7 December MT held talks with Mr Gorbachev at Brize Norton.
8 December INF Treaty signed in Washington.
1988
4–8 January MT toured Africa.
10 January Lord Whitelaw resigned due to ill-health.
7 March Sterling ‘uncapped’.
15 March 1988 budget. Standard rate of income tax cut to 25 per cent, top rate to 40 per cent.
March NATO summit in Brussels.
6–8 April MT visited Turkey.
18 April Michael Mates’s amendment to band community charge defeated.
21 May MT spoke to General Assembly of Church of Scotland.
2 June Interest rates increased from low of 7.5 per cent to 8 per cent.
19–21 June Toronto G7 summit.
17 July Alan Walters’s return as economic adviser to MT announced.
25 July Reshuffle. DHSS split between Kenneth Clarke and John Moore.
30 July MT began eleven-day tour of the Far East and Australia.
20 August IRA bomb at Ballygawley, Co. Tyrone. MT cut short Cornish holiday.
20 September Bruges speech.
2 November MT began three-day visit to Poland.
8 November USA: George Bush elected President.
17 November MT visited Washington: farewell to President Reagan and talks with President Bush.
21 December Lockerbie bombing.
1989
31 January Publication of NHS White Paper.
27 March MT began six-day visit to Africa.
1 April MT visited Namibia.
5 April Mr Gorbachev began a three-day visit to UK.
29–30 May NATO fortieth anniversary summit in Brussels.
3 June China: Tiananmen Square massacre.
26 June Madrid European Council.
14–16 July French Revolution Bicentennial and Paris G7 summit.
24 July Reshuffle: John Moore, Paul Channon, Lord Young and George Younger left the Government. Geoffrey Howe from FCO to Lord President and Leader HC. John Major succeeded him at FCO.
19–22 September MT visited Japan.
18–24 October Kuala Lumpur CHOGM.
26 October Nigel Lawson resigned. John Major replaced him as Chancellor and Douglas Hurd became Foreign Secretary.
9 November East Germany announced opening of its border with West Germany. Demolition of Berlin Wall began 10 November.
5 December MT defeated Sir Anthony Meyer in leadership election 314:33. Twenty-seven abstained.
10 December Czechoslovakia: end of communist rule.
22 December Romania: Ceauşescu overthrown.
1990
2 February South Africa: President de Klerk announced unbanning of ANC. Nelson Mandela released 11 February.
31 March Trafalgar Square riot.
24–25 April MT visited Turkey on seventy-fifth anniversary of Gallipoli landings.
6 July NATO summit in London.
9 July Houston G7 summit.
14 July Nick Ridley resigned.
30 July IRA murdered Ian Gow.
2 August Gulf: Iraq invaded Kuwait. MT held talks in Aspen, Colorado with President Bush.
17–19 September MT visited Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
3 October German reunification.
27–28 October Rome European Council.
1 November Geoffrey Howe resigned.
19–21 November CSCE summit in Paris.
