The Age of Radiance

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The Age of Radiance Page 61

by Craig Nelson


  Rittenmeyer, Nicole, 91

  Robb, Roger, 261, 262

  Rockwell, Theodore, 162

  Rocky Flats, Colorado, plant, 323

  Rodin, Auguste, 34

  Ronnenberg, Joachim, 178

  Röntgen, Anna Bertha, 10

  Röntgen, Wilhelm, 9, 85, 97

  public enthusiasm for work of, 11–12, 34

  X-ray discovery by, 10–13, 14

  Röntgen rays, 11–12, 13, 15, 16, 35, 126

  Röntgen Society, 13

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 68, 115, 189

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 68, 369

  Bohr’s letter to, about nuclear arms race, 192

  letters between Einstein and, 115, 116–18, 119, 153, 176, 220, 369

  Manhattan Project and, 147, 161, 303

  Nazi development of nuclear weapons and, 176

  Oak Ridge National Laboratory and, 161

  Oppenheimer and, 192, 194–95

  uranium fission research and, 121, 125, 146

  Rosbaud, Paul, 95

  Rosenberg, Ethel, 171, 238, 240, 241–43, 251

  Rosenberg, Julius, 171, 238, 240–43, 251

  Rosenbluth, Marshall, 273

  Rosenfeld, Léon, 101–02

  Rossi, Bruno, 69

  Rostow, Elspeth, 376

  Rotblat, Joseph¸ 222

  Roy, Susan, 286

  Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 34, 69, 96

  Rubens, Heinrich, 85

  Rupp, Arthur, 163

  Rusk, Dean, 293, 297

  Rutherford, Ernest, 29–30, 38, 59, 81, 82, 86–87, 112

  SAC. See Strategic Air Command

  Sachs, Alexander, 115, 116, 118, 176

  Saffer, Tom, 271

  Sagan, Carl, 55–56, 266

  St. Joachimsthal, Czechoslovakia, mine, 36, 195, 231

  Sakharov, Andrei, 211, 237, 250, 254–55, 268, 317

  Saletan, William, 361

  Savannah submarine, 305

  Sawachika, Hiroshi, 214

  Schell, Jonathan, 299, 328

  Scherrer, Paul, 93, 361

  Schlesinger, James, 289–90

  Schrödinger, Erwin, 88, 91, 168

  Scranton, William III, 307

  Seaborg, Glenn, 145, 146, 161, 207, 228, 377

  Segawa, Kikuno, 214

  Segrè, Emilio, 90, 140, 205

  atomic bomb testing and, 200, 205

  on Bohr, 175

  early career of, 59, 60, 62, 64

  Fermi and, 55, 58, 68, 104, 265

  Hanford reactor output and, 168

  Manhattan Project and, 148, 154

  medical imaging research of, 377

  Los Alamos and, 152, 153, 159–60, 175

  nuclear reactor (CP-1) installation and, 132, 138

  Oak Ridge reactor and, 163–64

  on Oppenheimer, 142–43

  plutonium discovery by, 146

  postwar research of, 225, 228

  thermonuclear weapons development and, 236

  Sengier, Edgar, 153–54

  Serber, Robert (Bob), 144, 147, 155, 165–66, 200–201, 264

  Shevardnadze, Eduard, 323

  Shoup, David, 288

  Shultz, George P., 330, 333, 335

  Siegbahn, Manne, 95, 96, 98, 189

  Silard, Bela, 74, 80, 82, 113

  Sime, Ruth Lewin, 103

  Simon, Walter, 164–65

  Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP-62), 288–89, 292

  Skardon, William, 239

  Skłodowska, Bronisława (Bronya), 16, 18, 19, 20, 29, 38, 39, 42, 48, 51, 53

  Skłodowska, Marja (Manya). See Curie, Marie

  Smith, Francis, 176

  Smyth, Henry D., 194

  Snow, C. P., 299

  Society for the Protection of Science and Learning, 80

  Socolow, Robert, 6, 343

  Soddy, Frederick, 29–30, 34, 80

  Solvay, Ernest, 46

  Somervell, Brehon, 147

  Sorbonne, 15, 16, 20, 21, 34, 37, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50

