Robert E. Lee (steamboat), 95–96
Robertson, Beverly, 419
Robertson, James L., Jr., 351, 367, 370, 411, 416, 439
Robertson, John, 231
Rodes, Robert, 554
Rommel, Erwin, 618n
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 640n
Rosecrans, W. S., 277, 281, 282, 525
Ross, Fitzgerald, 549, 581
Ruffin, Edmund, xxxviii, 227, 243, 316
Russell, W. W., xxvii, xxxii, xxxiv
Rust, Albert, 276, 277, 278, 279
Saint Louis, MO: conditions in, 91; Gratiot and, 82–83; Illinois stops channel project, 94–95; impact of Lee’s harbor improvement, 87–88; Lee family’s housing in, 90–91; Lee living in, 86; Lee’s harbor improvement project, xv–xvi, xxiv, 60, 82–95; Lee’s impression of, 83; Lee’s wife and children at, 89–93
Sanaco (Buffalo Hump), Comanche warrior, 190, 190n
San Antonio de Bexar, Texas, 106, 107; Alamo and, 107; Lee in, 106–7, 197, 213, 215
Sanford, Charles W., 241
Santa Anna, Antonio López de: Alamo massacre, 105; Battle for Mexico City, 145–54; Battle of Buena Vista, 121, 131; Battle of Cerro Gordo, 133–38, 133, 134n; Battle of San Jacinto, 105; leadership of, 112–13; Mexican politics and, 142; in Mexico City, 131, 131n, 141, 142, 143; as “the Napoleon of the West,” 104, 113, 132;
Santa Anna, Antonio López de Polk and, 113; return from Cuba, 112; at San Luis Potosí, 111, 114, 121; settlement of Texas and, 104–5; Vera Cruz expedition plans given to, 122
Savage’s Station, Battle of, 376–80; abandonment of Union wounded at, 378; Lee’s blunders at, 378–79; recovery of Union supplies and equipment at, 379
Savannah, GA, 50, 51, 52, 53, 642; defense of, 286, 288
Sayler’s Creek, Battle of, 649–50
Scheibert, Justus, 446, 446n, 570, 571, 587
Scott, Frances, 608n
Scott, Winfield, 100, 115, 115n, 606, 607; advance on Mexico City, 130–32, 139, 141–44; appearance and girth of, 100, 115, 124, 180; Battle for Mexico City, 145–54; Battle of Cerro Gordo, 133–38, 133, 138n, 275; Battle of Molino del Ray, 151–53; Civil War and, 258; as commanding general, U.S. Army, 179; invasion of Mexico and, 117–18; Lee and, xxiv, 100, 123–24, 126, 127, 135, 139, 143–44, 146–48, 150–51, 179, 186, 201, 210, 225, 227, 424; Lee as commander of Second Cavalry and, 186; Lee’s resignation from U.S. Army and, 229, 230; lessons taught to Lee, 393–94, 426; McDowell and, 263; military ability of, 115, 116–17, 142, 147, 154, 254, 394, 582; mustering of Union Army and, 239; as “Old Fuss and Feathers,” 100, 105; pamphlet by, 219, 219n; Polk and Congress, wrangling with, 140–41, 154, 179–80; presidential ambitions, 115; quarrel with Taylor, 122–23; replaced by McClellan, 289; Vera Cruz, Siege and Battle, 127–29; Vera Cruz expedition, 122–27
Sears, Stephen W., 306, 464
secession, 215–23; economic and financial consequences, 284; Floyd and, xxiii; Lee’s allegiance to Virginia and, 211–12, 220, 222, 223, 225, 230; Lee’s opposition to, xl–xli, xlii, 37, 193, 212, 217, 221, 229; Sam Houston on, 217; Scott’s pamphlet and, 219–20, 219n; South Carolina, 217, 220; states’ rights and, 216; states seceding, 220, 221; Texas, 217, 220; threat of by slave-owning states, 193; widespread talk about, 210, 215–16
Second Great Awakening, 20
Second U.S. Cavalry: at Clear Fork, TX, xxiii; Lee as commander, xv, xvi, xxiii, xxiv–xxv, xl–xli, 186–98, 210, 213, 220
Seddon, James, 525, 528, 560
Sedgwick, John, 515, 520
Seminole War, 72
Servitude et grandeur militaires (Vigny), 63
