p. 1078.
2 Winston Churchill, ‘Mr H. G. Wells and the British Empire’, Empire Review, 38 (1923), pp. 1217–23. Quotations at p. 1218.
3 H. G. Wells, ‘Winston’, 10 Nov. 1923, in A Year of Prophesying (T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1924), pp. 52–6. Quotation at p. 54. This article was originally published in the Westminster Gazette.
4 David C. Smith, ‘Winston Churchill and H. G. Wells: Edwardians in the Twentieth Century’, Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardien, 30 (1989), pp. 93–116, at 104.
5 H. G. Wells, ‘An Open Letter to an Elector in N.W. Manchester’, Daily News, 21 April 1908; WSC to H. G. Wells, 16 April 1908, H. G. Wells Papers, C-238–1.
6 WSC, ‘Mr H. G. Wells and the British Empire’, pp. 1218, 1221.
7 Wells, ‘Winston’, p. 54.
8 WSC, ‘Mr H. G. Wells and the British Empire’, p. 1223.
9 Lord Derby diary, 25 Oct. 1922 (copy), Randolph Churchill Papers, 3/6/1/5.
10 Speech of 16 Nov. 1923.
11 Speech of 17 Nov. 1923.
12 WSC to Stanley Baldwin, 7 March 1924, CV V, part 1, p. 119.
13 Speech of 18 March 1924, quoted in Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. V: 1922–1939, Heinemann, London, 1976, p. 36.
14 ‘Westminster Election News’, 2 (March 1924), Edward Spears Papers, 1/76. This was a Labour Party publication.
15 W. L. Mackenzie King diary, 7 Nov. 1924.
16 Speech of 25 Sept. 1924.
17 Gertrude Bell to Hugh Bell, 8 April 1925, Gertrude Bell online archive.
18 John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.), The Leo Amery Diaries, vol. I: 1896–1929, Hutchinson, London, 1980, p. 423 (entry for 19 Oct. 1925).
19 See, for example, the letters in the Stanley Baldwin Papers from Amery to Baldwin of 28 Jan. 1926 (vol. 92, ff. 196–9), 27 Feb. 1926 (vol. 96, ff. 108–10), 29 March 1926 (vol. 93, ff. 244–5), 11 April 1927 (vol. 94, ff. 69–70) and 26 Nov. 1928 (vol. 97, ff. 19–20).
20 Leo Amery to Baldwin, 10 April 1927, Leo Amery Papers, 2/1/13.
21 WSC to Amery, 30 April 1927, CV V, part 1, p. 995.
22 Amery to J. C. Smuts, 26 June 1929, Leo Amery Papers, 2/2/24.
23 Churchill did, in fact, impose a range of new duties, bringing him criticism from free traders; but there was no general tariff, nor was there protection for the all-important iron and steel industry. See Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–1955, Pimlico, London, 1993 (first published by Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 274.
24 WSC to Worthington-Evans, 14 July 1928, Laming Worthington-Evans Papers, MSS. Eng. Hist. c.896, ff. 25–6.
25 Stephen Constantine, The Making of British Colonial Development Policy, 1914–1940, Frank Cass, London, 1984, pp. 138–58.
26 Speech of 28 April 1925.
27 Martin Daunton, Just Taxes: The Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1914–1979, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, p. 135.
28 This assumption is questionable given, for example, the popularity of the British Empire Exhibition held at Wembley in 1924–5. See, however, Bernard Porter, The Absent-Minded Imperialists:
Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004, pp. 265–6.
29 ‘Imperial Conference, 1926: Summary of Proceedings’, Cmd. 2768, 1926, p. 14.
30 Speech of 3 Jan. 1927.
31 Baldwin to Lord Irwin, 25 Feb. 1929, in Philip Williamson and Edward Baldwin (eds.), Baldwin Papers: A Conservative Statesman, 1908–1947, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004, p. 214.