  Sorensen, Ted, 295

  South Korea, 327, 338, 360

  Speer, Albert, 183

  Spinoza, Baruch, 78

  Sputnik, 256, 261, 282, 285, 286

  Stalin, Joseph, 172

  arms race concerns about, 208, 230, 267

  atomic weapons program and, 194, 221, 232–33, 235, 245

  death of, 245, 254

  mass murders of, 362, 373

  North Korea and, 243

  nuclear bomb threat under, 6, 373

  Truman and, 232

  US relations with, 193, 235

  Stallings, Richard, 374

  Stark, Johannes, 67, 92, 176

  START and START II treaties, 333

  Star Wars (Strategic Defense Initiative, SDI), 5, 330, 331–32, 333, 335, 364

  Steen, Charles, 270

  Stern, Mark Joseph, 361–62

  Stevenson, Adlai, 252

  Stevenson, Robert Louis, 36

  Stimson, Henry, 148, 150, 206, 207–08, 210–11, 221, 228, 370

  storage facilities, for nuclear waste, 374–75

  Strategic Air Command (SAC)

  aerial reconnaissance by, 279–80

  civilian oversight of, 279, 280

  headquarters of, 281

  LeMay as chief of, 279, 287–88

  power of, 287–88

  secret missile launch codes and, 280–81

  Strauss, Lewis, 267

  arms race and, 255, 258–59

  image of atomic energy promoted by, 230–31

  nuclear detection system and, 234

  Oppenheimer and, 257–61, 263, 264

  support for Szilard from, 82

  test-ban agreement and, 267

  Strassmann, Fritz, 83–84, 90, 92, 96–97, 98, 100, 102–03, 186, 190

  Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI; Star Wars), 5, 330, 331–32, 333, 335, 364

  Sunday Punch defense strategy, 279–79, 283, 288, 292, 372

  Super thermonuclear bombs. See hydrogen (Super) bombs

  Suzuki, Tomohiko, 352

  Swedish Academy of Sciences, 34, 69, 96

  Sweeney, Chuck, 216, 217

  System for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP), 306

  Szilard, Trude (Gertrude), 82, 268

  Szilard, Leo, 54, 222, 379

  arms control and, 267–68

  assistance to exiles in London by, 80–81, 92

  atomic bomb petition from, 207–08

  on atomic bombs, 127–28

  childhood of, 73–74

  cobalt experimentation by, 83, 153, 257, 267

  Cold War fears of, 194, 206

  concern about German use of nuclear arms and, 139, 153, 184

  Cuban Missile Crisis and, 268

  death of, 268, 269

  education of, 74–75

  Einstein and, 77, 78, 127, 220

  Fermi’s work with, 83, 149

  Groves’s suspicions about, 149–50, 207, 208

  Hungarian background of, 75, 76, 77

  Institute for Biological Studies work of, 268

  inventions of, 77–78

  Met Lab research in Chicago by, 149–50

  morality of atomic bomb use and, 211

  move to New York by, 82–83

  need for atomic bomb research advocated by, 114–16, 118, 119

  neutron-triggered chain reaction research of, 81–82, 105

  nuclear fission research and, 105

  nuclear reactor design and, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 149, 188

  nuclear research oversight and, 251

  Oak Ridge reactor and, 163

  political campaigns and power of, 251

  postwar research by, 229

  research secrecy and, 112–13, 208, 254

  Teller’s radiation concepts and, 331

  US military research and, 122–23

  uranium fission research of, 106, 109–13, 126, 127–28, 129, 177

  Wells’s concept of atomic bomb and, 79–80, 105

  Wigner on, 76
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  Szilard, Louis, 73

  Szilard, Tekla, 73

  Taniguchi, Sumiteru, 219

  Tanimoto, Kiyoshi¸ 216

  Tatlock, Jean, 133, 171, 198

  technetium, 140, 377

  Teflon, 161

  Telegdi, Valentine, 66, 225, 226, 261

  Teller, Edward, 225, 268, 291, 379

  arms race with Soviets and, 258–59

  atomic bomb design and, 168, 169, 199

  atomic bomb use in Japan and, 207

  Bohr and, 94, 175

  concern about German progress by, 184, 185

  concerns about Soviet power by, 230, 231

  exile visas for family of, 267

  FBI’s suspicions about spying by, 240

  on Fermi’s research, 90, 170

  fusion-bomb usage proposals of, 305

  Hungarian background of, 75, 77, 231

  hydrogen bomb research of, 125

  Livermore lab and, 252, 330, 331

  Los Alamos and, 151, 157, 158, 227, 228, 231, 252

  need for atomic bomb research advocated by, 114, 116, 118, 119

  nuclear defense strategy and, 234, 288

  nuclear explosives research of, 147

  nuclear power reactor safety and, 310

  on Oppenheimer, 220, 258, 259, 262–64

  personality of, 157–58, 248–49, 250, 251

  political campaigns and power of, 251

  professional relationships of, 262, 265

  Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative and, 330, 331–32, 333, 364

