CONTENTS
PREFACE.
VOLUME I
CHAPTER I.
EARLY CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE BRONTËS.
CHAPTER II.
MRS. BRONTË.
CHAPTER III.
THE REV. PATRICK BRONTË.
CHAPTER IV.
THE GIRLHOOD OF THE BRONTË SISTERS.
CHAPTER V.
BRANWELL’S BOYHOOD.
CHAPTER VI.
THE LITERARY TASTES OF THE CHILDREN.
CHAPTER VII.
YOUTH.
CHAPTER VIII.
ART-AIMS OF THE BRONTËS.
CHAPTER IX.
CHARLOTTE AT ROE HEAD.
CHAPTER X.
BRANWELL BRONTË AND HIS SISTERS’ BIOGRAPHERS.
CHAPTER XI.
BRANWELL AT BRADFORD.
CHAPTER XII.
LITERARY INFLUENCES AND ASPIRATIONS.
CHAPTER XIII.
EARLY POEMS.
CHAPTER XIV.
POEMS ON ‘CAROLINE.’
CHAPTER XV.
EVENTS AT THE PARSONAGE.
CHAPTER XVI.
BRANWELL AT BROUGHTON-IN-FURNESS.
CHAPTER XVII.
BRANWELL AT SOWERBY BRIDGE. — CHARLOTTE’S EXERTIONS.
CHAPTER XVIII.
BRANWELL’S POETRY, 1842.
VOLUME II
CHAPTER I.
CHARLOTTE AND EMILY IN BRUSSELS.
CHAPTER II.
OTHER POEMS.
CHAPTER III.
A MISPLACED ATTACHMENT.
CHAPTER IV.
‘BRANWELL’S FALL,’ AS SET FORTH IN THE BIOGRAPHIES OF HIS SISTERS.
CHAPTER V.
BRANWELL’S PROJECTED NOVEL.
CHAPTER VI.
‘REAL REST.’ — ‘PENMAENMAWR.’
CHAPTER VII.
THE SISTERS’ POEMS AND NOVELS. — BRANWELL’S LITERARY OCCUPATIONS.
CHAPTER VIII.
DESPONDENCY. — BRANWELL’S LETTERS.
CHAPTER IX.
BRANWELL’S LETTERS AND LAST INTERVIEW WITH MR. GRUNDY.
CHAPTER X.
BRANWELL BRONTË AND ‘WUTHERING HEIGHTS.’
CHAPTER XI.
BRANWELL BRONTË AND ‘THE TENANT OF WILDFELL HALL.’
CHAPTER XII.
BRANWELL’S FAILINGS. — PUBLICATION OF ‘JANE EYRE.’
CHAPTER XIII.
BRANWELL’S LATER POETICAL WORKS.
CHAPTER XIV.
FAME AT HAWORTH.
CHAPTER XV.
DEATH OF BRANWELL.
CHAPTER XVI.
BRANWELL’S CHARACTER.
PREFACE.
It has long seemed to me that the history of the Brontë family is incomplete, and, in some senses, not well understood. Those who have written upon it — as I shall have occasion to point out in these pages — have had certain objects in view, which have, perhaps necessarily, led them to give undue weight to special points and to overlook others. Thus it happens that, though there are in the hands of the public several able works on the Brontës, there are many circumstances relating to them that are yet in comparative obscurity. Especially has injustice been done to one member of the family — Patrick Branwell Brontë — whose life has several times been treated by those who have had some other object in view; and, through a misunderstanding of the character of the brother, the sisters, Anne in particular, have been put, in some respects, in a false light also. This circumstance, coupled with the fact that I am in possession of much new information, and am able to print here a considerable quantity of unknown poetry from Branwell’s hand, has induced me to write this work. Those of his poems which are included in these volumes are placed in dealing with the periods of his life in which they were written, for I felt that, however great might be the advantages of putting them together in a complete form, much more would be lost both to the interest of the poems and the life of their author in doing so. Branwell’s poems, more, perhaps, than those of any other writer, are so clearly expressive of his feelings at the time of their writing, that a correct view of his character is only to be obtained by looking upon them as parts of his life-history, which indeed they are. And, moreover, when we consider the circumstances under which any of these were written, our understanding and appreciation of the subject must necessarily be much fuller and truer. It has not escaped the attention of writers on the Brontë story that Branwell had an important influence on his sisters; and, though I maintain it to have been essentially different from what others allege, it would not be possible to do justice either to him or to them without saying a good deal about his character.