32 Lord Irwin to Stanley Baldwin, 28 March 1929, CV V, part 2, p. 1452.
33 WSC, draft memoirs, CV V, part 1, p. 1431.
34 Amery to Neville Chamberlain, 4 May 1929, Leo Amery Papers, 2/3/6.
35 In the words of Clement Attlee (as recalled by Harold Wilson in 1983): ‘Trouble with Winston: nails his trousers to the mast. Can’t climb down.’ Quoted in Matthew Parris and Phil Mason, Read My Lips: A Treasury of Things Politicians Wish They Hadn’t Said, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1997 (first published 1996), p. 13.
36 Speech of 26 July 1929.
37 WSC, draft memoirs, CV V, part 2, pp. 25–6.
38 Mackenzie King diary, 15 Aug. 1929.
39 ‘The Goal in India’, The Times, 1 Nov. 1929.
40 Samuel Hoare to Irwin, 13 Nov. 1929, CV V part 2, p. 111.
41 ‘The Peril in India’, Daily Mail, 16 Nov. 1929, reproduced with the title ‘Dominion Status’, in WSC, India: Speeches and an Introduction, Thornton Butterworth, London, 1931, pp. 29–35, quotations at 34–5.
42 ‘Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform (Session 1932–33)’, vol. I, HMSO, London, 1933, p. 1777.
43 Speech of 30 Jan. 1931.
44 Broadcast of 30 Jan. 1935, CV V, part 2, p. 1055.
45 Speech of 11 Dec. 1930.
46 WSC to Lord Linlithgow, 7 May 1933, CV V, part 2, pp. 595–6.
47 See, for example, Baldwin’s remarks in Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 249, 12 March 1931, cols. 1423–4.
48 WSC, India, p.5.
49 Ibid., p. 7.
50 WSC to Edwin Montagu, 8 Oct. 1921, CV IV, part 3, p. 1644. In his reply of 12 October Montagu stated that the ‘accepted policy of HM’s Government is the achievement in due course by India of Dominion status, and I have never understood that you were an opponent of this’; on the contrary he had believed Churchill approved of it (ibid., p. 1650).
51 John Julius Norwich (ed.), The Duff Cooper Diaries, 1915–1951, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2005, p. 133 (entry for 4 Nov. 1920).
52 Minutes of a conference of ministers, 9 Feb. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 1763.
53 Churchill’s speech of 15 June 1921 quoted by Irwin: ‘India’s Debt To Britain’, The Times, 20 July 1931.
54 Neville Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 18 June 1921, in Robert Self (ed.), The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, vol. II: The Reform Years, 1921–1927, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2000, p. 65. Unfortunately, Chamberlain did not record Sastri’s precise words.
55 WSC to Baldwin, 24 Sept. 1930, CV V, part 2, p. 186.
56 ‘Editor’s introduction’ in Mrinalini Sinha (ed.), Katherine Mayo: Selections from ‘Mother India’, Kali for Women, New Delhi, 1998, pp. 1–64; Katherine Mayo, Mother India, Jonathan Cape, London, 1927, p. 38.
57 Victor Cazalet diary, 10 Aug. 1927, in Robert Rhodes James, Victor Cazalet: A Portrait, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1976, p. 120.
58 Roger Keyes to WSC, 23 March 1931 and WSC to Katherine Mayo, 9 March 1935, CV V, part 2, pp. 309, 1111.
59 Speech of 18 March 1931.
60 His most prominent Muslim supporter was Waris Ameer Ali, a former judge who lived in London after his retirement in 1929 and who served on the Council of the Indian Empire Society.
61 John Campbell, F. E. Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead, Jonathan Cape, London, 1983, p. 516.
62 Lord Birkenhead to Lord Reading, 5 March 1925, quoted ibid., p. 734.
63 WSC, draft memoirs, CV V, part 1, p. 1432.
64 WSC, Great Contemporaries [first published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1937], CW, vol. XVI, p. 110.
65 WSC, ‘The Palestine Crisis’, Sunday Times, 22 Sept. 1929, in The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill, ed. Michael Wolff, 4 vols., Library of Imperial History, London, 1976, vol. II, pp. 168–71, quotation at 169.
66 WSC, ‘Will the British Empire Last?’, Answers, 26 Oct. 1929, ibid., pp. 172–5, quotation at 175.
67 Kenneth Young (ed.), The Diaries of Sir Bruce Lockhart, vol I: 1915–1938, Macmillan, London, 1973, p. 132 (entry for 23 Oct. 1930).