  research at Chicago by, 229, 242

  test-ban agreement and, 267

  thermonuclear fusion (Super bomb) design of, 125, 158, 227–29, 235, 236, 237, 239, 247, 249–50, 255, 258, 259, 262, 264, 275, 372

  thermonuclear testing (Mike) at Elugelab and, 250, 251, 252–54, 282–83

  Ulam’s relationship with, 231, 250, 265

  US military research and, 122

  uranium fission research of, 111

  Teller, Mici, 157, 159

  test-ban agreements, 255, 267, 299, 336, 374

  Thatcher, Margaret, 328

  thermonuclear (Super) bomb. See hydrogen (Super) bomb

  Thompson, Silvanus¸ 27

  Thomson, William, 1st Baron Kelvin, 22–23, 39

  thorium breeder reactors, 362

  Thornburgh, Richard, 308, 309

  Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (TMI), Pennsylvania, 5, 306–10, 312, 346, 353, 369

  federal officials on, 307–09, 311

  mechanism of accident at, 306–07

  public reaction to, 309–10

  radiation released in, 336

  Tibbets, Enola Gay, 212

  Tibbets, Paul Warfield, 211–12, 213

  Todreas, Neil, 345

  Tokyo, 359

  firebombing of, 209–10, 221, 222, 371

  radiation fallout affecting, 346, 349, 350, 351, 355, 356, 358, 359

  Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), 341–42, 344, 345, 346, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352–53, 354–55, 357, 359, 366

  Trabacchi, G. C., 60, 62

  Tracerlab, 234–35

  tracers, 5, 54, 188, 377

  Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 337, 338

  Triad Doctrine, 288

  Truman, Harry, 211

  advice from scientists on atomic weapon use to, 206–07

  aerial reconnaissance and, 279

  arms race with Soviet Union and, 235–36, 238, 246

  Atomic Energy Commission and, 229

  Cold War and, 244

  future of nuclear weapons and, 206, 235

  MacArthur replaced by, 245

  Meitner’s visit to, 189

  Stalin and, 232, 235

  thermonuclear weapons development and, 236, 237, 247, 252

  use of atomic bombs in Japan and, 208, 215, 216, 221, 232, 311

  tsunami, in Japan, 342, 344–45, 352–53

  Tuchman, Barbara, 33, 46

  Turing, Alan, 248

  Udall, Stewart, 336

  Ukraine, 314, 334

  Chernobyl disaster’s effect on, 322, 323, 324–25, 364, 369

  nuclear arsenal in, 291, 337

  nuclear reactors in, 313, 360

  Ulam, Françoise, 188, 249–50

  Ulam, Stanislaw, 76, 150, 282, 379

  move to Los Alamos by, 150

  personality of, 249

  Teller’s relationship with, 231, 250, 265

  thermonuclear fusion research by, 247, 248–50, 252, 253, 262, 264, 265, 275

  Union of Concerned Scientists, 353

  United Nations (UN), 79, 189, 207, 220, 230, 267, 297, 304, 364

  Atomic Energy Commission, 230

  International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 305, 338, 356, 364

  Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), 364–65

  U.S. Radium Corporation, 38

  Universal Exposition (Paris, 1900), 33

  University of Chicago

  Met Lab at, 127–29, 147, 148, 149, 207, 305

  nuclear reactor (CP-1) installation in Stagg Field at, 129–34

  University of Rome, 57, 58–64, 266

  uranium

  common uses of, 25–26

  Curies’ joint research on, 29–31

  emission of rays from, 15, 26, 27

  half-life of, 5, 30

  Marie Curie’s initial research on, 27

  naming of, 25

  Pierre Curie’s research on, 26–27

  processing of ore for, 28–29

  sources of, 4, 6

  Uranium Club (Uranverein), 105, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 186–87