I have felt it right, in these pages, to some extent also, to re-consider the character of the Rev. Patrick Brontë, which has, along with that of his son, suffered unfair treatment in the biographies of his daughters. I have likewise entered upon some account of the local circumstances of art and literature which surrounded the Brontës, an element in their history which has hitherto been unknown, but is especially necessary to a right understanding of the life and work of Branwell Brontë and his sisters. These circumstances, and the altered view I have taken of the tone of the lives of Mr. Brontë and his son, have obliged me to deal more fully than would otherwise have been necessary with the early years of the Brontës, but I venture to hope that this may be atoned for by the new light I have thus been enabled to throw on some important points. There are published here, for the first time, a series of letters which Branwell Brontë addressed to an intimate friend, J. B. Leyland, sculptor, who died in 1851, and it is with these that a fresh insight is obtained into an interesting period of Branwell’s life.
I am largely indebted in some parts of my work, especially those which deal with the lives of the sisters, to Mrs. Gaskell’s fascinating ‘Life of Charlotte Brontë’; and it is a source of sincere regret to me that I am compelled to differ from that writer on many points. I am likewise indebted in parts to Mr. T. Wemyss Reid’s admirable ‘Charlotte Brontë: a Monograph,’ a work which has corrected several errors and misconceptions into which Mrs. Gaskell had fallen. The reader will perceive that I am obliged in several places to combat the theories and question the statements of Miss A. Mary F. Robinson in her ‘Emily Brontë,’ a book which, nevertheless, so far as its special subject is concerned, is a worthy contribution to the history of the Brontës.
I have also found of much use, in writing this work, an article entitled ‘Branwell Brontë,’ which Mr. George Searle Phillips — ‘January Searle’ — published in the ‘Mirror’ in 1872. The chapter in Mr. Francis H. Grundy’s ‘Pictures of the Past’ on Branwell Brontë, has likewise been of the greatest service to me. Both these gentlemen were Branwell’s personal friends, and to them I gladly acknowledge my indebtedness.
Among many other sources of information respecting the Brontës, of which I have availed myself in writing these pages, I may mention Hours at Home, ‘Unpublished Letters of Charlotte Brontë’; Scribner, ‘Reminiscences of Charlotte Brontë’; the Athenæum, ‘Notices and Letters,’ by Mr. A. C. Swinburne, and ‘One of the Survivors of the Brontë-Branwell Family.’ To this lady I must also express my obligation for her very kind letter to me.
In the preparation of my work I have been greatly assisted by the information, and encouraged by the sympathy, of several who had personal knowledge of Patrick Branwell Brontë, and who have supported the view I have taken of his life and character, and also who had like knowledge of the other members of the Brontë family. Among these, I have to express my sincere thanks to Mr. H. Merrall and to Mr. William Wood, who were early acquaintances of Branwell; also to Mr. William Dearden. To Mr. J. H. Thompson and Mrs. Thornton I am greatly indebted for information respecting Branwell’s sojourn in Bradford. I have likewise derived much information from the family of the Browns, now all deceased, except Mrs. Brown, to whom I have to express my obligation. I have also gained much reliable information from Nancy Garrs, now Mrs. Wainwright, the nurse of
the Brontës, and to her I must especially express my thanks. To these, I must not omit to add my deep and sincere thanks to those who will not permit me to mention them by name, for the unwearied assistance, counsel, and literary judgment which they have as cheerfully, as they have ably, rendered.
F. A. L.
Oakwood, Skircoat, Halifax,
October, 1885.
VOLUME I
CHAPTER I.
EARLY CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE BRONTËS.
Brontë Genius — Patrick Brontë — His Birthplace — His early Endeavours — Ordained — Presented to Hartshead — High Town — His Courtship and Marriage — Removes to Thornton — His House — Thornton Chapel — Mrs. Brontë’s failing Health — Mr. Brontë Accepts the Living of Haworth — Rudeness of the Inhabitants — Local Fights between Haworth and Heptonstall — Description of Haworth — Mrs. Brontë dies.