Seven Days Battles, 245, 340, 343–95, 359n, 402; Confederate losses, 398; Frayser’s Farm (Glendale), 381–85; Gaines’s Mill (Battle of Chickahominy River), 359–76, 366; Jackson’s delay and blunders, 353–55, 361; Lee becomes hero, 395; as Lee’s learning experience, 342–43; Lee’s “nutcracker” tactic, 380n, 383–84; Malvern Hill, 385–94, 385n, 386n, 387n, 388, 390, 393n, 402; map, 347; Mechanicsville (Beaver Damn Creek), 338, 341, 343, 349–59, 352, 402; Oak Grove, 343–44, 345; rainbow omen, 346, 347; route of Jackson, Ewell, and Branch, June 26, 1862 (map), 352; Savage’s Station, 376–80; as a triumph, 394; White Oak Swamp Creek and, 379–80, 382, 383, 384, 385; wounded from, in Richmond, 414
Seven Pines, Battle of (Battle of Fair Oaks), 33, 322, 323–25, 328–29; casualties, 325; Johnston wounded at, 324; map, area between Chickahominy and Pamunkey rivers, 320
Shaara, Michael, 423, 533
Sharpsburg, Battle of. See Antietam, Battle of
Sharpsburg, MD, 475, 479
Shenandoah Valley, 491; devastation of, 537l Lee’s marches through, 464, 529, 531–32, 535; Valley Pike, 303. See also Valley Campaign
Shepherd, Hayward, xx, xxvi, xxvii
Shepherdstown troop, xxii
Sheridan, Philip, 184, 665, 669n; scorched earth policy and, 184, 639
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 255, 288, 331; burning of Atlanta and, 331, 637; march through Georgia, 612, 632, 639, 642; “razed earth” policy, 615, 632
Shields, James, 138, 304
Shiloh, Battle of, 305, 305n, 308; death of Johnston, xxv, 33, 305; Orton Williams at, 607
Shreve, Henry, 83–84
Sickles, Daniel, 574, 577, 578
Siegel, Franz, 413
Sinn, Capt., xxx–xxxi
slavery, 203; abolitionism and abolitionists, 180, 212; arming to fight for the Confederacy, 643; back to Africa movement and, 68, 181, 194, 687; Bleeding Kansas and, xvii, 182, 193; Britain and, 219; brutality and cruelty of, 65–66; Buchanan’s three “propositions” and, 218; Buchanan’s views on, xxii; CSA policies on, 233; dividing of United States over, 193, 216; Dred Scott v. Sanford, 196, 216; Emancipation Proclamation, 209, 486, 506; expansion to Caribbean desired, 167; “fancy girls,” trade in, 204; fugitive slaves, 205, 207, 216, 218, 224, 345, 350; hiring out of slaves, 203, 204; involuntary migration westward, 203; John Brown’s death and severing of North and South over slavery, xxxix–xl; Kansas-Nebraska Act, 181–82; Lee and runaway slaves, 205, 206; Lee’s education of family’s slaves, 205, 209, 680; Lee’s emancipation of Custis slaves, 317, 506, 680; Lee’s family’s ownership of, xxiii, 4, 28, 46, 72, 159, 181, 184, 200–209, 212, 680; Lee’s slave ownership, xxiii, 50–51, 72, 202, 680; Lee’s views on, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, xli, 67–69, 167, 180–81, 182, 193, 194–96, 216, 218, 221, 233, 643, 680–81, 687; Lincoln’s views of, 216; Missouri Compromise, 181, 193–94; monetary value of slaves, 46, 66, 202–3; Mrs. Cocke’s butler, 680; North-South confict and, xxxvi–xxxvii; number of, in “near South,” 65; as omnipresent in the South, 28; as profitable business, 204; renewal of slave trade, 193, 204, 218–19; Russian serfs compared to, 3, 54–55, 66; secession and, 193; slave population in the South, 46; slave population in Virginia, 2; slave revolts and, xxvi–xxvii, 63–65 (see also Turner, Nat); southbound migration of slaves, 65–66, 203, 204; Texas Annexation Resolution and, 181; transportation of slaves, 203–4; Underground Railroad, 205; U.S. politics and, 180–82; Wheeling as slave port, 203
Slidell, John, 105
Smith, E. Kirby, 186
Smith, G. W., 324–25, 328
Smith, Persifor P., 145–46
Smith, Walter Bedell, 558n
Son of the Morning Star (Connell), 669n
Sorrel, Moxley, 450
South Mountain, Battle of, 473–74; casualties, 474
