8 Journal CO, p. 59, in Journals, vol. 11, 385.
9 Journal DO, p. 188, and Journal VS, p. 280, in Journals, vol. 13, 1852–1855, 54, 198.
10 Journals, vol. 9, 1843–1847, 233.
11 Journal Y (1845), pp. 119–20, Journals, vol. 9, 1843–1847, 299–300.
12 Journals, vol. 14, 1854–1861, ed. Susan Sutton Smith and Harrison Hayford (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), 171.
13 Journal AB (1847), pp. 105–7, and Journal GH (1847), p. 3, Journals, vol. 10, 1847–1848, ed. Merton M. Sealts Jr. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), 44–45, 131.
14 Philip L. Nicoloff finds Emerson’s instances of racial thought “almost countless.” See Emerson on Race and History: An Examination of English Traits (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 120. Lawrence Buell, Emerson (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 248, adds that Emerson “never ceased to harbor racist views of Anglo-Saxon superiority.”
15 For a thoughtful analysis of “Fate” in The Conduct of Life, see Eduardo Cadava, “The Guano of History,” in Of Mourning and Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, forthcoming), and Eduardo Cadava, Emerson and the Climates of History (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997). Cadava’s and my use of “Fate” differs from that of Phyllis Cole from a generation ago in “Emerson, England, and Fate,” in Emerson: Prophecy, Metamorphosis, and Influence: Selected Papers from the English Institute (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 83–105.
16 Journal CO, 1851, pp. 28–29, in Journals, vol. 11, 1848–1851: 376.
CHAPTER 13: THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1 Henry S. Patterson, “Memoir of the Life and Scientific Labors of Samuel George Morton,” in Types of Mankind, or Ethnological Researches, Based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and upon Their Natural, Geographical, Philological, and Biblical History: Illustrated by Selections from the Inedited Papers of Samuel George Morton, M.D. (Late President of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia) and by Additional Contributions from Prof. L. Agassiz, LL.D.; W. Usher, M.DD; and Prof. H. S. Patterson, M.D. by N. C. Nott, M.D., and Geo. R. Gliddon (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1857), xxx.
2 Paul A. Erikson, “Morton, Samuel George (1799–1851),” in History of Physical Anthropology, vol. 1, ed. Frank Spencer (New York: Garland, 1997), 65–66.
3 Samuel George Morton, Crania Ægyptiaca, or Observations on Egyptian Ethnography, Derived from Anatomy, History and the Monuments (Philadelphia: John Penington, 1844), 3–4, 46.
4 Ibid., 65–66; Patterson, “Memoir of Samuel George Morton,” xxxvii, xlii.
5 Quoted in Karen E. Fields, “Witchcraft and Racecraft: Invisible Ontology in Its Sensible Manifestations,” in Witchcraft Dialogues: Anthropological and Philosophical Exchanges, ed. George Clement Bond and Diane M. Ciekawy (Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 2001), 304; Max Weber, “The Religion of Non-Privileged Strata,” in Economy and Society, ed. Geunther Roth and Claus Wittich (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 490–91.
6 See the controversy as related in Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris (1861): 176, 184–88, 259, 274. The notes to this discussion cite Morton, Nott, Gliddon, and Morton’s biographer J. Aitken Meigs.
7 See Reginald Horsman, Josiah Nott of Mobile: Southerner, Physician, and Racial Theorist (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 113–18.
8 Ibid., 206.
9 Arthur de Gobineau, The Inequality of Human Races, trans. Adrian Collins, preface by George L. Mosse (New York: Howard Fertig, 1999), xii. See also Stephen Jay Gould, “Ghosts of Bell Curves Past,” Natural History 104, no. 2 (Feb. 1995): 12–19.
10 “Jones, Sir William,” Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 1 Oct. 2007, http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9043950.
11 Tocqueville to Gobineau, Saint-Cyr, 20 Dec. 1853, in Alexis de Tocqueville, “The European Revolution” and Correspondence with Gobineau, ed. and trans. John Lukacs (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1959), 231–33. See also Tocqueville to Gobineau, Paris, 15 May 1852, ibid., 221–23.
12 Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge, 1995), 130–35. On Henry Hotze, see Robert E. Bonner, “Slavery, Confederate Diplomacy, and the Racialist Mission of Henry Hotze,” Civil War History 51, no. 3 (2005): 288–311. See also Horsman, Josiah Nott, 205–9.
13 Jean Boissel, Gobineau: Biographie: Mythes et réalité (Paris: Berg International, 1993), 129–30.
14 See esp. Arthur de Gobineau, Essai sur l’inégalité des races humaines, in Œuvres, vol. 1, ed. Jean Gaulmer and Jean Boissel (Paris: Gallimard, 1983), 243, 275, 285–86, 344, 773, 922, 923, 978.
15 The Cornell University Library’s electronic texts: http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fsgml%2Fmoa-idx%3Fnotisid%3DABK9283-0007%26byte%3D145175765&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fputn%2Fputn0007%2F&tif=00007.TIF&pagenum=102.
