by Payne, Chris
6 TNA:PRO MEPO 4/333/84.
7 Cobb (1957), p. 43.
8 Kingston House and the Kingston House Estate, British History Online (www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45934).
9 HALS document DP/107/29/10–12 and microfilms 466 and 467: ‘Parochial Pedigrees compiled by the Reverend John G. Hale’.
10 Hart-Davis (2001), pp. 13–4, 206; White (2007), p. 10; Wilson (2002), pp. 9, 16, 24, 28; Paterson (2006).
11 Ascoli (1979); Browne (1956).
12 Taylor (1997), p. 15; Emsley (2005), pp. 221–30.
13 Smith (1985), pp. 33–6.
14 White (2007), p. 401; Ascoli (1979), pp. 129–30.
15 White (2007), p. 392.
16 Author’s italics. Smith (1985), p. 23; Emsley (2005), p. 301.
17 Emsley (2005), p. 241.
18 TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraph 5105.
19 Emsley (1996), p. 86.
20 Emsley (1996), p. 186; Petrow (1994).
21 Emsley (1996), p. 26; Hart-Davis (2001), p. 204.
22 Cavanagh (1893), p. 4.
23 Emsley (1996), p. 254.
24 Emsley (2009), p. 43; Taylor (1997), p. 46.
25 Smith (1985), p. 45.
26 Browne (1956), p. 81; Critchley (1972), p. 151.
27 Currency conversions have been made using the Currency Conversion tool at The National Archives website (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk). The British currency in Victorian times was not decimalised. The main units of currency were pounds, shillings and pennies. One pound (one sovereign) contained 20 shillings (20s), and each shilling contained 12 pennies (12d).
28 Emsley (1996), pp. 191–8.
29 Moylan (1929), p. 98.
30 Fuller (1912), p. 21.
31 Ascoli (1979), p. 107.
32 Emsley (1996), pp. 28–30; Moylan (1929), p. 149.
33 Emsley (1996), p. 206.
34 TNA:PRO MEPO 4/333.
35 TNA:PRO MEPO 21/14/4724.
36 Smith (1985), p. 39.
37 Cobb (1957), p. 43.
38 Emsley (1996), p. 206.
39 Emsley (2009), p. 118; Smith (1985), pp. 40–1.
40 Ibid.
41 Emsley (1996), pp. 58, 225.
42 Critchley (1972), p. 168.
43 Moylan (1929), p. 112.
44 TNA:PRO HO45/10002/A49463.
45 TNA:PRO MEPO 21/14/4724; MEPO 21/14/2504; MEPO 21/14/4750.
46 TNA:PRO HO27 England and Wales, Criminal Registers, 1791–1892.
47 Information from census records and birth certificates. The five children were George Leonard Clarke (b. 2 July 1845 at Chipping Barnet); Henry John Clarke (b. 21 November 1846 at Highgate); Emily Bent Clarke (b. 28 September 1853 at St John’s Wood); Herbert Edwin Clarke (b. 4 October 1855 at St John’s Wood); Catherine Louisa Clarke (b. 3 September 1859 at St John’s Wood).
48 Emsley (2005), p. 15.
49 Ibid., pp. 13–4.
50 Thomson (1935), p. 115; Stratmann (2010), pp. 9–18.
51 TNA:PRO MEPO 21/2/947; MEPO 21/2/743; MEPO 21/14/2504.
52 OBP (April 1844), John White (t18440408–1287); OBP (February 1849), John Cummings (t18490226–746); The Times (30 June 1860).