Not many stories of literary success have attracted so much interest, and are in themselves so curious and enthralling, as that of the Brontë sisters. The question has often been asked how it came about that these children, who were brought up in distant solitude, and cut off, in a manner, from intellectual life, who had but a partial opportunity of studying mankind, and scarcely any knowledge of the ways of the outside world, were enabled, with searching hands, to dissect the finest meshes of the passions, to hold up in the clearest light the springs of human action, and to depict, with nervous power, the most masculine and forcible aspects of character. The solution has been sought in the initiatory strength and inherent mental disposition of the sisters, framed and moulded by the weird and rugged surroundings of their youth, and tinged with lurid light and vivid feeling by the misfortunes and sins of their unhappy brother. To illustrate these several points, the biographers of Charlotte and Emily Brontë have explained, as the matter admitted of explanation, the intellectual beginnings and capability of the sisters, have painted in sombre colours the story of their friendless childhood, and lastly, with no lack of honest condemnation, have told us as much as they knew of the sad history of Patrick Branwell Brontë, their brother. It is a curious fact that this brother, who was looked upon by his family as its brightest ornament and hope, should be named in these days only in connection with his sisters, and then but with apology, condemnation, or reproach. In the course of this work, in which Branwell Brontë will be traced from his parentage to his death, we shall find the explanation of this circumstance; but we shall find, also, that, despite his failings and his sins, his intellectual gifts, as they are testified by his literary promise and his remains, entitle him to a high place as a worthy member of that extraordinary family. It will be seen, moreover, that his influence upon Charlotte, Emily, and Anne was not what has been generally supposed, and that other circumstances, besides their own domestic troubles, inspired them to write their masterpieces.
The father of these gifted authors, Patrick Brontë, whose life and personal characteristics well deserve study, was a native of the county Down. He was born on St. Patrick’s Day, 1777; and, after an infancy passed at the house of his father, Hugh Brontë, or Brunty, at Ahaderg — one of the ten children who made a noisy throng in the home of his parents — he opened, at the age of sixteen, a village school at Drumgooland, in the same county. In this occupation he continued after he had attained his majority, and was never a tutor, as Mrs. Gaskell supposes; but, being ambitious of a clerical life, through the assistance of his patron, Mr. Tighe, incumbent of Drumgooland and Drumballyroony, in the county of Down, he was admitted to St. John’s College, Cambridge, on the 1st of October in the year 1802, when he had attained his twenty-fifth year. At Cambridge we may infer that he led an active life. It is known that he joined a volunteer corps raised to be in readiness for the French invasion, threatened at the time. After a four years’ sojourn at his college, having graduated as a bachelor of arts, in the year 1806, he was ordained, and appointed to a curacy in Essex, where he is said not to have stayed long.
The perpetual curacy of Hartshead, in the West-Riding of Yorkshire, having become vacant, Mr. Brontë received the appointment, on the presentation of the vicar of Dewsbury.
The church of St. Peter, at Hartshead — which has extensive remains of Norman work, and has recently been restored — is situated on an eminence about a mile from the actual hamlet of that name; and, with its broad, low, and massive tower, and its grim old yew-tree, forms a conspicuous object for miles around, commanding on all sides extensive and magnificent views of the valleys of Calder and Colne, with their wooded slopes, and pleasant farms, and the busy villages nestling in the hollows. At the foot of the hill, the deep and sombre woods of Kirklees hide the almost indistinguishable remains of the convent, founded by Raynerus Flandrensis, in the reign of Henry II., for nuns of the order of Citeaux.