Spotsylvania Court House, Battle of, 623, 624–27; casualties, 627; death of Jeb Stuart, 625; Hotchkiss sketch map, 626; Lee’s earthworks at, 624–25; size of forces, 625
Stanton, Edwin M., 267–68, 345, 359, 373–74, 656
Starke, William E., 483
Starry, John D., xx–xxi, xxix
Staunton, VA, 252, 257, 258, 273, 273n, 298, 299, 303, 311, 312, 334, 400, 491; Lee in, 271–72; Mary Custis Lee in, 679, 682
Stephens, Alexander, 232–33, 524, 591
Stewart, John, 641, 675
Stoneman, George, 510, 512
Stowe, Harriet Beecher
, 65, 181, 688
Strasburg, VA, 299
Stratford Hall Plantation, VA, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 39; deaths on stairway of, 39; Lee’s birth at, 6, 41, 56, 77; sale of, 40, 41
Stuart, J. E. B. (“Jeb”), xxv–xxvi, 261, 331, 398, 421, 601; appearance, 335, 351; Battle of Antietam, 478; Battle of Brandy Station and, 531, 540; Battle of Chancellorsville, 513, 516, 518; Battle of Falling Waters, 259; Battle of First Manassas and, 268–69; Battle of Fredericksburg, 500; Battle of Gettysburg, failures by and loss of battle, 539–41, 542, 544, 545, 547, 551, 554, 562, 566, 576, 580, 681; Battle of Massaponax Church, 408; Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse, 625; Battle of Wilderness, 619; Cattlett’s Station and Pope’s headquarters, 421–22; cavalry division of, 528, 534; character of, 540; command of Jackson’s cavalry, 419; death of, 625; Fitzhugh Lee and, 419–20; as hero, 336, 351; invention by, xxv–xxvi, xxvin; John Brown and, xxv, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi; Lee and, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 184, 295, 296, 406–7, 540; Lee’s council with at Gordonsville, 413–14, 415, 416; Lee’s Gettysburg campaign and, 535; Maryland Campaign, 472; McClellan’s bases at White House and West Point, 374; misjudgment of, 397; purchase of Lee’s horse, 284; raid on Harpers Ferry and, xxv, xxv–xxvi, xxvii, xxxii–xxxiii; Rappahannock Station bridge and, 418; reconnaissance before Battle of Seven Pines, 322; reconnaissance before Seven Days Battles, 334, 335–36, 337n; reconnaissance of Pope’s forces, 406–7, 408, 426; reconnaissance ride around McClellan, 491, 491n, 540; recovery of Mary Custis’s “copybook,” 294–95, 295n; Rooney Lee serving with, 334n, 335, 422, 428, 531n; Seven Days Battles and, 351, 352–53, 354; West Point and, 184
Summer of the Confederacy (mural), 650
Sumner, Edwin V., 378, 379, 497, 501
Sydnor, Thomas W., 356
Talcott, Andrew, 61, 63, 69–70, 71, 74, 75, 81; “Toledo War” and, 78
Talcott, Harriet Randolph Hackley, 72–73, 74
Taliaferro, William B., xxxvii, 403; Battle of Second Manassas and, 435, 436, 437
Taylor, John H., 272
Taylor, Richard, 349, 362, 370, 372, 374, 380, 393
Taylor, Walter Herron (aide), 637, 638; actions of the army after Grant disengaged from the Wilderness, 628; at Appomattox, 660, 663; Battle of the Crater, observations, 636; Battle of Gaines’s Mill, 359–60, 368, 369, 370, 372 ; Battle of Second Manassas, 429, 430, 430n, 445, 568; Brady’s historic photograph of Lee and, 674; death of Lee’s daughter and, 489; Grant’s pursuit of Lee and, 628; Johnston and, 315; Lee’s character and, 246, 247, 280, 305, 406, 425, 429, 489–90, 529, 529n; Lee’s health and, 530; Lee’s orders to Ewell at Gettysburg and, 557–58, 558n, 563; on Lee’s personal staff and importance to Lee, 238, 246, 247, 353, 369, 406, 428, 529, 638; Seven Days’ Battles, 348, 349
Taylor, Zachary, 4, 243n; attempts to reach Mexico City, 112, 117, 118, 121; Battle of Buena Vista, 121; Battle of Monterey, 110, 112; Battle of Palo Alto, 106, 112; Battle of Resaca de la Palma, 112; death of, 123; eight-week armistice declared by, 110, 112; as hero, 121; men under command, Mexican War, 108; occupation of Texan land, 105; as “Old Rough and Ready,” 105–6; presidential ambitions, 115, 121; quarrel with Scott, 122–23