53 Begg and Skinner (1992), p. 27; Hibbert (1963), p. 275.
54 Moylan (1929), p. 153; Begg and Skinner (1992), pp. 35–6.
55 Smith (1985), p. 65.
56 TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraphs 4–7; Smith (1985), p. 62.
57 The term ‘detective department’ has been used throughout this book. Browne (1956), pp. 121–2; Wade (2007), p. 40.
58 Thomson (1935), p. 156.
59 Ascoli (1979), p. 120.
60 Smith (1985), p. 67.
61 Begg and Skinner (1992), p. 27; Hibbert (1963), p. 275.
62 Dickens (1850), Household Words (27 July).
63 Begg and Skinner (1992) p. 27; Hibbert (1963) p. 275.
64 Dickens, Household Words (27 July 1850).
65 Leeds Mercury, Weekly Supplement (1 February 1890).
66 Begg and Skinner (1992), p. 46.
67 TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraphs 4–7; Smith (1985), p. 62.
68 TNA:PRO HO 65/24 Waddington to Mayne (January 1862); Cavanagh (1893), pp. 98–100.
69 Campbell (2002), pp. 75–6; TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraph 1929.
70 TNA:PRO HO 65/24 Appointments.
71 Cobb (1956), pp. 28–9.
72 Summerscale (2008), p. 56.
73 Griffiths (1901), p. 366.
74 Cavanagh (1893), p. 67.
75 Lansdowne (1890), p. 1.
76 Browne (1956), p. 149.
77 TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraphs 63–6.
78 Ibid., paragraphs 282–6.It is these case reports that have sometimes survived in the National Archives though, unfortunately, many have been discarded over the years.
79 Lansdowne (1890), p. 39.
80 Fuller (1912), p. 214; Greenham (1904), p. 78.
81 Greenham (1904), p. 61.
82 TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraphs 597–8.
83 Ibid., paragraph 2080.
84 Ibid., paragraph 4766.
85 Ibid., paragraph 4663.
86 TNA:PRO HO 65/24 Appointments.
87 Leeds Mercury (21 February 1863); Liverpool Mercury (30 March 1863).
88 The Times (10 June 1863); The Times (14 July 1863); OBP (July 1863), David Charles Lloyd (t18630713–94 889).
89 The Times (20 January 1864); OBP (February 1864), Charles Alberti (t18640201–227).
90 TNA:PRO MEPO 7/24 (22 January 1863); MEPO 7/25 (25 February 1863); MEPO 7/25 (19 March 1864).
91 TNA:PRO MEPO 7/25 (5 March 1864).
92 TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraphs 4569–79.
93 Ibid., paragraphs 917–20; Greenham (1904), pp. 7–8.
94 Ibid., paragraphs 979–84, 1880.
95 Ibid,, paragraph 1887.
96 Wallachia and Moldavia are regions within what is now Romania. TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraphs 425–7.
97 TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraphs 2040–2.
98 TNA:PRO HO 65/24 Appointments; MEPO 7/24 (25 March 1864); MEPO 7/25 (29 March 1864); MEPO 7/24 (31 October 1863); Lock (1990), p. 163; MEPO 7/25 (30 April 1864); MEPO 21/11/3775.
99 Diamond (2003), p. 52.
100 Smith (1985), pp. 150–9.
101 TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraphs 542–3.
102 TNA:PRO MEPO 7/25 (21 May 1864).
103 Personal Notebook of Richard Tanner. Metropolitan Police Historical Collection.
104 Meiklejohn (1912), p. 13.
105 TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/66692: Minutes of Evidence, paragraphs 4794–5.
106 TNA:PRO MEPO 7/25 (31 May 1864); Wikipedia, ‘Henri d’Orleans, Duke of Aumale’.
2 A Murderous Year
1 Hindley (1871), p. 209.
2 Irving (1911).
3 Daily News (27 September 1864).
4 Irving (1911), p. 21.
5 TNA:PRO MEPO 21/7/2201.
6 TNA:PRO MEPO 21/12/4022.
7 Irving (1911), p. 27.
8 Browne (1956), p. 164.
9 The Times (12 July 1864).
10 Ibid.
11 Sellwood and Sellwood (1979), p. 18.
12 The Times (14 July 1864); Brandon and Brooke (2010), p. 47.
13 The Times (18 July 1864).
14 The Times (20 July 1864).
15 Irving (1911), p. 51.
16 Ibid., p. 33.
17 Hart-Davis (2001), p. 34.
18 The New York Times (6 August 1864).
19 The New York Herald (8 August 1864).
20 Hart-Davis (2001), p. 100.
21 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/75.