16 In American Journal of the Medical Sciences 6 (1843): 252–56.
17 J. C. Nott, “Postscriptum,” Types of Mankind, xiii.
18 Paul A. Erickson, “American School of Anthropology,” in History of Physical Anthropology, vol. 2, ed. Frank Spencer (New York: Garland, 1997), 690.
CHAPTER 14: THE SECOND ENLARGEMENT OF AMERICAN WHITENESS
1 Geoffrey C. Ward, The Civil War: An Illustrated History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 50; Ella Lonn, Foreigners in the Union Army and Navy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), 146–47, 659–61, 666–74.
2 David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 75–76, terms Decoration Day “America’s first multiracial, multiethnic commemoration.”
3 Ibid., 74–75, 276.
4 See Erika Lee, “American Gatekeeping: Race and Immigration Law in the Twentieth Century,” in Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States, ed. Nancy Foner and George M. Fredrickson (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004), 124.
5 Two foundational texts of whiteness studies examine this process. See David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991 and 1999), and Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York: Routledge, 1995).
6 “Fate,” in Conduct of Life, CWRWE, vol. 6 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 9.
7 Journal CO, 1851, pp. 102–3, in Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 11, 1848–1851, ed. A. W. Plumstead, William H. Gilman, and Ruth H. Bennett (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), 397–98.
8 Henry Cabot Lodge, A Short History of the English Colonies in America (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1881), 66, 72, 73.
9 Henry Cabot Lodge, “The Distribution of Ability in the United States,” Century Magazine 42, n.s. 20 (Sept. 1891): 688–89; Dumas Malone, “The Geography of American Achievement,” Atlantic 154, no. 6 (Dec. 1934): 669–80; John Hammond Moore, “William Cabell Bruce, Henry Cabot Lodge, and the Distribution of Ability in the United States,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 86, no. 3 (July 1978): 355–61.
10 Lodge, “Distribution of Ability,” 693–94.
11 James Phinney Munroe, A Life of Francis Amasa Walker (New York: Henry Holt, 1923), 5.
12 Francis Amasa Walker, “Immigration and Degradation,” Forum 2 (1891): 418–19, 420, 421, 425–26.
13 Francis A. Walker, “Restriction of Immigration,” Atlantic Monthly 77, no. 464 (June 1896): 829.
CHAPTER 15: WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY AND THE RACES OF EUROPE
1 Arthur Mann, “Gompers and the Irony of Racism,” Antioch Review 13, no. 2 (June 1953): 212, incorrectly ascribes the phrase to the longtime head of the American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers. While Gompers (himself an immigrant from England of Jewish background) undeniably made racist comments regarding immigrants f
rom southern and eastern Europe, the quoted phrase comes from a column by the woman suffragist Lydia Kingsmill Commander, “Evil Effects of Immigration,” American Federationist (Oct. 1905): 749.
2 “When Ripley Speaks, Wall Street Heeds,” by H.I.B., New York Times, 26 Sept. 1926, SM7; William Z. Ripley, “Race Progress and Immigration,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 34, no. 1 (July 1909): 130.
3 “When Ripley Speaks, Wall Street Heeds.”
4 William Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study (New York: D. Appleton, 1899), ix.
5 See Michael Dietler, “‘Our Ancestors the Gauls’: Archaeology, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Manipulation of Celtic Identity in Modern Europe” (originally published 1994), in American Anthropology, 1971–1995: Papers from the American Anthropologist, ed. Regna Darnell (Arlington, Va: American Anthropological Association, 2002): 732, 738.
6 Ripley, Races of Europe, 37.
7 Ibid., 332.
8 C. Loring Brace terms The Races of Europe “gobbledygook…a classic illustration of the antiscience stance of Romanticism.” See “Race” Is a Four-Letter Word: The Genesis of the Concept (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 171.
9 Charles W. Chesnutt, “What Is a White Man?” Independent, 30 May 1889, pp. 693–94.
10 Ripley, Races of Europe, following p. 208.
11 Ibid., facing p. 394.
12 Ibid., 394–95.
13 Ibid., 318.
14 Review by W.L. of “The Races of Europe,” New York Times, 27 Aug. 1899, IM 10–11.
15 Otis Tufton Mason, “The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study,” American Anthropologist, n.s. 1, no. 4 (Oct. 1899): 770–73. Mason belonged to the anthropology faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and regularly reviewed books for the American Anthropologist.
16 Ripley to Edward Robert Anderson Seligman, Boston, 27 Nov. 1901, Butler Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
17 “Future Americans Will Be Swarthy. Prof. Ripley Thinks Race Intermixture May Reproduce Remote Ancestral Type. TO INUNDATE ANGLO-SAXON. His Burden, Though Physically Thus Engulfed, Will Be to Bear Torch of Civilization,” New York Times, 29 Nov. 1908, p. 7.
18 William Z. Ripley, “The European Population of the United States,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 38 (July 1908): 224–25, 234, 239–40.