Texas: Alamo massacre, 105; American colonies established in, 104; Battle of San Jacinto, 105; Comanches in, 188–89, 190, 213; Hood’s Texas Brigade, 323, 371, 439; independence (1836), 105; Indianola, 223; joining the Union, 105; Lee at Camp Cooper, 188–89, 191; Lee in command of the Department of Texas, 210, 213–15; Lee’s command of the Second Cavalry in, xv, xvi, xxiv–xxv, xl–xli, 186–98; Lee’s description of, 191; Mexican bandits in, 213–14; place names honoring Gen. Worth, 113; secession and, xli, 217, 220, 221; slavery issue and, 181. See also Mexican War
Texas Rangers, 214
Thayer, Sylvanus, 29, 30, 32
Thomas, Emory M., 72–73, 187n, 215, 507
Thompson, John R., 346
Thoreau, Henry David, xxxvi
Thoroughfare Gap, 432–33, 434, 435
Timberlake, John Henry, 365, 367–68, 367n
“Toledo War,” 78–79
Tolstoy, Leo, 3, 54, 66
Toombs, Robert, 420n
Totten, Joseph, 172–73, 178
Traité élémentaire de l’art militaire et de fortification, à l’usage des élèves de l’École polytechnique, et des élèves des écoles militaires (Vernon), 43
transportation: canal boats, 679, 683, 684; difficulty of travel (1837), 90; Lee on protecting railroads, 400, 400n; Lee’s first encounter with a railroad, 89; Mississippi channel project and, 83–84; railroads, 173; railroads and Confederate Army, 249, 250, 260, 262, 280, 301, 303, 309, 311, 318, 333–34, 342, 413; of slaves, 203–4, 203n; South’s railway system, 615; steamboats, 28, 83–84, 90; via stage coach, 27, 50. See also specific railroads
Traveller (Adams), 108n, 283, 283n, 688
Traveller (Lee’s horse), 34, 108, 108n, 284–85, 287, 507, 549, 610, 649–50; Appomattox Court House and, 660, 662, 669–70; Battle of Antietam, 479; Battle of Chancellorsville, 518, 519; Battle of Gettysburg, 537, 553, 582, 600, 601; Battle of Wilderness, 622; fame of, 684; grave of, 108, 285; Hoffbauer mural of, 650; Lee returns to saddle after injury, 473, 473n; Lee’s deep attachment to, 683; Lee’s handling of as similar to style of handling his generals, 563; Lee’s move to Derwent and, 679; Lee’s move to Washington College and, 683; Lee’s post-war ride to White House and, 675–76; Lee’s ride back to Richmond after surrender, 673; Lee thrown from, 455–56, 473; Mary Custis Lee on, 294;
Traveller (Lee’s horse) post-war life, 682; purchase of, 283, 284; Second Manassas and, 451
Trevino, Andres, 214
Trimble, Isaac: Battle of Gettysburg and, 558–59; Battle of Malvern Hill and, 389
Tucker, Sargeant, 660, 661, 663, 664, 669
Turner, Edward, 242, 260
Turner, Nat, 63–64; fate of, 66; militia’s response to revolt, 64–65; rebellion, xxvi–xxvii, 63–65, 212
Turner’s Gap, MD, 471, 472, 473. See also South Mountain, Battle of
Twain, Mark, 87
Twiggs, David E., 215; advance on Mexico City, 131, 132–33, 144; Battle for Mexico City, 145, 150; Battle of Cerro Gordo, 134, 135, 136–37; as commander, Department of Texas, 215, 221–22; reputation of, 137; surrendering his command, 221–22, 221n
Tyler, Daniel, 265–69
Ulysses S. Grant (Korda), 618n
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 65, 181, 204, 688
Union Army: abandonment of wounded at Savage’s Station, 378; advantages over the South, 398, 423; after defeat at Bull Run, 268; biggest amphibious landing in the history of warfare by, 305–6; cavalry patrols, 430; destruction of supplies by, 374l Federal draft and, 637; first attack on Virginia, 254–55; future generals at West Point with Lee, 33; inexperience of generals, 261–62, 263; McClellan’s weaknesses in leading, 257, 293, 301, 306, 314, 374; Meigs as quartermaster general, 83; ninety day enlistments, 263; Scott and, 239, 261; superiority of numbers, 637. See also Army of the Potomac; Army of Virginia; specific battles and campaigns