  uranium-235, 4, 120, 122, 123, 161, 166

  Urey, Harold, 94, 122, 123, 147, 225

  nuclear reactor design by, 185

  uranium production and, 160–61, 162, 170, 238

  USS Nautilus submarine, 303–04, 305

  U-2 aerial surveillance program, 279, 282, 285, 288, 294, 297–98

  Velikhov, Yevgeny, 331, 332

  Vernadski, Vladimir I., 193

  Verne, Jules, 79, 303

  Viner, Jacob, 278

  viruses, computer, 338

  von Bahr-Bergius, Eva, 96, 98

  von Braun, Wernher, 79, 186, 291

  von Halban, Hans, 120

  von Kármán, Theodore, 75, 76, 77

  von Laue, Max, 75, 79, 88, 92, 93, 186, 188

  Von Laue, Theo, 188

  von Neumann, Janos (John), 77, 80, 290, 291

  atomic bomb design and, 168, 168, 220

  background of, 168–69

  on computers in the future, 248

  Hungarian background of, 75, 76, 231

  Manhattan Project and, 148, 155

  nuclear defense strategy and, 288

  Oppenheimer’s support from, 262

  political campaigns and power of, 251

  preemptory nuclear strike and, 244

  thermonuclear research by, 239, 248–49, 250

  von Neumann, Klari, 168–69, 248

  von Stauffenberg, Claus, 186

  von Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich, 118, 178, 180–81, 183, 187

  Walker, Andrew, 155

  Wall Street Journal, 37

  Watras, Stanley, 310–11, 312

  Wattenberg, Albert, 130–31

  Wefelmeier, Wilfrid, 99

  Weil, George, 134, 135, 136, 137

  Weimar Republic, 74, 77, 79, 91, 225, 251

  Weinberger, Caspar, 283

  Weisband, Bill, 238

  Weiss, Trude, 82, 268

  Weisskopf, Victor, 236

  Welsome, Eileen, 271

  Wells, H. G., 7, 79–80, 81, 105

  Wheeler, John, 102, 164, 244, 265

  Wiesner, Jerome, 277–78

  Wigner, Eugene, 228

  early career of, 76, 77, 80, 82

  on Fermi, 109

  Hanford reactor and, 164

  Hungarian background of, 75

  need for atomic bomb research advoca
ted by, 114–16, 118, 119

  nuclear reactor (CP-1) testing and, 137–38

  Oak Ridge reactor and, 163

  on Szilard, 76

  on Teller, 229

  US military research and, 122

  uranium fission research of, 109

  von Neumann and, 76, 77, 168

  Wilson, Anne, 205

  Wilson, Jane, 159

  Wilson, Richard, 324

  Wilson, Robert (Bob), 159, 167, 205, 219, 220

  Wilson, Taylor, 363–64

  Wilson, Volney, 134–35

  Wohlstetter, Albert, 283–84, 288, 290, 376

  Woods, Leona, 124, 131, 137, 164

  World Set Free, The (Wells), 79–80

  World War I (the Great War), 32–33, 36, 74, 89, 91, 193, 372

  World War II, 128, 194, 195, 206, 230, 232–33, 239

  Wrye, William, 205

  X-rays, 3, 5, 11–12, 13–14, 34, 35, 36, 49, 50, 57, 58, 79, 85, 126, 215, 230, 250, 309, 368, 377, 378

  X-ray lasers, 332

  X-ray satellites, 331

  Yates, Sidney, 340

  York, Herbert, 236, 250, 252, 281, 290

  Yoshida, Masao, 346, 351–52

  Yucca Mountain nuclear waste storage facility proposal, 373, 374

  Zaitchik, Alexander, 329

  Zakaria, Fareed, 339

  Zinn, Walter, 233

  injuries suffered by, 167

  nuclear reactor (CP-1) installation and testing by, 131, 132–33, 135, 137

  uranium fission research of, 106, 124, 129

  Zorawski, Bronka, 17, 18

  Zorawski, Kazimierz (Casimir), 17, 18, 51

  Zorawski, Stas, 17–18

  Zorawski family, 17–18, 21

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  ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  Craig Nelson is the author of the New York Times bestseller Rocket Men, as well as several previous books, including The First Heroes, Thomas Paine (winner of the Henry Adams Prize), and Let’s Get Lost (short-listed for W. H. Smith’s Book of the Year). His writing has appeared in Vanity Fair, the Wall Street Journal, Salon, National Geographic, New England Review, Popular Science, Reader’s Digest, and a host of other publications; he has been profiled in Variety, Interview, Publishers Weekly, and Time Out. Besides working at a zoo and in Hollywood, and being an Eagle Scout and a Fuller Brush man, he was a vice president and executive editor of Harper & Row, Hyperion, and Random House, where he oversaw the publishing of twenty national bestsellers. He lives in Greenwich Village.

 

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