19 Ripley to Edward Robert Anderson Seligman, Cambridge, Mass., 21 Nov. 1901, Butler Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
20 Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “The ‘Hundred Days’ of F.D.R.,” New York Times Book Review, 10 April 1983, http://www.nytimes.com/books/ 00/11/26/specials/schlesinger -hundred.html.
21 Ida S. Ripley died in 1966. See New York Times, 19 March 1966, p. 29.
CHAPTER 16: FRANZ BOAS, DISSENTER
1 Claudia Roth Pierpont, “The Measure of America: How a Rebel Anthropologist Waged War on Racism,” New Yorker, 8 March 2004, p. 52.
2 See George W. Stocking Jr., Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968, 1982), 167.
3 Douglas Cole, Franz Boas: The Early Years, 1858–1906 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), 60.
4 Quoted ibid., 72.
5 Ibid., 132, 136.
6 Lee D. Baker, From Savage to Negro: Anthropology and the Construction of Race, 1896–1954 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 103.
7 Boas to President Nicholas Murray Butler, New York, 15 Nov. 1902, in A Franz Boas Reader: The Shaping of American Anthropology, 1883–1911, ed. George W. Stocking Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974 and 1982), 290; Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, 166; Cole, Franz Boas, 220, 284. See also Vernon J. Williams Jr., Rethinking Race: Franz Boas and His Contemporaries (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996), 9–12.
8 In Franz Boas Reader, 242.
9 “The Outlook for the American Negro,” in Franz Boas Reader, 310–11, 314–15.
10 Ibid., 310–11, 314–15.
11 In Leonard B. Glick, “Types Distinct from Our Own: Franz Boas on Jewish Identity and Assimilation,” in American Anthropology, 1971–1995: Papers from the American Anthropologist (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 356–58, 360–61.
12 In Glick, “Types Distinct from Our Own,” 341.
13 Gompers went so far as to charge that Chinese men love to “prey upon Americans girls” and “do not care how old the boys are.” See Arthur Mann, “Gompers and the Irony of Racism,” Antioch Review 13, No. 2 (June 1953): 208–9.
14 George M. Fredrickson, “Prejudice and Discrimination, History of,” in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 836–37, 843–45; John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1955), 46–48, 69.
15 Higham, Strangers in the Land, 26–27, 92–93.
16 Williams, Rethinking Race, 23–24. Williams terms anthropologists’ response to Boas “almost hysterical.”
17 In Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963), 307.
18 Franz Boas, “The Races of Europe” (review), Science, n.s. 10, no. 244 (1 Sept. 1899): 292–96.
19 See Allan Chase, The Legacy of Malthus: The Social Costs of the New Scientific Racism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), 96, and Cole, Franz Boas, 268.
20 Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, 174–77.
21 Franz Boas, Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants (reprinted from the Reports of the United States Immigration Commission) (New York: Columbia University Press, 1912), 33, 59. See also Corey S. Sparks and Richard L. Jantz, “Changing Times, Changing Faces: Franz Boas’s Immigrant Study in Modern Perspectives,” American Anthropologist 105, no. 2 (June 2003): 333–37.
22 U.S. Immigration Commission, Brief Statement of the Conclusions and Recommendations of the Immigration Commission, with Views of the Minority (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910), 12–13, 35–36.
23 Baker, From Savage to Negro, 107.
24 See John Bodnar, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 86–89, 102–11, 123–28.
25 Humbert S. Nelli, “Italians,” and Arthur A. Goren, “Jews,” in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, 554, 585–86; “Jews Who Have Served in the United States House of Representatives,” Jewish Virtual Library of the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/housejews.html.
26 A full examination of newly cosmopolitan urban culture appears in Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995).
27 Williams, Rethinking Race, 6, 16–17.
28 For an extended discussion of The Melting Pot, see Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 66–99, and David Biale, “The Melting Pot and Beyond: Jews and the Politics of American Identity,” in Insider/Outsider: American Jews and Multiculturalism, ed. David Biale, Michael Galchinsky, and Susan Heschel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 17–33. See also Todd M. Endelman, “Benjamin Disraeli and the Myth of Sephardi Superiority,” Jewish History 10, no. 2 (Sept. 1996): 22, 25, 28, 30–32.
29 Online version at V Dare.com, http://www.vdare.com/fulford/melting_pot_play.htm.
CHAPTER 17: ROOSEVELT, ROSS, AND RACE SUICIDE
1 Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), 2–3. See also Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States: Studies in the Group Psychology of the American People (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1924), 129.
2 The Naval War of 1812 (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1882); Thomas Hart Benton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1887); Gouverneu
r Morris (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1888); The Winning of the West, 4 vols. (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1889–96).
3 Quoted in Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt, 51–52, 66.
4 Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 33–34.
5 In Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt, 53, and Edward N. Saveth, American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875–1925 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948), 18–25, 51–52, 62.
6 Saveth, American Historians, 35, n. 11, 41, 59.
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