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: attack by Great Britain feared, 166; best and brightest cadets in, xxiv, 49; Cockspur Island project, 49–53; feats achieved by, 59–60; functions of, 49–50; hydraulics and, 60; Lee in, xxiv, 49–53; Mississippi channel project and, 82–95; West Point and, 172n
U.S. Congress: attack by Great Britain feared, 166; Committee on Reconstruction, 68; declaration of war on Mexico, 105; First and; Second Cavalry approved by, 186; slavery issue and, 181
U.S. Navy: battle at Drewry’s Bluff, 318; blockade of southern ports, 528; blocking of Charleston harbor, 288; bombardment of South Carolina coast, 286; McClellan’s attack on Richmond and, 306; Mexican War and, 114, 115; Scott’s “surfboats” (first U.S. amphibious craft), 117; Siege of Vera Cruz and, 128; Vera Cruz expedition, 123–29
U.S.S. Galena, 318, 385
U.S.S. Monitor, 318
Valencia, Gabriel, 144, 145–46
Valentine, Edward V., 691
Vallandigham, Clement Laird, xxxv
Valley Campaign, 298–99, 298n, 303–4, 309–13, 323. Battle of Front Royal (Guard Hill or Cedarville), 312; Battle of Kernstown, 304; Battle of McDowell (Singleton Hill), 312; First Battle of Winchester, 312; map, 302; military students’ study of Jackson’s campaign, 312
Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 44
Venable, Charles, 622, 655, 658–59
Vernon, S. F. Gay de, 43
Vicksburg, 524, 525, 611; siege of, 127, 528; surrender of, 601
Views (Scott), 219, 219n, 220
Vigny, Alfred de, 63
Villard, Oswald Garrison, xxxvii
Virginia, 1–2; capitol building, 235–36; Civil War, initial days (spring 1861), 232; in the Confederacy, 243, 248; defense of, 245–46, 251–52; Distribution of the Confederate forces and opposing Union forces (diagram), March 24, 1863, 292; “First Families of Virginia,” 2–3, 7, 55, 297; first governor of, 3; as focus of Lee’s military campaigns, 234; freed blacks forced to leave, 200; great homes and mansions in, 5–6, 11, 14, 18, 19 (see also Arlington; specific estates); incest laws, 40; “kinsmen” in, 3; laws forbidding education of slaves and freed blacks, xxvii, 67, 200, 205, 680; law stipulating whipping of slaves, 209; Lee family in, 3–6; Lee’s allegiance to, xli, 1, 211–12, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 230, 244, 330, 525; Lee’s strategy for driving out the enemy, 330; “Light-Horse Harry Lee” as governor, 10, 11, 12; Norfolk Navy Yard, 237, 238, 303; number of troops in, 301; secession and, 69, 226, 227, 228, 229, 234; size and wealth of, 234; slave population in, 2; state patriotism and, 1–2; strategic position of, 248–49; three social classes of, 4; tradition of aristocracy, 2
Virginia Central Railroad, 258, 273, 280, 301, 303, 311, 350, 351, 354, 400, 409, 635; Jackson’s advance along, 406; Mechanicsville and, 318; Pope’s attack on, 400–401
Virginia Military Institute: burning of, 682; Jackson as instructor at, 237, 298; Taylor as graduate of, 238
Virginia Militia, xxxvii, 237
Voltaire, 4, 36
Von Borcke, [Johann August Heinrick] Heros, 335, 485, 503, 504
von Clausewitz, Carl, 117, 264, 264n, 473
“Waiting for the Robert E. Lee” (song), 96n
Walker, John G., 467
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 3, 54, 66
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