It became essential to restore Zacharias’ authority. As usual, Secretary Forrestal came to our aid. He called Washington’s most influential correspondent, Arthur Krock of The New York Times, to his office and asked him to write a column which would tacitly reiterate that Zacharias was not a self-appointed apostle of peace, but an official spokesman, indeed, whose broadcast reflected the views and policies of the U.S. Government. Next morning Krock wrote: “Uneasiness has been expressed in this country over … the broadcast to Japan by Captain Zacharias … Captain Zacharias, though reiterating the requirement of unconditional surrender, told the Japanese people they can make ‘peace with honor’ at this juncture and that the benefits of the Atlantic Charter will go with it; and this has aroused fears it will persuade the Japanese we are weakening and that they can get even better terms if they hold out …”
Then followed the crucial portion of his column, inspired by Forrestal: “Captain Zacharias was working on a twofold problem this Government faces in the Pacific war, and the line he took in the broadcast is the high official attempt to deal with it directly. He sought (a) to persuade the Japanese people that their military leaders lie when they predict pillage, enslavement, dismemberment of the home islands, rapine and the overthrow of their sacred institutions as the inevitable consequences of unconditional surrender, the hope being that, if the Japanese masses can be brought to realize this, the war will be shortened and many American lives will be spared. He sought (b) to show the American people the effort that is being made to save those lives.”
We were still apprehensive that Truman, who was maintaining ominous silence at Potsdam, might yet disavow us. Forrestal sought to prevent this. He asked Commodore Vardaman, the President’s Naval Aide, to brief Truman on the issue. This intervention saved the day for us. While the President continued to refrain from taking a direct part in the controversy, he authorized Anthony Vaccaro, White House correspondent of the Associated Press covering him at Potsdam, to report that the President “tacitly approved the Zacharias broadcast.”
Now we felt the time had come to invigorate the campaign by establishing direct, personal contact with the Japanese to discuss with them face to face the problems that had to be solved. One of the foremost Japanese militarists, General Oshima, had been captured in Germany, where he represented his country as ambassador to Hitler. We made arrangements to fly him to Washington and then, with him in tow, we prepared to go to an island in the Pacific to meet with emissaries of Tokyo.
As we saw it, Zacharias would go on this secret trip, accompanied by Dennis McEvoy and maybe Commander Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., attached to Admiral King’s staff, who worked independently along lines similar to ours, trying to establish contact with personalities close to the Dowager Empress, who wielded great influence on the Emperor. We obtained permission to bring Oshima to Washington, and began making the arrangements for Zacharias’ momentous trip, hoping to assure the participation of Japanese emissaries approximately on Zacharias’ level. These were supposed to be preliminary talks, for the real negotiations would have to be conducted on a much higher level. But we expected that even these preliminary talks would produce vast areas of agreement, enabling subsequent negotiators to arrange the surrender without too much further delay.
We again enjoyed Forrestal’s wholehearted support. The Secretary asked Zacharias to venture an opinion as to the date by which the surrender would become an accomplished fact. Zacharias answered without the slightest hesitation: “September 1.” The date was exactly one month away, but we felt confident that we could deliver the goods.
On August 6, the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. It was followed by the dropping of a second bomb on Nagasaki on August 9. In between, the Red Army sneaked into the Far Eastern war by attacking the Japanese in Manchuria and scoring a few pro forma victories in great haste.
Zacharias was bitterly disappointed when his efforts blew up in the poisonous mushroom of two atomic bombs. “The stunning effect of the atomic bombs on world-wide popular imagination,” he wrote in his autobiography, “caused an instant belief that the Japanese surrender was solely the result of atomic bombing. And that erroneous belief still persists very widely … Japan would have accepted our surrender terms even without the prodding which the two atomic bombs provided.
“Aside from its stunning and horrifying impact on human imagination and its production of a spectacular war climax,” he wrote, “the atomic bombs’ effect on the Japanese war was only to hasten, by a very short time, the Japanese expression of a decision already made.”
Japan surrendered on August 14 and her capitulation was formalized on September 2 on board the battleship Missouri.
To save two weeks, the United States introduced history’s most savage weapon into human conflict, and thus endowed war with an unprecedented horror. The United States did this at a time when a small band of dedicated men was ready to demonstrate that conflicts could be ended in an intellectual sphere by non-military means.
I shall be forever proud that I was privileged to belong to that small band of dedicated men.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliography
As it must be obvious to the reader, part of the material in this book is based on first hand sources—personal interrogations, unpublished eyewitness accounts, documents, as well as my own experiences—and part on published sources, the accounts of men and women who shared in this grand adventure or had a ringside seat at the secret war.
The following bibliography is prepared for those who seek information in greater detail on specific events cited above as well as on those operations not covered in this book.
The available literature is vast. The selection had to be confined to works which I thought were objectively the best or which appealed to me subjectively, for their intrinsic value or beauty. My gratitude goes out to their authors who have thus aided me in the preparation of this volume.