22 Wikipedia, ‘Lancashire Cotton Famine’.
23 Wikipedia, ‘CSS Alabama’.
24 Freeman’s Journal (19 September 1864
); Glasgow Herald (19 September 1864).
25 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/75 Report from Tanner to Mayne (9 August 1864).
26 The New York Herald (7 August 1864).
27 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/75 Report from Tanner to Mayne (16 August 1864).
28 Ibid.
29 Wikipedia, ‘CSS Tallahassee’.
30 The New York Tribune (15 August 1864); The New York Times (15 August 1864).
31 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/75 Report from Tanner to Mayne (23 August 1864).
32 Goodman and Waddell (1987), p. 133; Liverpool Mercury (8 September 1864).
33 OBP (October 1864), Franz Müller (t18641024–920).
34 Irving (1911), p. xviii.
35 Liverpool Mercury (8 September 1864); Glasgow Herald (19 September 1864).
36 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/75 Report from Tanner to Mayne (26 August 1864).
37 The Times (13 September 1864).
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/75 Report from Tanner to Mayne (28 August 1864).
41 The Times (19 September 1864).
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid.
45 Liverpool Mercury (19 September 1864).
46 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/75 Memo from Williamson (15 September 1864).
47 Irving (1911), p. xvi.
48 Ibid., pp. 70–1.
49 Williams (1890), Vol. 1, p. 256.
50 The Times (20 September 1864).
51 Daily News (27 September 1864).
52 The Times (27 September 1864).
53 Wikipedia, ‘Sir Robert Collier’.
54 Wikipedia, ‘William Ballantine’; Wikipedia, ‘Hardinge Giffard’.
55 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ‘John Humffreys Parry’(2009).
56 Wikipedia, ‘Sir Frederick Pollock’.
57 The Times (28 October 1864).
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.
60 Irving (1911), p. xxv.
61 Ibid.
62 The Times (29 October 1864).
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid.
65 The Times (31 October 1864).
66 The Times (29 October 1864).
67 Ibid.
68 The Times (31 October 1864).
69 Ibid.
70 Irving (1911), p. xxix.
71 The News of the World (30 October 1864).
72 The Times (31 October 1864).
73 The News of the World (13 November 1864).
74 Ibid.
75 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/76 Memo from Williamson (10 November 1864).
76 The Times (14 November 1864).
77 Ibid.
78 The News of the World (20 November 1864).
79 Ibid.
80 Goodman and Waddell (1987), p. 36.
81 Jenkins (2008), p. 127.
82 The Times (15 November 1864).
83 Ibid.
84 Ibid.
85 Goodman and Waddell (1987), p. 97.
86 Sellwood and Sellwood (1979), pp. 66–9.
87 O’Neill (2006), p. 140.
88 TNA:PRO MEPO 7/26 (8 February 1865); HO 45/7078.
89 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77; Stratmann (2010), pp. 205–11.
90 OBP (January 1865), Ferdinand Köhl (t18650111–142).
91 Ibid.
92 The Examiner (12 November 1864).
93 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77 Report from Howie (9 November 1864).
94 OBP (January 1865), Ferdinand Köhl (t18650111–142).
95 Ibid.
96 Ibid.
97 Ibid.
98 The Times (10 November 1864).
99 Ibid.
100 Greenwood (1874), pp. 264–8.
101 Ibid.
102 OBP (January 1865), Ferdinand Köhl (t18650111–142).
103 Ibid.
104 Ibid.
105 Ibid.
106 Daily News (11 November 1864).
107 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77 Report from Howie (10 November 1864).
