414 Paul MacLean’s views on the triune brain are in his book The Triune Brain in Evolution.
415 Timothy Crow’s views are expressed in a broad range of work, the relevant portion of which is cited in the bibliography. The most straightforward articulation of his linguistic principles and his theories of brain asymmetry is in his article “A Darwinian Approach to the Origins of Psychosis,” British Journal of Psychiatry 167 (1995).
415 On language as a function of brain asymmetry, see Marian Annett, Left, Right, Hand and Brain: The Right Shift Theory, and Michael Corballis, The Lopsided Ape: Evolution of the Generative Mind.
415 On deaf people and left-hemisphere strokes, see Oliver Sacks, Seeing Voices.
416 On deep grammar, see Noam Chomsky’s Reflections on Language.
416 On the specific effects of right-brain strokes, see Susan Egelko et al., “Relationship among CT Scans, Neurological Exam, and Neuropsychological Test Performance in Right-Brain-Damaged Stroke Patients,” Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 10, no. 5 (1988).
416 Timothy Crow’s proposition that schizophrenia and affective disorders are the price of a bihemispheric brain is in “Is schizophrenia the price that Homo sapiens pays for language?” Schizophrenia Research 28 (1997).
417 For general information on prefrontal cortex asymmetries and depression, see Carrie Ellen Schaffer et al., “Frontal and Parietal Electroencephalogram Asymmetry in Depressed and Nondepressed Subjects,” Biological Psychiatry 18, no. 7 (1983).
417 The work on blood flow abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex of patients with depression is in J. Soares and John Mann, “The functional neuroanatomy of mood disorders,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 31 (1997), and M. George et al., “SPECT and PET imaging in mood disorders,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 54 (1993).
418 On neurogenesis—the reproducing of adult brain cells—see, for example, P. S. Eriksson “Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus,” Nature Medicine 4 (1998).
418 For a good general discussion of TMS, see Eric Hollander, “TMS,” CNS Spectrums 2, no. 1 (1997).
418 On learned resilience, still an open field in which the hard data are just beginning to accumulate, see Richard Davidson’s “Affective style, psychopathology and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity,” to be published in American Psychologist in 2001.
418 On left cortex activation and deactivation, see Richard Davidson et al., “Approach-Withdrawal and Cerebral Asymmetry: Emotional Expression and Brain Physiology I,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, no. 2 (1990). For work on brain asymmetry and the immune system, see Duck-Hee Kang et al., “Frontal Brain Asymmetry and Immune Function,” Behavioral Neuroscience 105, no. 6 (1991). For Richard Davidson’s work with babies and maternal separation, see Richard Davidson and Nathan Fox, “Frontal Brain Asymmetry Predicts Infants’ Response to Maternal Separation,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98, no. 2 (1989).
418 In support of the assertion that the majority of people are left-side activated, see A. J. Tomarken’s “Psychometric properties of resting anterior EEG asymmetry: Temporal stability and internal consistency,” Psychophysiology 29 (1992).
418 The idea that right-frontal brain activation is often correlated with high levels of cortisol is explored in N. H. Kalen et al., “Asymmetric frontal brain activity, cortisol, and behavior associated with fearful temperament in Rhesus monkeys,” Behavioral Neuroscience 112 (1998).
418 Timothy Crow’s papers on handedness discuss the connections among language, hand skill, and affect. See “Location of the Handedness Gene on the X and Y Chromosomes,” American Journal of Medical Genetics 67 (1996), and “Evidence for Linkage to Psychosis and Cerebral Asymmetry (Relative Hand Skill) on the X Chromosome,” American Journal of Medical Genetics 81 (1998).
419 Hamlet’s line is in act 2, scene 2, line 561.
419 That evolution will cast light into the fog of modern psychiatry is one of the central arguments of Michael McGuire and Alfonso Troisi’s book, Darwinian Psychiatry. The lines quoted here are from page 12.
CHAPTER XII: HOPE
424 Angel’s move had been from Norristown, which was a residential long-term-care facility or mental hospital, to Pottstown Community Residential Rehab (CRR), then to South Keim Street, which is defined as an Intensive Housing Program, or Supported Housing Arrangement, intended for graduates of the CRR program.
430 The quotations from Thomas Nagel are in his book The Possibility of Altruism, pages 126 and 128–29.
430 The lines from The Winter’s Tale are from act 4, scene 4, lines 86–96.
433 On the matter of a depressive’s perceived control over his circumstances, see Shelley E. Taylor’s Positive Illusions. I also refer to a series of experiments related to me by the documentarian Roberto Guerra.
433 Freud’s reference is from his seminal 1917 essay “Mourning and Melancholia,” taken from A General Selection from the Works of Sigmund Freud, John Rickman, editor, page 128.
433 The quotation from Shelley E. Taylor is from Positive Illusions, pages 7 and 213.
435 Emmy Gut’s thoughts are in Productive and Unproductive Depression and are sketched out in chapter 3.
435 The quotation from Julia Kristeva is from Black Sun, page 42.
435 These numbers on SSRI prescriptions have been taken from Joseph Glenmullen’s Prozac Backlash, page 15.
435 The information on TWA flight 800 was given to me by a friend who had lost a relative on that flight in July 1996.
437 The quotation from Daniel Deronda is from page 251.
438 Emily Dickinson on despair is in poem 640 on page 318 of Thomas Johnson’s edition of The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Its first line is “I cannot live with You.”
439 The quotation from Areopagitica is from Paradise Lost, page 384. The first quotation from Paradise Lost itself is from page 226 (Book IX, lines 1070–73); the second is from page 263 (Book XI, lines 137–40); and the third is from page 301 (Book XII, lines 641–49).
440 Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s famous remarks are in The Idiot, page 363.
440 For more on Heidegger and the relationship between anguish and thought, see his monumental masterpiece Being and Time.
440 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling’s words come from his “On the Essence of Human Freedom,” in his Saemmtliche Werke, vol. 7, page 399. I thank Andrew Bowie for help in interpreting this passage. For more, see Andrew Bowie’s Schelling and Modern European Philosophy.
440 The lines from Julia Kristeva on lucidity are from Black Sun, pages 4 and 22.
443 The words from Schopenhauer are from his essay “On the Sufferings of the World,” in Essays and Aphorisms, page 45.
443 The flip remark from Tennesee Williams is from Five O’Clock Angel: Letters of Tennesee Williams to Maria St. Just, 1948–1982, page 154. I thank the persistently studious Emma Lukic for finding this quotation for me.
443 The Oxford English Dictionary defines joy as “a vivid emotion of pleasure arising from a sense of well-being or satisfaction; the feeling or state of being highly pleased or delighted; exultation of spirit; gladness, delight,” volume 5, page 612.
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