There are interesting circumstances and evidences concerning Kirklees, its Roman entrenchments being very distinct within the park which overlooks the Calder at this point. The priory, too, has its curious history of the events which attended the cloistered life of Elizabeth de Stainton, one of the prioresses, whose monumental memorial alone remains of all that marked the graves of the religious of that house; and there are stories relating to Robin Hood. Here still exists the chamber in which tradition says the ‘noble outlaw’ died, and also the grave, at a cross-bow shot from it, where long generations of men have averred his dust reposes. The district of Kirklees had an interest for Charlotte Brontë, and she has celebrated it in ‘Shirley,’ under the name of Nunnely, with its old church, its forest, its monastic ruins, and ‘its man of title — its baronet.’ It was to the house of the latter — kind gentleman though he was — that Louis Moore could not go, where he ‘would much sooner have made an appointment with the ghost of the Earl of Huntingdon to meet him, and a shadowy ring of his merry men, under the canopy of the thickest, blackest, oldest oak in Nunnely Forest … would rather have appointed tryst with a phantom abbess, or mist-pale nun, among the wet and weedy relics of that ruined sanctuary of theirs, mouldering in the core of the wood.’
Mr. Brontë entered upon his ministrations at Hartshead in the year 1811; and there are entries in the churchwarden’s book of Easter-dues paid to him up to 1815. It is curious to note that, in this early mention of Mr. Brontë, the name is spelled ‘Brunty’ and ‘Bronty.’
Hartshead being destitute of a glebe house, and no suitable residence existing either at this place or at the neighbouring village of Clifton at the time, Mr. Brontë took up his residence at High Town, in a roomy and pleasant house at the top of Clough Lane, near Liversedge in the parish of Birstall, and about a mile from the place of his cure. The house, which commands beautiful views, is entered by a passage of the ordinary width, on the left of which is the drawing-room, having cross-beams ornamented with plaster mouldings, as when first finished. On the right of the passage is the dining-room. The breakfast-room and kitchen are behind them. The house is three stories in height, and stands back about two yards from the road, which points direct to the now populous towns of Liversedge and Cleckheaton, both places of considerable antiquity, whose inhabitants, employed in various manufacturies, were increasing in Mr. Brontë’s time.
Finding himself now in possession of a competent income and a goodly residence, he felt relieved from those anxieties which, in all probability, had attended his early struggles; and, resting awhile in his ambition, he turned in peace and contentment to poetical meditation. His first book was called ‘Cottage Poems,’ on the title-page of which he describes himself as the ‘Reverend Patrick Brontë, B.A., minister of Hartshead-cum-Clifton.’ This book was published at Halifax in the year 1811. The following are a few of its subjects: ‘The Happy Cottagers,’ ‘The Rainbow,’ ‘Winter Nights’ Meditations,’ ‘Verses sent to a Lady on her Birthday,’ ‘The Cottage Maid,’ and ‘The Spider and the Fly.’ Mr. Brontë thus speaks of himself and his work: ‘When relieved from clerical avocations he was occupied in writing the “Cottage Poems;” from morning till noon, and from noon till night, h
is employment was full of indescribable pleasure, such as he could wish to taste as long as life lasts. His hours glided pleasantly and almost imperceptibly by, and when night drew on, and he retired to rest, ere his eyes closed in sleep with sweet calmness and serenity of mind, he often reflected that, though the delicate palate of criticism might be disgusted, the business of the day in the prosecution of his humble task was well-pleasing in the sight of God, and by His blessing might be rendered useful to some poor soul who cared little about critical niceties.’ Throughout he professes to be indifferent to hostile criticism.
It is pleasant to find that Mr. Brontë, although settled in competence in a picturesque part of England, was not forgetful of his parents or of the land of his birth. So long as his mother lived he sent her twenty pounds a year; and, though we have no record of the occasion, we may safely infer that he found opportunity to visit Ireland again. He maintained his connection with the district of his early life; and, in after-years, he appointed a relative of Mr. Tighe to be his own curate. One of his ‘Cottage Poems’ is entitled ‘The Irish Cabin,’ a verse or two from which may here be given: —
‘Should poverty, modest and clean,
E’er please when presented to view,
Should cabin on brown heath or green,
Disclose aught engaging to you;
Should Erin’s wild harp soothe the ear,
When touched by such fingers as mine,
Then kindly attentive draw near,
And candidly ponder each line.’
He describes a winter-scene on the mountains of Morne — a high range of hills in the north of Ireland — and thus alludes to his hospitable reception in the clean and industrious cabin of his verses: —
‘Escaped from the pitiless storm,
I entered the humble retreat;
Compact was the building, and warm,
In furniture simple and neat.
And now, gentle reader, approve
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