108 Ibid.
109 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77 Report from Howie (11 November 1864).
110 The Era (13 November 1864).
111 Daily News (14 November 1864).
112 Ibid.
113 Ibid.
114 The Times (15 November 1864).
115 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77 Translation of Report from Carl Paterson to Captain W.L. Harris (11 November 1864).
116 Manchester Times (26 November 1864).
117 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77 Report from Howie (16 November 1864).
118 OBP (January 1865), Ferdinand Köhl (t18650111–142).
119 Ibid.
120 Ibid.
121 The Times (17, 18 and 24 November 1864).
122 The Times (28 November 1864).
123 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77 Report from Howie (27 November 1864).
124 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77 Letter from Greenwood to Mayne (17 December 1864).
125 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77 Report from Clarke (5 January 1865).
126 Wikipedia, ‘Hamburg’; Wikipedia, ‘Lüchow-Dannenberg’.
127 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77 ‘Extraordinary Expenses’ claim from Clarke.
128 The Times (12 and 13 January 1865).
129 Ibid.
130 Ibid.
131 Ibid.
132 The Times (28 January 1865).
133 Leeds Mercury (24 January 1865).
134 Goodman and Waddell (1987), p. 133.
135 Bent (1891), p. 214.
3 The Fenians are Coming
1 Hindley (1871), p. 113.
2 TNA:PRO MEPO 3/77 Letter from Treasury to Mayne (21 January 1865).
3 The Newcastle Courant (10 February 1865).
4 The Times (2 March 1865); Lloyds Weekly Newspaper (5 March 1865).
5 TNA:PRO MEPO 7/30 Police Orders (7 November 1868).
6 O’Broin (1971); Smith (1985); Kee (1980); Kee (2000); Comerford (1998); Jenkins (2008).
7 Kee (1980), p. 66.
8 Wilson (2002), pp. 74–83.
9 Kee (1980), p. 104.
10 Ibid., p. 106; Comerford (1998), p. 18.
11 Comerford (1998), p. 39.
12 Devoy (1929), p. 97.
13 Anderson (1906), p. 50.
14 Kee (2000), pp. 309–13; Campbell (2002), p. 55.
15 Vincent Comerford, Personal Communication.
16 Comerford (1998), pp. 47–8.
17 The Times (7 April 1868); Kee (2000), p. 300.
18 Kee (1980), pp. 299–300.
19 Kee (2000), p. 312; Comerford (1998), p. 68.
20 Jenkins (2008), p. 29.
21 Kenny (1994), p. 11.
22 Jenkins (2008), p. 28.
23 Kee (2000), p. 318.
24 Campbell (2002), p. 55.
25 Comerford (1998), p. 121.
26 Scanlon (1998), pp. 7–10; McCracken (2009), pp. 10–6.
27 TNA:PRO MEPO 1/47 Mayne to Greig (20 February 1865).
28 Kee (2000), pp. 317–21; Campbell (2002), p. 14.
29 TNA:PRO: HO 45/7799 part 1.
30 Ibid.
31 Kee (2000), p. 318.
32 TNA:PRO MEPO 7/26 (27 May 1865); OBP (December 1865), Nathaniel Holchester, Samuel Berrens, Jules Bayer, Abraham Davis, Gershore Silverman, Philip Braun (t18651218–140).
33 Kee (2000), pp. 319–21.
34 Jenkins (2008), p. 36.
35 TNA:PRO MEPO 1/47 Mayne to Larcom (December 1865).
36 White (2007), pp. 371–3; Smith (1985), pp. 94–5, 193–4.
37 TNA:PRO HO 45/9442/666921878 Minutes of Evidence, paragraph 4640.
38 TNA:PRO HO 45/7799 Letter from Mayor of Birmingham (20 October 1865) and Cohen to Williamson (24 October 1865).
39 Anderson (1906), p. 75.
40 Kee (2000), pp. 328–30.
41 National Archives of Ireland. Fenian Police Reports, Box 3, 332: Report by Williamson (29 October 1865).
42 TNA:PRO HO 45/7799 part 1 (8 November 1865).
43 Jenkins (2008), p. 39.
44 Kee (2000), pp. 321–4; O’Broin (1971), pp. 17–29.
45 Comerford (1998), p. 130.
; 46 Campbell (2002), p. 61.