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Borchers, E., Monsieur Jean, Hannover: Sponholtz, 1951
Boveri, M., Der Verrat im 20. Jahrhundert, Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1956–57
Buckmaster, M. J., Specially Employed. The Story of British Aid to French Patriots of the Resistance, London: Batchworth Press, 1952
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Busch, T. (pseudonym of Arthur Schuetz), Entlarvter Geheimdienst, Zuerich: Pegasus, 1946
Butcher, H. C., My Three Years With Eisenhower, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946
Garroll, W., Persuade or Perish, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948
Carré, M., I Was the Cat, London: Souvenir, 1960
Churchill, P., Of Their Own Choice, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1952
Churchill, P., Duel of Wits, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1953
Churchill, W. S., The Second World War, 6 vols., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948–1952
Ciano Diaries, 1939–1943, New York: Doubleday, 1946
Collier, R., Ten-thousand Eyes, London: Collins, 1958
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Colvin, I., The Unknown Courier, London: Kimber, 1953
Combined Operations, London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1943
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Cooper, D. A., Operation Heartbreak, New York: Viking, 1951
Dallin, D., Soviet Esp
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Dalton, H., The Fateful Years. Memoirs, 1931–1945, London: Muller, 1957
Davidson, B., Partisan Picture, Bedford: 1946
Dedijer, V., With Tito Through the War, London: Hamilton, 1951
Derry, T. K., The Campaign in Norway, London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1952
Dixon, C. A. (with Heilbrunn, O.), Communist Guerilla Warfare, London: Allen & Unwin, 1954
Dourlein, P., Inside North Pole, London: Kimber, 1953
Downes, D., The Scarlet Thread. Adventures in Wartime Espionage, New York: British Book Centre, 1953
Duke, M., Slipstream. The Story of Anthony Duke, London: Evans, 1955
Duke, M., No Passport. The Story of Jean Felix, London: Evans, 1957
Dulles, A. W., Germany’s Underground, New York: Macmillan, 1947
Eisenhower, D. D., Crusade in Europe, Garden City: Doubleday, 1949
Eppler, J. W., Rommel ruft Kairo, Guetersloh: Bertelsman, 1959
Farago, L. (ed.), Axis Grand Strategy, New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1942
Farago, L., War of Wits. The Anatomy of Espionage and Intelligence, New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1954
Feldt, E. A., The Coast Watchers, Melbourne: Cumberlege, 1946
Fernandez Artucio, H., The Nazi Octopus in South America, London: Hale, 1943
Firmin, S., They Came to Spy, London: Hutchinson, 1946
Fischer, G., Soviet Opposition to Stalin, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952
Flicke, W. F., Spionagegruppe Rote Kapelle, Kreuzlingen: Neptun, 1949
Flicke, W. F., Agenten funken nach Moskau, Kreuzlingen: Neptun, 1954
Foote, A., Handbook for Spies, Garden City: Doubleday, 1949
Ford, C. (with McBain, A.), Cloak and Dagger. The Secret Story of the OSS, New York: Random House, 1946
Fuller, J. O., Madeleine. The Story of Noor Inayat Khan, London: Gollancz, 1952
Fuller, J. O., The Starr Affair, London: Gollancz, 1953
Fuller, J. O., Double Webs, London: Putnam, 1958
Galang, R. C., Secret Mission to the Philippines, Manila: University Publications, 1948
Gauché, G., Le Deuxième Bureau au travail (1935-1940), Paris: Amiot-Dumont, 1954
Gerson, L. D., Schreider und die Spione, Muenchen: Dom, 1950
Gestapo i Norge. Mennene, Midlene og Metodene, Oslo: Gyldendal, 1946
Gimpel, E., Spion fuer Deutschland, Muenchen: Suedd. Verl., 1956
Gisevius, H. B., Bis zum bitteren Ende, 2 vols., Zurich: Fretz & Wasmuth, 1954
Giskes, H. J., London Calling North Pole, London: Kimber, 1953
Goerlitz, W., Der zweite Weltkrieg, Stuttgart: Steingraeben, 1951
Goudsmit, S. A., Alsos, New York: H. Schuman, 1947
Guillaume, P., La sologne au temps de l’heroism et de la trahison, Orleans: Imp. Nouevelle, 1950
Haestrup, J., Kontakt med England, Copenhagen: Thuning & Appel, 1954
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Hesse, F., Das Spiel um Deutschland, Muenchen: List, 1953
Hobatsch, W., Die deutsche Besetzung von Daenemark und Norwegen, 1940, Goettingen: Musterschmidt, 1952
Hofer, W., Die Entfesselung des zweiten Weltkrieges, Frankfurt: Fischer, 1960
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Howarth, P. (ed.), Special Operations, London: Routledge & Paul, 1955
Hull, C., Memoirs, 2 vols., New York: Macmillan, 1948
Ignatov, P. K., Partisans of Kuban, London: Hutchinson, 1945
Ind, A., Allied Intelligence Bureau. Our Secret Weapon in the War Against Japan, New York: McKay, 1958
Jacobsen, H.-A., Der zweite Weltkrieg in Chronik und Dokumenten, Darmstadt: Wehr und Wissen, 1960
James, C., I Was Monty’s Double, London: Rider, 1954
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Jong, L. D., The German Fifth Column in the Second World War, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1956
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