20 November Conservative leadership first ballot: MT 204, Heseltine 152, 16 abstentions.
22 November MT announced decision not to contest second ballot. Final speech to the Commons as Prime Minister.
28 November MT resigned as Prime Minister.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile
ACAS Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service
ANC African National Congress
AUEW Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers
BL British Leyland (later Rover Group)
BMD Ballistic Missile Defence
BR British Rail
BSC British Steel Corporation
CAP Common Agricultural Policy
CBI Confederation of British Industry
CEGB Central Electricity Generating Board
CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons
CFE Conventional Forces in Europe
CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
CPRS Central Policy Review Staff
CPS Centre for Policy Studies
CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
DES Department of Education and Science
DHA District Health Authority
DHSS Department of Health and Social Security (divided from 1988)
DoE Department of the Environment
DTI Department of Trade and Industry
DUP Democratic Unionist Party
E Economic Committee of the Cabinet
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EC European Community
ECJ European Court of Justice
ECST European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism
Ecu European Currency Unit
EFL External Financing Limit
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EMS European Monetary System
EMU Economic and Monetary Union
EPG Eminent Persons Group (sent to South Africa)
ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism (of the EMS)
FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office
FSBR Financial Statement and Budget Report (‘the Red Book’)
G7 Group of Seven
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GLC Greater London Council
GM General Motors
GM school Grant-Maintained school
GNP Gross National Product
H Home Affairs Committee of the Cabinet
HAT Housing Action Trust
HMI Her Majesty’s Inspectorate (of schools)
IDU International Democratic Union
IEA Institute of Economic Affairs
IGC Inter-Governmental Conference
ILEA Inner London Education Authority
IMF International Monetary Fund
INF Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces
INLA Irish National Liberation Army
IRA Irish Republican Army
ISTC Iron and Steel Trades Confederation
LEA Local Education Authority
MCAs Monetary compensation amounts
MEZ Maritime Exclusion Zone
MIRVs Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles
MLR Minimum Lending Rate
MNF Multi-National Force
MoD Ministry of Defence
MSC Manpower Services Commission
MTFS Medium Term Financial Strategy
Mo Monetary base
£M3 Sterling M3
NACODS National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers
NADs National Armaments Directors
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCB National Coal Board (later British Coal)
NDLS National Dock Labour Scheme
NEB National Enterprise Board
NEDC National Economic Development Council (‘Neddy’)
NGA National Graphical Association
NHS National Health Service
NIO Northern Ireland Office
NUM National Union of Mineworkers
OAS Organization of American States
OD Overseas and Defence Committee of the Cabinet
OD(SA) Sub-committee of which ran the Falklands War
OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OUP Official Unionist Party
PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
PPS Parliamentary Private Secretary
PSBR Public Sector Bo
rrowing Requirement
PSDR Public Sector Debt Repayment
RPI Retail Price Index
RUC Royal Ulster Constabulary
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
SAS Special Air Service
SDLP Social Democratic and Labour Party
SDP Social Democratic Party
SDI Strategic Defence Initiative
SLCM Sea-launched Cruise Missile
SNF Short-range Nuclear Forces
SSA Standard Spending Assessment
START Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
TASM Tactical Air-to-Surface Missile
TEZ Total Exclusion Zone
TGWU Transport and General Workers’ Union
TUC Trades Union Congress
UDR Ulster Defence Regiment
UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution
VAT Value Added Tax
WEU Western European Union
INDEX
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.
Abby (nanny), 70
Aberfan disaster (1967), 91
ABM Treaty (1972), 515, 517; see also Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) defence
abortion, 97–8
Abse, Leo, 96
Abu Nidal group, 499
Abyssinian war (1935), 21
Acland, Sir Antony: supports MT in Falklands War, 352, 368; and Iraqi attack on Kuwait, 698
‘Action for Jobs’ programme, 484
Action not Words (1966 manifesto), 89
Adams, Gerry, 478
Adamson, Campbell, 146
Adefope, Major-General H.E.O., 288
Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS), 309
Afghanistan: Soviet invasion of, 213, 284, 293–5, 297, 338, 384, 521; gives support to miners’ union, 453; Soviet withdrawal from, 674–5
Africa: disorder in, 337, 525, 541
African National Congress (ANC): bases attacked by South Africa, 539; banned in South Africa, 540; ban lifted, 542; talks with de Klerk’s government, 543, 544–5; on case for sanctions against South Africa, 544
Agar, Herbert: A Time for Greatness, 24
Aldermaston: Atomic Weapons Establishment, 646
Alexandra, Princess, 429
Algiers Settlement (1975), 297
Alison, Michael, 459
Allenby, General Edmund Henry Hynman, 1st Viscount, 531
Alliance (party): in 1983 election campaign, 409, 415; manifesto for 1987 election, 563–4; loses support in 1987 election, 566
Alliance Party (Northern Ireland), 465
Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers (AUEW), 311–12
Amersham International, 620
Amin, Hafizullah, 294
Anaya, Admiral Jorge, 341
Anderson, Betty Harvie, 84
Andreotti, Giulio, 285, 552, 666, 668
Andrew, Sir Herbert, 105
Andrew, Prince (Duke of York), 345
Andropov, Yuri, 505–7, 516
Anglo-Irish Agreement, 463, 467, 472–5, 479–80
Anglo-Irish Inter-Governmental Council (and Conference), 469, 474–5
Angola, 209–10
Annenberg, Walter, 266
Antall, Jozsef, 693
Antelope, HMS, 374
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) defence, 512–13, 515
anti-semitism, 66
Antrim, HMS, 362, 428
Any Questions (radio programme), 160
apartheid, 535; see also South Africa
APEX trade union, 216–17
Arab-Israeli dispute, 525, 529
Archer, Jeffrey (later Baron), 485
Ardent, HMS, 373
Argentina: claims and invades Falklands, 339–45; fights in Falklands, 347; Britain attempts to withdraw in Falklands, 351; Haig visits, 353–4, 359–60; negotiations over Falklands, 354–8, 360, 365, 369–72; demands sovereignty over Falklands, 357, 361; defeated in Falklands, 380; USA supplies arms to, 423
Argonaut, HMS, 373
Armed Forces Pay Review Body, 264
Armilla Patrol, 297
arms control, 382–3, 395–6, 414, 423–4, 681
Armstrong, Sir Robert, 470
Armstrong, Sir Thomas, 31
Army Education Corps, 36
Ascension Island: in Falklands War, 353, 358–9, 367
Aspen, Colorado, 697–9
Associated British Ports, 620
Association of Education Committees, 113
Athens: European Council meeting (1983), 433–5
Atkins, Humphrey (later Baron Colnbrook), 174–7, 229, 238, 246, 331, 343, 465
Atkins, Maggie, 175
Atlantic Conveyor (container ship), 375
atom bomb see nuclear weapons
Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, 41
Attlee, Clement (later 1st Earl), 37
Austin Rover motor company, 498
Australia: MT visits, 285
Baker, James, 680, 683, 695, 700–1, 705–6
Baker, Kenneth (later Baron): supports Heath in leadership election, 170; in Department of Industry, 320; opposes Left in local authorities, 558; policy on schools, 564; on education in 1987 election campaign, 566; as Education Secretary, 569, 572–5, 601; on local government financing, 599, 601; as Environment Secretary, 601; on effect of community charge, 604–5; as Party Chairman, 604, 661, 663; as potential Party leader, 660; and Howe’s resignation, 713; MT meets on Monday mornings, 714, 716; warns of poor by-election results, 716; and 1990 Party leadership campaign, 719, 723, 725–6, 730–1; and MT’s resignation, 732–3
balance of payments, 76, 143
Balfour of Inchrye, Harold Harington Balfour, 1st Baron, 51
Ballygawley, Co. Tyrone, 479–80
Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD), 512, 515