47 TNA:PRO MEPO 1/47 Mayne to Waddington (10 January 1866) and Mayne to Larcom (1 February 1866).
48 TNA:PRO MEPO 7/27 (12 January 1866).
49 Comerford (1998), p. 133.
50 Anderson (1906), p. 59; McCracken (2009), pp. 22–24.
51 Kee (2000), pp. 324–5; Campbell (2002), p. 64.
52 David (1997), p. 150; other background information on Lord Cardigan was also extracted from this reference and from Paxman (2009), pp. 168–72.
53 The Times (4 June 1866; 27 and 28 June 1867).
54 The Times (28 June 1867).
55 The Times (27 June 1867).
56 The Times (4 June 1866).
57 Ibid.
58 The Times (28 June 1867).
59 Countess of Cardigan and Lancastre (1909).
60 Anderson (1906), p. 36.
61 White (2007), pp. 371–3; Smith pp. 161–82.
62 Kennedy (2003), p. 104.
63 TNA:PRO MEPO 1/47 Two undated letters from Mayne to Greig (c. September 1866).
64 TNA:PRO HO 45/7799 Report from Inspector Williamson (15 September 1866).
65 TNA:PRO HO 45/7799 Reports from Sergeant Mulvany (8, 12 and 24 October 1866).
66 Jenkins (2008), p. 80.
67 TNA:PRO MEPO 1/47 1 Mayne to Whelan (4 and 18 September 1866).
68 Wikipedia, ‘Gustave Paul Cluseret’.
69 Kee (2000), pp. 329–30.
70 TNA:PRO HO 144/1537/2 Confession of Fariola; ‘Amongst the Fenians’, The Irishman (1 August 1868 – 31 October 1868).
71 The Irishman (1 and 8 August 1868); ‘Belgians in the American Civil War’ (http://home.scarlet.be/gallez.nic/US%20Army/Colored/OctaveFariola.htm); TNA:PRO HO144/1537/2.
72 TNA:PRO HO 144/1537/2 Confession of Fariola, p. 7.
73 The Irishman (8 August 1868).
74 TNA:PRO HO 144/1537/2 Confession of Fariola, pp. 10–1.
75 Ibid., p. 8.
76 Ibid., pp. 18–20; The Irishman (29 August 1868).
77 The Irishman (15 August 1868).
78 Whelehan (2009), pp. 55–9; TNA:PRO HO 144/1537/2 Confession of Fariola, pp. 13–20.
79 TNA:PRO FO 5/1340 (7 December 1866); MEPO 1/47 Mayne to Larcom (14 and 20 December 1866), Mayne to Wood (18 December 1866) and Mayne to Walpole (2 January 1867).
80 Kee (2000), pp. 321–4; Campbell (2002), p. 73; O’Broin (1971), pp. 119–21; Anderson (1906), p. 63.
81 O’Broin (1971), p. 119.
82 Smith (1985), p. 186.
83 Ibid., p. 187.
84 TNA:PRO HO 144/1537/2 Confession of Fariola, p. 29.
85 Daily News (2 December 1867); The Times (2 December 1867).
86 MEPO1/47 Mayne to Greig (19 April 1866) and Mayne to Comte de Gernon (21 November 1866).
87 TNA:PRO HO 144/1537/2 Confession of Fariola, p. 81.
88 HO 65/8 Liddell to Receiver of Police (2 April 1868).