68 On the collapse of free trade culture in Britain at this time see Frank Trentmann, Free Trade Nation: Commerce, Consumption, and Civil Society in Modern Britain, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008, chs 4–7.
69 Baldwin to J. C. C. Davidson, 13 Nov. 1930, CV V, part 2, p. 222.
70 Speech of 11 Dec. 1930.
71 WSC to Abe Bailey, 19 Dec. 1930, Churchill Papers, CHAR 2/169/64.
72 John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.), The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945, Hutchinson, London, 1988, p. 146 (entry for 30 Jan. 1931).
73 Speech of 23 Feb. 1931.
74 Speech of 18 March 1931.
75 Speech of 11 Dec. 1930.
76 MKG, ‘The Loin-Cloth’, Young India, 30 April 1931, in Collected Works, 100 vols., Government of India Publications Division, New Delhi, 1960–94, vol. XLVI, pp. 54–6.
77 WSC to Clementine Churchill, 26 Feb. 1931, in Mary Soames (ed.), Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill, Doubleday, London, 1998, p. 354.
78 Lord Halifax, Fulness of Days, Collins, London, 1957, p. 151.
79 Austen Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 7 March 1931, in Robert Self (ed.), The Correspondence of Sir Austen Chamberlain with His Sisters Hilda and Ida, 1916–1937, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Historical Society, Cambridge, 1995, p. 365.
80 ‘Indian Affairs in London’, Statesman, 20 March 1931.
81 Both quoted in ‘Note on the Press: United Provinces of Agra and Oudh’, 12 (of 1931: week ending 21 March), IOR/L/R/5/99.
82 ‘St George’s for England’, Times of India, 21 March 1931.
83 Harcourt Butler, India Insistent, London, Heinemann, 1931, p. vii.
84 Arnold Gyde to Harcourt Butler, 24 Aug. 1931, Harcourt Butler Papers, MS Eur. F116/86.
85 WSC, ‘India Insistent’, Daily Mail, 7 Sept. 1931, in Collected Essays, vol. II, pp. 228–32, quotation at 228.
86 Quoted in ‘Note on the Press: United Provinces of Agra and Oudh’, 36 (of 1931: week ending 5 September), IOR/L/R/5/99.
87 MKG, interview to Associated Press, 11 Sept. 1931, in Collected Works, vol. XLVII, p. 418.
88 MKG, interview to the press, 12 Sept. 1931, in Collected Works, vol. XLVIII, p. 7.
89 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 259, 20 Nov. 1931, col. 1198.
90 Ibid., vol. 260, 3 Dec. 1931, col. 1300.
91 Samuel Hoare to Lord Willingdon, 3 Dec. 1931, CV V, part 2, p. 381.
92 Speech of 25 May 1932, ibid., p. 435.
93 Speech of 29 Sept. 1931.
94 Barnes and Nicolson, Empire at Bay, p. 384 (entry for 19 July 1934); Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, p. 306.
95 Amery to Hoare, 1 June 1934, IOR/L/PO/11/14, f. 75.
96 David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War, Allen Lane, London, 2004, p. 105.
97 ‘Proposals for Indian constitutional reform’, Cmd. 4268, March 1933.
98 Ian St John, ‘Writing to the Defence of Empire: Winston Churchill’s Press Campaign against Constitutional Reform in India, 1929–35’, in Chandrika Kaul (ed.), Media and the British Empire, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2006, pp. 104–24.
99 D. J. Wenden, ‘Churchill, Radio, and Cinema’, in Robert Blake and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.), Churchill, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993, pp. 215–39, at 219.
100 Robert Rhodes James (ed.), Memoirs of a Conservative: J. C. C. Davidson’s Memoirs and Papers, 1910–37, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Lo
ndon, 1969, p. 384.
101 As related in J. H. Morgan to A. C. Murray, 4 Dec. 1949, quoted in Paul Addison, Churchill: The Unexpected Hero, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005, p. 134. Emphasis in original.