Baltic States, 24, 668–9, 691
Bank of England: alarm at intervention, 636; Lawson proposes independence for, 639
Barbados: and Grenada coup, 427–8
Barbara (nanny), 57, 70
Barber, Anthony (later Baron), 111, 123–4, 126, 137, 143, 150
Barnet, Hertfordshire, 109
Basnett, David, 245
Begin, Menachem, 532n
Beirut, 426–8, 431
Belgrano see General Belgrano
Bell, Tim (later Baron): and Conservative advertising, 225–6; in 1979 election campaign, 252; in 1983 election campaign, 407; unavailable for 1987 election campaign, 560; and 1990 leadership campaign, 719
Bellairs, Charles, 154
Belstead, John Julian Ganzoni, 2nd Baron, 105, 728
Belvoir Hunt, 16
Benn, Tony: at Oxford, 35, 40; moves to Industry Department, 202
Berlin Wall: built, 77; falls (1989), 663, 683, 686; see also West Berlin
Bermuda: MT meets Bush in (1990), 694
Bernal, J.D., 32
Better Tomorrow, A (Conservative manifesto), 102
Beveridge, Sir William (later Baron): Report and social reforms, 37, 79–80
Bevin, Ernest, 40
Bibby’s Annual, 3–4
Biffen, John (later Baron): and industrial development, 137; promoted, 140; in Economic Dining Group, 164; declines Shadow Cabinet appointment, 179; joins Shadow Cabinet as Energy spokesman, 191; replaces Heseltine as Industry Secretary, 195; as Chief Secretary to Treasury, 261; and British Leyland finances, 312; criticizes MTFS, 319; moved to Trade Department, 319; as Leader of Commons, 348; leaves Cabinet (1987), 569
bill mountain, 631 & n
Birch, Nigel (Baron Rhyl), 36, 62, 77
Birkett, Norman, 1st Baron, 18
Birmingham: educational policy, 109
‘Birmingham Six’: appeal, 478
Bishop, Maurice, 427
Black Monday (19 October 1987), 634, 641
Black Papers (on education), 106
Blatch, Bertie, 65–7, 69
Bluff Cove, Falkland
Islands, 374, 378
Boaden, Roger, 253
Bolton East (constituency), 252
Boothby, Robert (later Baron), 40
Bossom, Sir Alfred, 53–4
Botha, P.W., 535, 539, 541
Botha, R.F. (‘Pik’), 535, 543
Boyd of Merton, Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount, 286
Boyd-Carpenter, John (later Baron), 66, 78, 80–1, 89
Boyle, Edward (later Baron): at Oxford with MT, 35; friendship with MT, 45, 92; resigns over Suez, 60; appointed in 1962 reshuffle, 82; and race relations, 93; leaves politics for academe, 99; educational policy, 108; opposes Open University, 110; opposes MT’s policy on financing student unions, 115
Brandt, Willy, 204; Commission, 336
Brezhnev, Leonid: and MT’s speech on Helsinki Summit, 205–6; and SALT II agreement, 384; and arms race, 425; and Gorbachev, 506
Brighton: IRA bomb at 1984 Conservative Conference, 458–62, 472
Brilliant, HMS, 373
Bristow, Alan, 487
British Aerospace: and Westland affair, 490, 494
British Airways, 405, 620–1
British Antarctic Survey, 593
British Association of Colliery Managers (BACM), 452
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC): proposes TV election debates, 244
British Empire, 19, 37
British Gas, 405, 622
British Leyland (BL): industrial disputes, 310–13; Corporate Plan, 311, 313–14; weak productivity, 313; government funding, 314; privatization, 396–7, 405, 557, 621
British Medical Association, 585
British Nationality Act (proposed), 224n
British Rail Hotels, 620
British Shipbuilders, 405, 620
British Steel Corporation (BSC): and 1980 strike, 304, 308; and trade union reform, 304, 307; closures and job cuts, 307–9; low productivity, 309; government funding, 318; privatization, 405, 420–1; and coal strike (1984–5), 443, 449; and dockers’ strike, 446
British Telecom: privatization, 405, 417, 620–2
Britoil, 620
Brittan, Leon (later Baron): as Chief Secretary to Treasury, 320; as Home Secretary, 419; in committee on miners’ strike, 442; and Brighton bomb, 459; moved to Trade and Industry, 484; and Westland affair, 487–8, 490–5; resigns, 493, 496; and British Leyland, 497–8
Brittan, Samuel, 187
Britto, Keith, 253
Brixton: riots (1981), 325–7
Brooke, Henry (later Baron), 74
Brooke, Peter: as Northern Ireland Secretary, 481, 661; supports MT in 1990 leadership election, 729
Brown, George (later Baron), 90
Brown, Harold, 385
Brownlow, Edward John Peregrine Cust, 7th Baron, 259
Margaret Thatcher: The Autobiography Page 98
